scholarly journals Frequently Occurring Melodic Patterns are Easier to Recall

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Baker
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Information Dynamics ◽  
Memory Experiment ◽  
Music Model ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Musical Patterns ◽  
Insight Into

Melodic memory continues to present a paradox. Listeners excel at recognizing melodies once encoded in long term memory, but often struggle during encoding. In order to investigate this paradox, we employ a recall design to investigate melodic encoding. Here we report results from a forward, serial recall within-subjects melodic memory experiment (n = 39) using an expert population of musicians trained in moveable-do solfege in order to model melodic memory using music theoretic response categories. Compatible with theoretical frameworks predicting a processing facilitation advantage, more frequently occurring musical patterns are remembered more quickly and more accurately than less frequently occurring patterns. The evidence presented here is consistent with evidence suggesting that latent understanding of musical schemas can be modeled with musical corpora. Further, computationally derived measures related to information processing from both the Information Dynamics of Music model and FANTASTIC toolbox outperform models of melodic memory that only account for the length of the melody measured in number of notes. Results from this experiment demonstrate how expert populations can provide valuable insight into melodic memory and tonal cognition. The framework provided here also provides an empirical basis linking literature investigating melodic anticipation with melodic memory.

scholarly journals Scientific Auditing Firms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal P. Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Data Analytics ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Mock Trial ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Insight Into

The “crisis of reproducibility” has been a significant source of controversy, heated debate, and calls for reform to institutional science in recent years. As a long-term solution to address both the present crisis and future obstacles, I propose the creation of a new form of research organization whose purpose would be to conduct random audits of the scientific literature. I suggest that data analytics of a digitized scientific corpus may play a critical role in allowing broadly educated scientists to identify linchpin results to investigate in further detail across all disciplines. I argue that a simple “mock” trial run of a simplified auditing firm consisting of several researchers over a short time period would provide valuable insight into the feasibility of this proposal.

scholarly journals Keeping the Competitive Edge of a Convention and Exhibition Center in MICE Environment: Identification of Event Attributes for Long-Run Success

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5030
Author(s):  
Jaeyoung An ◽  
Hany Kim ◽  
Dongkeun Hur
Keyword(s):  
Business Environment ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Environment Identification ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mice Industry ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding the weaknesses and strengths of event attributes plays a significant role in business survivability, specifically the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) industry, in which the business environment is competitive. To be in business and survive long-term, service and product offerings must satisfy the needs of clients. In the case of the MICE industry, clients include event organizers, planners, and attendees. Thus, the IPA (importance-performance analysis) was conducted with hopes to provide valuable insight into the MICE industry to identify and evaluate their offering (attributes) that can assist Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVBs) to establish better operational strategies that maintain their economic sustainability. Furthermore, this study also addressed the event planners and organizers’ perceptions toward the environment and social sustainability, measuring the importance and performance of ecofriendly venues and the availability of disabled access, which showed neither significant importance nor performance. However, as the main purpose of the research was to examine the essential venue selection criteria based on the perceptional lens of the event organizer and planners to MICE operators on achieving business sustainability, the findings of this study provide strategical direction to establish, maintain, and improve their facility, service, and products. The study also finds that there are different needs depending on the types of event organizers and planners.

scholarly journals Rewarded extinction increases amygdalar connectivity and stabilizes long-term memory traces in the vmPFC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Keller ◽  
Augustin C. Hennings ◽  
Emily K. Leiker ◽  
Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock ◽  
Joseph E. Dunsmoor
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Extinction Memory ◽  
Stable Memory ◽  
New Evidence

Neurobiological evidence in rodents indicates that threat extinction incorporates reward neurocircuitry. Consequently, incorporating reward associations with an extinction memory may be an effective strategy to persistently attenuate threat responses. Moreover, while there is considerable research on the short-term effects of extinction strategies in humans, the long-term effects of extinction are rarely considered. In a within-subjects fMRI study, we compared counterconditioning (a form of rewarded-extinction) to standard extinction, at recent (24 hours) and remote (~1 month) retrieval tests. Relative to standard extinction, counterconditioning diminished 24-hour relapse of arousal and threat expectancy, and reduced activity in brain regions associated with the appraisal and expression of threat (e.g., thalamus, insula, periaqueductal gray). The retrieval of reward-associated extinction memory was accompanied by functional connectivity between the amygdala and the ventral striatum, whereas the retrieval of standard-extinction memories was associated with connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). One-month later, the retrieval of both standard- and rewarded-extinction was associated with amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. However, only rewarded extinction created a stable memory trace in the vmPFC, identified through overlapping multivariate patterns of fMRI activity from extinction to 24-hour and 1-month retrieval. These findings provide new evidence that reward may generate a more stable and enduring memory trace of attenuated threat in humans.

scholarly journals Perception and memory have distinct spatial tuning properties in human visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serra E. Favila ◽  
Brice A. Kuhl ◽  
Jonathan Winawer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Human Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractReactivation of earlier perceptual activity is thought to underlie long-term memory recall. Despite evidence for this view, it is unknown whether mnemonic activity exhibits the same tuning properties as feedforward perceptual activity. Here, we leveraged population receptive field models to parameterize fMRI activity in human visual cortex during spatial memory retrieval. Though retinotopic organization was present during both perception and memory, large systematic differences in tuning were also evident. Notably, whereas there was a three-fold decline in spatial precision from early to late visual areas during perception, this property was entirely abolished during memory retrieval. This difference could not be explained by reduced signal-to-noise or poor performance on memory trials. Instead, by simulating top-down activity in a network model of cortex, we demonstrate that this property is well-explained by the hierarchical structure of the visual system. Our results provide insight into the computational constraints governing memory reactivation in sensory cortex.

scholarly journals 0087 Childhood Naps Promote Short-Term Destabilization but Long-Term Consolidation of Emotional Memories

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A35-A35
Author(s):  
O Hanron ◽  
G Mason ◽  
J F Holmes ◽  
R M Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Honors College ◽  
Emotional Memories ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Introduction Early childhood naps have been shown to support emotional memory consolidation, but this benefit only emerges the following day. It is unknown whether consolidation occurs during the nap itself, or if napping only prepares memories for overnight consolidation. In this study, we used a forced-choice recognition task to determine whether naps protect emotional memories against post-nap interference, which would indicate the occurrence of consolidation. Methods Preschool children (33–67 months; N=63) viewed neutral faces paired with negative or neutral descriptions. Following a nap or an equal interval awake (within-subjects, order counterbalanced, ~1 week apart), half of these participants (N=33) were presented with an interfering set of faces and descriptions, while the other half (N=30) did not receive interference. For all participants, recognition of the original faces was probed after encoding, after the nap or wake interval, and the next morning. Results To assess the influence of napping on changes in emotional memory, 2 (stimulus valence: negative vs. neutral) x 2 (condition: nap vs. wake) repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed. Recall of negative and neutral items did not immediately differ between the nap and wake conditions for the participants who received no interference. 24 hours later, these children trended towards recalling negative and neutral items better if they had napped the previous day (condition main effect: F(1,29)=3.539, p=0.070). In contrast, participants who received interference recalled fewer negative items than neutral items immediately following a nap (p=0.034), while this difference did not emerge following an interval awake. Conclusion Our results suggest that naps initially destabilize emotional memories rather than protecting them against interference. However, this initial destabilization may reflect the partial processing of memories during naps, perhaps allowing for enhanced long-term consolidation. Overall, our findings provide important insight into the mechanism of nap-dependent emotional processing. Support Supported by NIH R01 HL111695 and an Honors Research Grant from Commonwealth Honors College

Contributions of declarative and procedural memory to accuracy and automatization during L2 practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Pili-Moss ◽  
Katherine Schuetz ◽  
Mandy Faretta-Stutenberg ◽  
Kara Morgan-Short
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
L2 Development ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Extending previous research that has examined the relationship between long-term memory and second language (L2) development with a primary focus on accuracy on L2 outcomes, the current study explores the relationship between declarative and procedural memory and accuracy and automatization during L2 practice. Adult English native speakers had learned an artificial language over two weeks (Morgan-Short, Faretta-Stutenberg, Brill-Schuetz, Carpenter, & Wong, 2014), producing four sessions of practice data that had not been analyzed previously. Mixed-effects models analyses revealed that declarative memory was positively related to accuracy during comprehension practice. No other relationships were evidenced for accuracy. For automatization, measured by the coefficient of variation (Segalowitz, 2010), the model revealed a positive relationship with procedural memory that became stronger over practice for learners with higher declarative memory but weaker for learners with lower declarative memory. These results provide further insight into the role that long-term memory plays during L2 development.

scholarly journals Linguistic Landscapes as Public Communication: A Study of Public Signage in Gaborone Botswana

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dele Olufemi Akindele
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Public Road ◽  
Insight Into

The study of public signage is termed linguistic landscape (LL). Landry & Bourhis (1997) define the notion as “the language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration” (p.25). The present study intends to contribute to this development in Gaborone the capital city of Botswana. The aim of this study is to show that LL can provide valuable insight into the linguistic situation of Gaborone Botswana, including common patterns of language usage, official language policies, prevalent language attitudes, and the long-term consequences of language contact, among others. This was be done by analyzing the data collected from specific public domains such as street signs, advertising signs, building names, warning notices and prohibitions, billboards, shop signs, informative signs (directions, hours of opening), etc. in Gaborone.

scholarly journals Differential regulation of native and learned behavior by creb-1/crh-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Dahiya ◽  
Saloni Rose ◽  
Shruti Thapliyal ◽  
Shivam Bhardwaj ◽  
Maruthi Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learned Behavior ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Null Mutants

1.AbstractMemory formation is crucial for the survival of animals. Here, we study the effect of different crh-1 (C. elegans homolog of mammalian CREB1) mutations on the ability of C. elegans to form long-term memory (LTM). Null mutants in creb1/crh-1 are defective in LTM formation across phyla. We show that specific isoforms of CREB1/CRH-1, CRH-1c and CRH-1e, are primarily responsible for memory related functions of the transcription factor in C. elegans. Silencing of CRH-1e expressing neurons during training for LTM formation abolishes the long-term memory of the animal. Further, CRH-1e expression in RIM or AVE neurons is sufficient to rescue long-term memory defects of creb1/crh-1 null mutants. We show that apart from being LTM defective, creb1/crh-1 null mutant animals show defects in native chemotaxis behavior. We characterize the amino acids K247 and K266 as responsible for the LTM related functions of CRH-1 while being dispensable for it’s native chemotaxis behavior. These findings provide insight into the spatial and temporal workings of a crucial transcription factor and can be further exploited to find CREB1 targets involved in the process of memory formation.

scholarly journals Study of ergonomics in terms of angle of manipulation and angle of azimuth in laparoscopic splenectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2145
Author(s):  
Gaurav Joshi ◽  
Khaja Abdul Moin Baig ◽  
Aparajita Chaturvedi ◽  
Jnaneshwari Jayaram ◽  
Yashvant S. Rathore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Splenectomy ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Azimuth Angle ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Port Placement ◽  
Camera Port ◽  
Diamond Concept ◽  
Insight Into

As per baseball diamond concept of port position, experimentally it is well known that putting camera port in the line of target organ and working port equidistant from camera port such that they form a 30º angle each gives optimum ergonomic advantage. However while performing laparoscopic surgeries in humans it is seldom possible to achieve such port position. No such study  has ever been attempted to find out value of angle of manipulation and angle of azimuth while performing laparoscopic procedure. Purpose of our study was to measure such angles in our patients during laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) and to verify the concept of baseball position of ports in the procedure. This was a prospective observational study where angle of manipulation between right and left working port of surgeon and angle of azimuth of both working instruments with the camera were measured intraoperatively. In our series of 12 patients who underwent LS in lateral position, we found angle of manipulation ranging from 41-85°. The azimuth angle between first working port (epigastric) and camera port was in the range of 22-45° and the azimuth angle between camera port and second working port was in the range of 19-40°. This was a first study that gave valuable insight into the application of theoretical concept of triangulation in port placement in LS. This study may guide the surgeons to measure and to modify the port position to gain advantage of better ergonomics and better long term health.

scholarly journals Effects of a web-based rehabilitation aftercare on subjective health, work ability and motivation: a partially randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Jekauc ◽  
Sabine Rayling ◽  
Sara Klopp ◽  
Detlef Schmidt ◽  
Lena-Marie Rittmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Ability ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Rehabilitation Aftercare

Abstract Background Rehabilitation is seen as crucial in dealing with the demographic change in many European countries. In Germany, for example, after having stayed in a rehabilitation center, patients have the possibility to participate in aftercare programs aimed at promoting long-term health behaviour. Despite the relevance of follow-up support for patients’ long-term health and work ability, participation rates in aftercare programs are quite low. Here, web-based aftercare programs can be a viable alternative to the traditional face-to-face programs due to their flexibility in time and location. This research project aims to use quantitative and qualitative methods to gain more insight into the potential of web-based aftercare programs. Methods The goal is to recruit up to 1150 patients at baseline in five rehabilitation centers across Germany. For ethical reasons, partially randomized experimental study design is used to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of web-based aftercare programs. All patients are offered the traditional face-to-face aftercare treatment (IRENA). When patients deny to participate in traditional face-to-face aftercare, they are randomly distributed into either web-based aftercare (digIRENA) or a control group. In all three groups, the SF-12, which measures subjective health, and the WAI, which measures working ability, will be used at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks and 43 weeks after the patients have left the rehabilitation center. BREQ-2, which measures motivation, is used only in the traditional aftercare group and the web-based aftercare group. A multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measurement and latent growth curve models will be used to compare the development of the variables in the three groups. For the qualitative part of the study, interviews with patients and therapists will be conducted to shed light on the applicability, acceptance, and usability of web-based aftercare programs. Discussion This study may provide valuable insight into the potential of web-based rehabilitation aftercare programs as a way to supplement traditional face-to-face programs. This seems particularly promising if it can manage to reach those patients who do not currently participate in traditional face-to-face rehabilitation aftercare programs due to time and location constraints. Trial registration The trial has been registered at the German Register of Clinical Studies (DRKS) with the registration number: DRKS00022467.

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