scholarly journals A Unified Theory of Psychophysical Laws in Hearing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan-Gang Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Specific Form ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Perceptual Unit ◽  
Electric Hearing ◽  
Loudness Enhancement ◽  
Original Idea ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Free Parameters ◽  
Balance Functions

Psychophysical laws quantitatively relate perceptual magnitude to stimulus intensity. While most people have accepted Stevens’s power function as the psychophysical law, few believe in Fechner’s original idea using just-noticeable-differences (jnd) as a constant perceptual unit to educe psychophysical laws. Here I present a unified theory in hearing, starting with a general form of Zwislocki’s loudness function (1965) to derive a general form of Brentano’s law. I will arrive at a general form of the loudness-jnd relationship that unifies previous loudness-jnd theories. Specifically, the “slope”, “proportional-jnd”, and “equal-loudness, equal-jnd” theories, are three additive terms in the new unified theory. I will also show that the unified theory is consistent with empirical data in both acoustic and electric hearing. Without any free parameters, the unified theory uses loudness balance functions to successfully predict the jnd function in a wide range of hearing situations. The situations include loudness recruitment and its jnd functions in sensorineural hearing loss and simultaneous masking, loudness enhancement and the midlevel hump in forward and backward masking, abnormal loudness and jnd functions in cochlear implant subjects. Predictions of these loudness-jnd functions were thought to be questionable at best in simultaneous masking or not possible at all in forward masking. The unified theory and its successful applications suggest that although the specific form of Fechner’s law needs to be revised, his original idea is valid in the wide range of hearing situations discussed here.

scholarly journals Clustering Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data with Regularized Gaussian Graphical Model

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Zhenqiu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Free Parameter ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Log P ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Free Parameters

Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool to measure the expression patterns of individual cells and discover heterogeneity and functional diversity among cell populations. Due to variability, it is challenging to analyze such data efficiently. Many clustering methods have been developed using at least one free parameter. Different choices for free parameters may lead to substantially different visualizations and clusters. Tuning free parameters is also time consuming. Thus there is need for a simple, robust, and efficient clustering method. In this paper, we propose a new regularized Gaussian graphical clustering (RGGC) method for scRNA-seq data. RGGC is based on high-order (partial) correlations and subspace learning, and is robust over a wide-range of a regularized parameter λ. Therefore, we can simply set λ=2 or λ=log(p) for AIC (Akaike information criterion) or BIC (Bayesian information criterion) without cross-validation. Cell subpopulations are discovered by the Louvain community detection algorithm that determines the number of clusters automatically. There is no free parameter to be tuned with RGGC. When evaluated with simulated and benchmark scRNA-seq data sets against widely used methods, RGGC is computationally efficient and one of the top performers. It can detect inter-sample cell heterogeneity, when applied to glioblastoma scRNA-seq data.

Précis ofUnified theories of cognition

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Newell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unified Theories

AbstractThe book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many microtheories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory – there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories.

Quasi-analytic multidimensional signals

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1024
Author(s):  
S.L. Hahn ◽  
K.M. Snopek
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Analytic Signal ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Fourier Frequency ◽  
Multidimensional Signals ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Base Band ◽  
Analytic Signals

Abstract In a recent paper, the authors have presented the unified theory of n-dimensional (n-D) complex and hypercomplex analytic signals with single-orthant spectra. This paper describes a specific form of these signals called quasi-analytic. A quasi-analytic signal is a product of a n-D low-pass (base-band) real (in general non-separable) signal and a n-D complex or hypercomplex carrier. By a suitable choice of the carrier frequency, the spectrum of a low-pass signal is shifted into a single orthant of the Fourier frequency space with a negligible leakage into other orthants. A measure of this leakage is defined. Properties of quasi-analytic signals are studied. Problems of polar representation of quasi-analytic signals and of its lower rank representation are discussed.

scholarly journals Eighth Order Two-Step Methods Trained to Perform Better on Keplerian-Type Orbits

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 3071
Author(s):  
Vladislav N. Kovalnogov ◽  
Ruslan V. Fedorov ◽  
Andrey V. Chukalin ◽  
Theodore E. Simos ◽  
Charalampos Tsitouras
Keyword(s):  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Eighth Order ◽  
Numerical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Free Parameters

The family of Numerov-type methods that effectively uses seven stages per step is considered. All the coefficients of the methods belonging to this family can be expressed analytically with respect to four free parameters. These coefficients are trained through a differential evolution technique in order to perform best in a wide range of Keplerian-type orbits. Then it is observed with extended numerical tests that a certain method behaves extremely well in a variety of orbits (e.g., Kepler, perturbed Kepler, Arenstorf, Pleiades) for various steplengths used by the methods and for various intervals of integration.

scholarly journals Autophagy in the endocrine glands

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. R151-R163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weckman ◽  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Fabio Rotondo ◽  
Luis V Syro ◽  
Leon D Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Endocrine Diseases ◽  
Wide Range

Autophagy is an important cellular process involving the degradation of intracellular components. Its regulation is complex and while there are many methods available, there is currently no single effective way of detecting and monitoring autophagy. It has several cellular functions that are conserved throughout the body, as well as a variety of different physiological roles depending on the context of its occurrence in the body. Autophagy is also involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases. Within the endocrine system, autophagy has both its traditional conserved functions and specific functions. In the endocrine glands, autophagy plays a critical role in controlling intracellular hormone levels. In peptide-secreting cells of glands such as the pituitary gland, crinophagy, a specific form of autophagy, targets the secretory granules to control the levels of stored hormone. In steroid-secreting cells of glands such as the testes and adrenal gland, autophagy targets the steroid-producing organelles. The dysregulation of autophagy in the endocrine glands leads to several different endocrine diseases such as diabetes and infertility. This review aims to clarify the known roles of autophagy in the physiology of the endocrine system, as well as in various endocrine diseases.

Can whether one proposition makes sense depend on the truth of another? (Tractatus 2.0211—2)

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
R. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Specific Form ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Logical Atomism ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Working Out

Wittgenstein's Tractatus contains a wide range of profound insights into the nature of logic and language – insights which will survive the particular theories of the Tractatus and seem to me to mark definitive and unassailable landmarks in our understanding of some of the deepest questions of philosophy. And yet alongside these insights there is a theory of the nature of the relation between language and reality which appears both to be impossible to work out in detail in a way which is completely satisfactory, and to be bizarre and incredible. I am referring to the so-called logical atomism of the Tractatus. The main outlines of this theory at least are clear and familiar: there are elementary propositions which gain their sense from being models of possible states of affairs; such propositions are configurations of names of simple objects, signifying that those simples are analogously configured; every proposition has its sense through being analysable as a truth-functional compound of elementary propositions, thus deriving its sense from the sense of the elementary propositions when this view is taken in conjunction with the idea that the sense of a proposition is completely specified by specifying its truth-conditions. In this way the Tractatus incorporates in its working out a philosophical system analogous to the classical philosophical systems of Leibniz or Spinoza which are regarded by many people, in a sense rightly, as the prehistoric monsters of philosophy which are not to be studied as living organisms, but studied as the curiosities of human thought. And we may here agree that in the end we must simply reject a philosophy which incorporates such features as its postulation of simple eternal objects, or of a possibility of an analysis of a proposition which was presented as a pre-condition for the propositions that we ordinarily utter to make sense, and yet the specific form of which we are unaware of, and so on.

scholarly journals The management of stalkers

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Mullen ◽  
Michele Pathé ◽  
Rosemary Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Sufficient Cause ◽  
Wide Range

Stalking (Box 1) has only recently been distinguished from a wide range of other socially inappropriate, intrusive and potentially distressing activities. It is now a specific form of criminal offending and has established itself as a recognised social problem (Meloy, 1998; Mullen et al, 2000). Stalking may well reflect, as Emerson et al (1998) argue, “intricate social processes”, but if the psychopathology of the stalker is a necessary, even if far from sufficient, cause then treating that psychopathology may end the stalking (Mullen & Pathé, 2001).

scholarly journals Cognitive-vestibular interactions: A review of patient difficulties and possible mechanisms

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Hanes ◽  
Gin McCollum
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Balance Functions ◽  
Vestibular Influence

Cognitive deficits such as poor concentration and short-term memory loss are known by clinicians to occur frequently among patients with vestibular abnormalities. Although direct scientific study of such deficits has been limited, several types of investigations do lend weight to the existence of vestibular-cognitive effects. In this article we review a wide range of studies indicating a vestibular influence on the ability to perform certain cognitive functions. In addition to tests of vestibular patient abilities, these studies include dual-task studies of cognitive and balance functions, studies of vestibular contribution to spatial perception and memory, and works demonstrating a vestibular influence on oculomotor and motor coordination abilities that are involved in the performance of everyday cognitive tasks. A growing literature on the physiology of the vestibular system has demonstrated the existence of projections from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebral cortex. The goals of this review are to both raise awareness of the cognitive effects of vestibular disease and to focus scientific attention on aspects of cognitive-vestibular interactions indicated by a wide range of results in the literature.

scholarly journals The quest for a unified theory on biomechanical palm risk assessment through theoretical analysis and observation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sterken
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Beam Theory ◽  
Wind Loading ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSeveral methodologies related to the biomechanical risk assessment and the uprooting and breaking potential of palms are reviewed and evaluated in this study. Also a simple mathematical model was designed, to simulate the results of critical wind speed predictions for a tall coconut palm by using classic beam theory and Brazier buckling. First, the review presents arguments that assess the applicability of some influential claims and tree and palm risk assessment methods that have been amply marketed in the last 20 years. Then, the analysis goes beyond the classical procedures and theories that have influenced the arboricultural industry and related press so far. And afterwards, rationale behind several postulated ideas are presented, that are hoped to be fruitful in the path towards a new biomechanical theory for the biomechanical risk assessment of palms. The postulated model envisages the palm stem as a viscoelastic and hollow cylinder that is not only prone to buckling, ovalization and kinking, but also fatigue, shear, splitting and crack propagation. This envisaging was also the main reason why simple Brazier buckling formulation was experimentally applied to simulate the breaking risk of a cocostem. This study also enables a better understanding of the wide range of factors that may influence the mechanical behaviour of trees and palms under (wind) loading.

scholarly journals Understanding contagion dynamics through microscopic processes in active Brownian particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Norambuena ◽  
Felipe J. Valencia ◽  
Francisca Guzmán-Lastra
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
Brownian Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Average Description ◽  
Free Parameters

AbstractTogether with the universally recognized SIR model, several approaches have been employed to understand the contagion dynamics of interacting particles. Here, Active Brownian particles (ABP) are introduced to model the contagion dynamics of living agents that perform a horizontal transmission of an infectious disease in space and time. By performing an ensemble average description of the ABP simulations, we statistically describe susceptible, infected, and recovered groups in terms of particle densities, activity, contagious rates, and random recovery times. Our results show that ABP reproduces the time dependence observed in traditional compartmental models such as the Susceptible-Infected-Recovery (SIR) models and allows us to explore the critical densities and the contagious radius that facilitates the virus spread. Furthermore, we derive a first-principles analytical expression for the contagion rate in terms of microscopic parameters, without considering free parameters as the classical SIR-based models. This approach offers a novel alternative to incorporate microscopic processes into analyzing SIR-based models with applications in a wide range of biological systems.

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