scholarly journals A global assessment of street network sprawl

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Paul Barrington-Leigh ◽  
Adam Millard-Ball
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
The United States ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data

Disconnected urban street networks, which we call “street-network sprawl,” are strongly associated with increased vehicle travel, energy use and CO_{2} emissions, as shown by previous research in Europe and North America. In this paper, we provide the first systematic and globally commensurable measures of street-network sprawl based on graph-theoretic and geographic concepts. Using data on all 46 million km of mapped streets worldwide, we compute these measures for the entire Earth at the highest possible resolution. We generate a summary scalar measure for street-network sprawl, the Street-Network Disconnectedness index (SNDi), as well as a data-driven multidimensional classification that identifies eight empirical street-network types that span the spectrum of connectivity, from gridiron to dendritic (tree-like) and circuitous networks. Our qualitative validation shows that both the scalar and multidimensional measures are meaningfully comparable within and across countries, and successfully capture varied dimensions of walkability and urban development. We further show that in select high-income countries, our measures explain cross-sectional variation in household transportation decisions, and a one standard-deviation increase in SNDi is associated with an extra 0.25 cars owned per household. We aggregate our measures to the scale of countries, cities, and smaller geographies and describe patterns in street-network sprawl around the world. Latin America, Japan, South Korea, much of Europe and North Africa stand out for their low levels of street-network sprawl, while the highest levels are found in south-east Asia, the United States and the British Isles.

The influence of prescriber and patient gender on the prescription of benzodiazepines: results from the Florida Medicaid Dataset

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Leanna M. W. Lui ◽  
Yena Lee ◽  
Orly Lipsitz ◽  
Nelson B. Rodrigues ◽  
Hartej Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Patient Gender ◽  
Prescription Rates ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Background Benzodiazepine (BZD) prescription rates have increased over the past decade in the United States. Available literature indicates that sociodemographic factors may influence diagnostic patterns and/or prescription behaviour. Herein, the aim of this study is to determine whether the gender of the prescriber and/or patient influences BZD prescription. Methods Cross-sectional study using data from the Florida Medicaid Managed Medical Assistance Program from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. Eligible recipients ages 18 to 64, inclusive, enrolled in the Florida Medicaid plan for at least 1 day, and were dually eligible. Recipients either had a serious mental illness (SMI), or non-SMI and anxiety. Results Total 125 463 cases were identified (i.e., received BZD or non-BZD prescription). Main effect of patient and prescriber gender was significant F(1, 125 459) = 0.105, P = 0 .745, partial η2 < 0.001. Relative risk (RR) of male prescribers prescribing a BZD compared to female prescribers was 1.540, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [1.513, 1.567], whereas the RR of male patients being prescribed a BZD compared to female patients was 1.16, 95% CI [1.14, 1.18]. Main effects of patient and prescriber gender were statistically significant F(1, 125 459) = 188.232, P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.001 and F(1, 125 459) = 349.704, P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.013, respectively. Conclusions Male prescribers are more likely to prescribe BZDs, and male patients are more likely to receive BZDs. Further studies are required to characterize factors that influence this gender-by-gender interaction.

The Determinants of Labor Absence: Economic Factors and Workgroup Norms across Countries

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Drago ◽  
Mark Wooden
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Employee Characteristics ◽  
Absence From Work

The authors analyze causes of absence from work using data from a survey distributed in 1988 to workers in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. The results indicate that workgroup cohesion (the degree to which employees work together closely and harmoniously) was associated with low levels of absence if job satisfaction was high, but with high levels of absence if job satisfaction was low. Some employee characteristics associated with lower rates of absence were male gender, short tenure, part-time status, and high wages; shiftwork, sick leave entitlements, and low unemployment rates were associated with higher rates of absence. The authors also find that the determinants of whether a worker was absent at least once in a given year are distinct from the determinants of the frequency and duration of absences among those workers who were absent at least once.

scholarly journals Global trends toward urban street-network sprawl

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1941-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Barrington-Leigh ◽  
Adam Millard-Ball
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Street Network ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Changes Over Time

We present a global time series of street-network sprawl—that is, sprawl as measured through the local connectivity of the street network. Using high-resolution data from OpenStreetMap and a satellite-derived time series of urbanization, we compute and validate changes over time in multidimensional street connectivity measures based on graph-theoretic and geographic concepts. We report on global, national, and city-level trends since 1975 in the street-network disconnectedness index (SNDi), based on every mapped node and edge in the world. Streets in new developments in 90% of the 134 most populous countries have become less connected since 1975, while just 29% show an improving trend since 2000. The same period saw a near doubling in the relative frequency of a street-network type characterized by high circuity, typical of gated communities. We identify persistence in street-network sprawl, indicative of path-dependent processes. Specifically, cities and countries with low connectivity in recent years also had relatively low preexisting connectivity in our earliest time period. We discuss implications for policy intervention in road building in new and expanding cities as a top priority for sustainable urban development.

scholarly journals Predictors for Blood Pressure Reduction in American Latinos: Secondary Analysis of the Adelgaza Program Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Wen-Wen Li ◽  
Eric Vittinghoff ◽  
Yoshimi Fukuoka
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent Of Task ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Little is known about factors that predict blood pressure (BP) reduction in overweight American Latinos. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore predictors of changes in mean systolic and diastolic BPs over an 8-week weight loss intervention period in a sample of 54 overweight American Latinos using data collected during the Adelgaza trial. Baseline BP, exercise energy use (in units of metabolic equivalent of task), weight change, average daily intake of calories from beverages, average daily intake of calories from fat, age, and gender were considered as potential predictors of reductions in BP, as measured at baseline, 3, and 8 weeks. Baseline characteristics were as follows: mean age 45.3 ( SD = 10.8) years, 31.5% male, 61.1% born in the United States. Mean baseline systolic and diastolic BPs were 122.1 ( SD = 14.4) mmHg and 76.6 ( SD = 9.8) mmHg, respectively. Both baseline systolic and diastolic BPs predicted reductions in systolic BP after adjusting for other factors ( p < .001). None of the nine variables predicted reductions in diastolic BP ( p > .05). This finding suggests that overweight American Latinos with higher baseline systolic or diastolic BP should be identified and provided with early intervention education to achieve better hypertension management or prevention.

Trends and Utilization of Inpatient Palliative Care Among Patients With Metastatic Bladder Cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 082585972092493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedong Han ◽  
Feifei Yu ◽  
Cheng Wu ◽  
Lihe Dai ◽  
Yiming Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Metastatic Bladder Cancer ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hospital Characteristics

Objective: To explore the trends and utilization of palliative care (PC) service among inpatients with metastatic bladder cancer (MBC). Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the 2003 to 2014 National Inpatient Sample. Palliative care was identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code V66.7. Demographics, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, tumor-related, and treatment-related factors were compared between patients with and without PC. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore predictors of PC use. Results: Among 131 852 patients with MBC, 13 224 (10.03%) received PC. Rate of PC increased from 2.49% in 2003 to 28.39% in 2014 ( P < .0001). Similarly, rate of PC in decedents increased from 7.02% in 2003 to 54.86% in 2014 ( P < .0001). Patients receiving PC were older, tendered to be white, had more comorbidities, and higher all-patient refined diagnosis-related group mortality risk. Predictors of PC included age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.02; P < .0001), Medicaid (OR: 1.87; 95%.CI: 1.54-2.26; P < .0001), and private (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.40-1.84; P < .0001) insurance, hospitals in the West (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.10-1.61; P = .0032), and Mid-west (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.22-1.75; P = .0032), major (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11-1.49; P < .0001), and extreme (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 2.04-2.76; P < .0001) mortality risk. Chemotherapy and mechanical ventilation were related with lower odds of PC use. Palliative care predictors in the decedents were similar to those in overall patients with bladder cancer. Conclusions: Palliative care encounter in MBC shows an increasing trend. However, it still remains very low. Disparities in PC use covered age, insurance, and hospital characteristics among metastatic bladder cancer in the United States.

scholarly journals Gambaran Perilaku Pencegahan Penyakit Malaria di Sumatera Selatan (Analisis Lanjut Riskesdas 2018)

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Yanelza Supranelfy ◽  
Reni Oktarina
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Genus Plasmodium ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite (protozoa) of the genus plasmodium, transmitted through the Anopheles mosquito's bite Prevention by vector control and preventing mosquito bites to humans needs to be carried out to break the chain of transmission. This study aims to find out at the description of malaria prevention conducted by community in South Sumatera. This is descriptive research with a cross-sectional approach using data from the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018. The research sample were 33,566 people spread in 17 districts/cities in South Sumatera. The respondents were dominant in the 36-45 years age group, male, had low education, and had a job as a farmer. The results showed that the most widely used prevention of mosquito bites in South Sumatra was using non-insecticide mosquito nets and mosquito repellents. Meanwhile, insecticide-treated mosquito nets that are often used are generally more than three years. The respondents who live in areas that have obtained a malaria elimination certificate and respondents with low levels of education tend to sleep using insecticide-treated mosquito nets.

Hearing Impairment and Loneliness in Older Adults in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 073346482094408
Author(s):  
Alison R. Huang ◽  
Jennifer A. Deal ◽  
George W. Rebok ◽  
Jayant M. Pinto ◽  
Linda Waite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Comorbidity Index ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Fair Poor

Hearing impairment impacts fluidity of communication and social interactions and thus may contribute to loneliness. We investigated the cross-sectional association between hearing impairment and loneliness in community-dwelling older U.S. adults using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project ( N = 3,196). Individuals reporting fair/poor hearing had 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.09–2.05]) higher odds of any loneliness compared with those reporting excellent hearing after adjusting for comorbidity index, functional and cognitive ability, self-reported health, and demographic characteristics. Test for trend suggests a dose–response relationship over levels of hearing impairment. Hearing impairment is highly prevalent and may be an important target for consideration in interventions to reduce loneliness. Further investigation of whether treatment of hearing impairment alleviates loneliness and its disabling effects is also needed.

scholarly journals Global, regional, and national consumption of controlled opioids: a cross-sectional study of 214 countries and non-metropolitan territories

2021 ◽  
pp. 204946372110130
Author(s):  
Georgia C Richards ◽  
Jeffrey K Aronson ◽  
Kamal R Mahtani ◽  
Carl Heneghan
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Opioid Consumption ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Narcotics Control ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Consumption

Introduction: The consumption of opioids has increased globally since the 1990s. Previous studies of global opioid consumption have concentrated on morphine alone or a subset of opioids, with a focus on cancer pain and palliative care. In this study, we have determined the global, regional, and national consumption of all controlled opioids, including anaesthetics, analgesics, antidiarrheals, opioid substitution therapies, and cough suppressants. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB). We calculated mean opioid consumption (mg/person) globally, regionally, and nationally for 2015–2017, where consumption refers to the total amount of controlled opioids distributed for medical purposes and excludes recreational use. We ranked countries by total consumption and quantified the types of opioids consumed globally. Results: Between 2015 and 2017, 90% of the world’s population consumed only 11% of controlled opioids. An average of 32 mg/person was consumed annually, but this was not equally distributed across the world. Consumption was the highest in Germany (480 mg/person), followed by Iceland (428 mg/person), the United States (398 mg/person) and Canada (333 mg/person). Oxycodone (35%) was the most heavily consumed controlled opioid globally, followed by morphine (15.9%), methadone (15.8%) and tilidine (14%). Conclusion: Large disparities persist in most of the world in accessing essential opioid medicines. Consumption patterns should continue to be monitored, and collaborative strategies should be developed to promote access and the appropriate prescribing of opioids in all countries and non-metropolitan territories.

scholarly journals Children’s Active School Travel: Examining the Combined Perceived and Objective Built-Environment Factors from Space Syntax

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Ayse Ozbil ◽  
Demet Yesiltepe ◽  
Gorsev Argin ◽  
Greg Rybarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Active Commuting ◽  
Street Network ◽  
School Travel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Active Commuting To School ◽  
Active School Travel ◽  
Using Data

Increasing active school travel (AST) among children may provide the required level of daily physical activity and reduce the prevalence of obesity. Despite efforts to promote this mode, recent evidence shows that AST rates continue to decrease in suburban and urban areas alike. The aim of this research study, therefore, is to facilitate our understanding of how objective and perceived factors near the home influence children’s AST in an understudied city, İstanbul, Turkey. Using data from a cross-sectional sample of students aged 12–14 from 20 elementary schools (n = 1802) and consenting parents (n = 843), we applied a nominal logistic regression model to highlight important predictors of AST. The findings showed that street network connectivity (as measured by two novel space syntax measures, metric reach and directional reach) was the main deciding factor for active commuting to school, while parents’ perceptions of condition of sidewalks and shade-casting street trees were moderately significant factors associated with AST. Overall, this study demonstrated the significance of spatial structure of street network around the homes in the potential for encouraging AST, and more importantly, the need to consider objective and perceived environmental attributes when strategizing means to increase this mode choice and reduce ill-health among children.

scholarly journals Global trends towards urban street-network sprawl

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Paul Barrington-Leigh ◽  
Adam Millard-Ball
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Street Network ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Changes Over Time

We present the first global time series of street-network sprawl — that is, sprawl as measured through the local connectivity of the street network. Using high-resolution data from OpenStreetMap and a satellite-derived time series of urbanization, we compute and validate changes over time in multidimensional street connectivity measures based on graph-theoretic and geographic concepts. We report on global, national, and city-level trends since 1975 in the Street-Network Disconnectedness Index (SNDi), based on every mapped node and edge in the world. Streets in new developments in 90% of the 134 most populous countries have become less connected since 1975, while just 29% show an improving trend since 2000. The same period saw a near doubling in the relative frequency of a street-network type characterized by high circuity, typical of gated communities. We identify persistence in street-network sprawl, indicative of path-dependent processes. Specifically, cities and countries with low connectivity in recent years also had relatively low preexisting connectivity in our earliest time period. We discuss implications for policy intervention in road building in new and expanding cities as a top priority for sustainable urban development.

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