scholarly journals From the Time of Troubles to the Unity Day: Memory, Forgetting and Re-imaging the Past in Russian History

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Victoria Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
National Unity ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Xix Century

This article examines how the memory of one of the largest sociopolitical crises in the history of Russia (called the Time of Troubles) modified over 400 years. This process is considered as an example of rethinking the traumatic experience of the past and forming a national-patriotic myth on its basis. Several stages of the evolution of the memory of the Time of Troubles are issued: the XVII century – when the interpretation of these events was mainly religious; the XVIII century – when heroic and patriotic ideas about the time of troubles were formed in accordance with the ideals of classicism; the XIX century – the time of the development of the monarchical myth of the Romanov dynasty coming to power; the XX century – when the peasant war and the struggle against foreign intervention became the main dominant in the understanding of events; Modern Russia and the annual celebration of the National Unity Day – a public holiday established in 2005 in memory of the liberation of Moscow in 1612, the main idea of which is the unification of all peoples on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that for centuries in the cultural memory of Russian society, two layers of ideas about the Time of Troubles coexisted. One of them – negative – was the memory of social upheavals and civil war, the other – positive – the memory of victory and overcoming the Troubles, evoking a sense of national pride and hopes for the future.

scholarly journals Unification of documents in pre-revolutionary Russia: historical and legal issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Olga V. Marchenko
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Document Management ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Document Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Document Flow ◽  
Xix Century

The subject. The article reveals the main historical trends and legal problems concerning unification of documents used by Russian authorities during different historical periods. The purpose of the article is to identify the prerequisites for the origin of document unification, as well as to characterize the periods of development and main directions of document flow standardization in pre-revolutionary Russia. The methodology includes historical-legal method, formal-legal method, systematic approach, chronological method, analysis, synthesis. The main results of research. Scientific understanding of the historical and legal aspects of document flow standardization is closely related to the main stages of its development, and therefore the problem of periodization of document flow standardization in Russia for the purpose of systematization and scientific generalization of this field of knowledge comes to the fore. The chronological approach was chosen as the most appropriate criterion, which allows to trace the evolutionary development of document management standardization, link it with the general history of office work in Russia and state policy in this area. The research will help to determine ways to improve the current system of document management standardization in Russia. The research topic becomes especially relevant in connection with the activation of the processes of implementation of international standards, and the wide application of foreign practice in the field of documentation management over the past decade in Russia. Generalization and analysis of the historical experience of our country in this area makes it possible to identify the national specifics of document management and its standardization. It helps to determine the prospects for the implementation of international standards. Conclusions. The study of the history of documentation practice in Russia allows us to conclude that the issues of document flow rationalization were of great importance since the XVII century. Considerable experience was accumulated in the field of document unification in pre-revolutionary Russia. The beginnings of document unification arose at the dawn of the XVII century and developed gradually with the formation and complexity of the office system in Russia. At the first stage unification was manifested in the consolidation of spontaneously formed norms and rules for drawing up business papers, by the end of the XIX century it turned into an independent element in the field of document management. The gradual evolution of the form as well as the introduction of stamp paper led to the appearance of legally established forms of documents with permanent details in the XIX century, and the first unified documentation systems were created. The appearance of collections of business paper samples showed that government and Russian society understood the importance of using sustainable document models in order to streamline document flow.

In Pursuit of Policies of ‘Reconciliation’ from an Intransigent State: An Exercise in Folly?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari Eppel
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
State Violence ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Reconciliation Commission ◽  
The Past ◽  
Power Base ◽  
History Of ◽  
Causes Of Violence ◽  
Peace And Reconciliation

Zimbabwe has had only one real transition of power, at independence in 1980. Since then, Zimbabwe has had a long history of (selectively) drawing lines through the past and of extreme political intolerance. The ruling party ZANU-PF has acted ruthlessly against any political opposition—first in the 1980s, when many thousands of civilians in the west of the country were massacred during the deployment of a special brigade, targeted at the support base of ZAPU, then the dominant political party in that region. Systematic repression and torture in this region led to the first semi-transition in 1987, with the Unity Accord. The uneasy peace was broken again in 2000, with the rise of the MDC, and once more violence was unleashed to ensure ZANU-PF retained its increasingly militarized power base. A government of national unity and a coup marked further semi-transitions. These multiple eras of state violence and semi-transitions have all been accompanied by calls for initiatives to promote ‘peace’ and ‘reconciliation’ as well as justice but official truth telling has proved elusive. However, the semi-transition resulting from the coup of November 2017 may have shifted the space to talk about the past: the constitutionally mandated National Peace and Reconciliation Commission finally achieved legislative backing in 2018, and may offer opportunities for transitional justice initiatives. Importantly, the underlying structural causes of violence and repression, dating back to colonial times, need to be addressed. Truth telling alone will not ensure a more tolerant future.

scholarly journals The Events and Participants of the Time of Troubles in the Russian Memorial Culture

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-214
Author(s):  
Evgeny Krinko ◽  
Evgeniya Goryushina
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
The 19Th Century

Introduction. The study of historical memory has recently become one of the most relevant research areas. The Time of Troubles of the early 17th century is one of the most acute socio-political crises in the history of the country which has been arousing the interest of many historians. At the same time, the features of reflecting events and participants of the Time of Troubles in various forms of historical memory are becoming the subject of special studies. Methods and materials. The authors used the institutional approach,general scientific methods of logical analysis, the comparative historical and problem chronological methods, the situational analysis. The article is based on the authors’ field observations, historiographic sources and mass media publications. Analysis. Three periods can be distinguished in the memorialization of events and participants of the Time of Troubles: pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet. They are closely related to the periods in the history of the Russian and Soviet states and the policy of memory. In addition, each of them is divided into two stages. Results. In the 17th – 18th centuries, honoring events, heroes and martyrs of the Time of Troubles took religious forms. In the 19th century, the policy of memory was separated from the church and became an independent area of activity. But its dependence on the state was increasing, especially in the era of Nicholas I’s reign. This was evidenced by forming the cult of Susanin. The largest ideological campaign of imperial Russia which caused a significant increase in the number of memorial events and objects dedicated to the Time of Troubles was the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov. After the revolution of 1917, a program of monumental propaganda was implemented. It included overthrowing old monuments of the monarchy and establishing new ones, including ones dedicated to popular movements and their leaders, and Bolotnikov was one of them. Closing and destructing temples acquired a massive character. It involved temples dedicated to the Time of Troubles as well. But since the late 1930s, Soviet policy of memory returned to patriotic principles, which led to creating new monuments to Susanin, Minin and Pozharsky. The modern period in the Soviet policy of memory development is characterized by restoring destroyed temples and erecting new monuments to participants of the Time of Troubles, including those who were “omitted figures”. National Unity Day gave a significant impetus to creating memorial objects in honor of the events and heroes of the Time of Troubles. Monuments of regional and local significance appeared in many places. They were designed not only to “fit” the fate of a particular locality into the general history of the country, but also to make it more attractive for tourists.

scholarly journals The History of the Manuscript’s Collections by Moldo Niyaz

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
A. Akynbekova
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The issue of the existence of Kyrgyz literature and literary language prior the Soviet period has not yet been resolved and still remains an open topic for discussion. There is no nation without a writing system, the history; the past and experience of folk are presented to the next generation through written system. This paper provides information about the formation stages of Kyrgyz literature and literary language, written works, documents and letters written in one of the Turkic languages — Kyrgyz in the pre-Soviet period, especially in the XVIII–XIX centuries. Also, in this paper there are an assessment of ideas, criticism and opinions of Kyrgyz culture researches about Kyrgyz written system such as: A. Kanymetov, S. S. Danyarov, philologists turkologists: I. A. Batmanov, K. K. Yudakhin, S. E. Malov, V. M. Ploskikh, E. Tenishev, A. Nallo, B. M. Yunusaliev, S. K. Kudaibergenov and Kh. K. Karasaev. In this study we attempted to determine the creation dates of some written works found today. The found documents and manuscripts, relating to the middle of the XIX century, create more opportunities for linguistics’ study, for ideas and suggestions on the status of the Kyrgyz language as being Turkic of almost sesquicentennial prescription. We tried to provide the most information on the topics of study and collection of works, characterized as the most significant documents of Moldo Niyaz — one of the first representatives of ‘zhazgych akyn’s’ (reading and chronicling improvising poets). The fact that the turkologists linguists did not carry out the necessary works and did not present documentary evidence of the Kyrgyz written language results to the opinion of non-existence of Kyrgyz written language, thus literary language. However, to the present day the activities of collection of the original manuscript’s copies of ‘zhazgych akyn’s’ important representatives among the public, a compilation of manuscripts, and their linguistic studies are still ignored. This kind of work will be a valuable and useful resource for large text research in the field of hermeneutics.

scholarly journals Between deosmanization and balkanization: refugee’s steps of bosniak history

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-74
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Units ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds

The past and the present are inseparable, one interprets the other. Many "long-lasting" processes go beyond local frameworks and regional borders. This also applies to the complex "Eastern question", as well as the problem of the deosmanization of the Balkans, whose political geography in the 19th and 20th centuries was exposed to radical overlaps. Wars and persecutions are important factors in the history of Balkan Muslims. In the seventies of the XIX century, they constituted half of the population in the Ottoman part of the Balkans. With war devastation, a considerable part was killed or expelled to Anadolia between 1870 and 1890. The emergent "Turkish islands" in the Balkans after 1878 were increasingly narrowed, or disappeared due to the displacement of Muslims. Multiethnic and religious color of the Balkans disturbed accounts with simple categorizations. The term "balkanization" signified, after the Balkan wars of 1912-1913, "not only the fragmentation of large and powerful political units, but became synonymous with returning tribal, backward, primitive, and barbaric." The Balkanization of "Ottoman Europe" and the violent changes in its ethnic-religious structure led to discontinuity, the erosion of history, as well as fragmentation of the minds of the remaining Muslims and their afflicted communities, the lack of knowledge of the interconnectedness of their fates. The emigration of Bosniaks and other Muslims of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds from the Balkans to various parts of the Ottoman Empire, and then to Turkey, during the XIX and XX centuries, had a number of consequences.

scholarly journals Resisting 'Recumbency on The Past ': Literary Strategies for Overcoming Retromania in Maria Stepanova's Novel In Memory of Memory, (2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
National History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Documentary Fiction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid Genre

This article discusses the philosophical semi-documentary novel In Memory of Memory by Maria Stepanova (2017). The narrative about the past can be interpreted as a strategy of dealing with the dominant retro-utopian sentiments in Russian society. The history of several generations of Stepanova’s own family is depicted against the backdrop of tragic twentieth-century Russian upheavals which are transformed into  a meta-novel focusing on the workings of memory and ways of articulating it. The article identifies two strategies used in Stepanova’s novel to counter retro-utopianism. The first strategy is the choice of a hybrid genre – documentary fiction – to recount the events of family and national history. The second strategy relies on the concept of memory as a catalogue used to complete the ’work of grief’ in Russian literature and to help it escape its fixation on the past. These strategies in Stepanova’s novel appear to be closely connected with her reception of W.G. Sebald’s (1944-2001) works, in particular his documentary fiction. Keywords: M. Stepanova, W.G. Sebald, documentary fiction, meta-novel, retromania

Russian Khranitel’stvo as Russian Understanding of Conservative Tradition

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-374
Author(s):  
Galina V. Aksenova ◽  
Aleksandr A. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Political Principles

“Russia, Russia! Keep yourself, keep yourself!..” – these very lines of the epigraph, taken from the poem by N.M. Rubtsov, reveal the main idea of the book by S.V. Perevezentsev and A.A. Shirinyants “Essays on the History of the Russian Khranitel’stvo”. The monograph of the two professors of Moscow University, who are well-known experts in the field of the history of Russian socio-political thought, in a sense sums up the preliminary results of their scientific research of the recent years devoted to the development and justification of the concept of “Russian Khranitel’stvo”. According to the authors “Khranitel’stvo” played an important role in the formation of the “national ideological and political tradition”, which was reflected in the works of Russian thinkers and political figures of the 11th–19th centuries. Therefore, the ideas of the Russian Khraniteli, – supporters of the unity of the historical and spiritual-political principles of Russian society and the state, run through the entire book, as well as through the entire history of Russia.

The Russian Fate of John Gayʼs Fables

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Dmitry Zhatkin
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
John Gay ◽  
Holistic Perception ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
Xix Century

The article, in a pioneering effort, offers to consider the history of the Russian reception of the fable creativity of the English writer John Gay (1685–1732), from its beginnings to the present day. It is noted that close attention to the fables of J. Gay in the last quarter of the 18th century, this was largely due to the interest of the Russian society in novelties in French books; as a result, prosaic translations of poetic texts from an intermediary language prevailed, against which the poetical readings of English originals created by I. Ilyinsky were undoubtedly more successful. The subsequent “surge” of interest in J. Gayʼs fable heritage at the end of the XIX century connected with the demand of society for the works of foreign authors, accessible to the mass, common reader, focused on the traditional culture of their countries. In the Soviet period, J. Gayʼs fables found themselves on the periphery of the preferences of translators and critics who interpreted mainly the writerʼs dramatic texts (“The Beggarʼs Opera”, “Polly”). The research of A.I. Zhilenkov and the translations of E.D. Feldman, published in recent decades, marked a new stage of the Russian reception, characterized by the identification of the artistic originality of Gayʼs fables, the desire for the most complete, holistic perception of the heritage of the Gay-fabulist, taking into account ancient and English literary traditions.

scholarly journals Historical Zigzags of the Physician’s Legal Liability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Egor O. Danilov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Past 300 Years

The article is devoted to studying the history of the issue of legal liability of doctors. It is noted that in Russia over the past 300 years, the legal regulation of doctors’ liability for negligent harm has undergone a number of multidirectional changes: first, the legalization of sanctions on the talion principle (XVII– XVIII centuries), then actual decriminalization (mid-XIX century), and then the transition to the practice of criminal prosecution on a general grounds (beginning of XX century).

Presentation of Russian history through the prism of memes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2(15)) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Arseny Romanovich Sandetsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Digital Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Source Of Information

Technologically mediated communications are becoming an important source of information about the world around them, making up semantic landmarks not only of the present, but also of the past. The article analyzes the digital representation of Russian history in social networks in a creolized form. There are the most popular themes of historical memes: the peacetime of the USSR (18%), the Great Patriotic War (13%), the events of 1917 (11%), the Time of Troubles (9%). Most of the memes show generally accepted and well-known information in an ironic vein, but in 41% of memes the information is ambiguous or little-known. Based on the analysis of memes dedicated to the history of Russia, the most intense topics were identified, causing discussion in the comments (63%).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document