scholarly journals Superstrings Encounters of the Second, Third or Fourth Types?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Maes
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Theory Of Everything ◽  
M Theory ◽  
Universe Models

Strings and their evolutions as superstrings and M-theory have been one of the main focus of theoretical Physics for the last 40 years. In fact some have characterized superstrings and M-theory as the best candidates at explaining quantum gravity and providing a Theory of Everything. Others have claimed that it is “Physics of the next century provided for our exploration this century”. Yet not much has come out of it in terms of actual predictions or observation of anything about anything.In the context of explaining gravity with entanglement with multi-fold mechanisms, we encountered traces of superstrings and may have met some of them or their impacts. It qualifies for an alien encounter of the third type. Dualities between spacetime and superstrings were derived, yet nobody embarked or will ever embark on a superstring spacetime trip, at least. So no encounter of the fourth type. This paper summarizes what we have determined about strings, superstrings and M-theory as part of the multi-fold universe models. The observations and lessons learned are telling signs for superstring investigators.

Ragam Bangunan Perundang-Undangan Hukum Keluarga di Negera-Negara Muslim Modern: Kajian Tipologis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
The Difference

The reality of the difference in applying Islamic law in the context of marriage law legislation in modern Muslim countries is undeniable. Tunisia and Turkey, for example, have practiced Islamic law of liberal nuance. Unlike the case with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates that still use the application of Islamic law as it is in their fiqh books. In between these two currents many countries are trying to apply the law in their own countries by trying to bridge the urgent new needs and local wisdom. This is widely embraced by modern Muslim countries in general. This paper reviews typologically the heterogeneousness of family law legislation of modern Muslim countries while responding to modernization issues. Typical buildings seen from modern family law reforms can be classified into four types. The first type is progressive, pluralistic and extradoctrinal reform, such as in Turkey and Tunisia. The second type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, as in Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Algeria and Pakistan. The third type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, represented by Iraq. While the fourth type is progressive, unifiied and extradoctrinal reform, which can be represented by Somalia and Algeria.

Four Types of Reinforcement Processes in Humans

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Haruki ◽  
Hideko Ito ◽  
Yoshitaka Oue ◽  
Kaneo Nedate
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Student ◽  
Nonsense Syllable ◽  
Motivational Factor ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Test Card ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Female Graduate Student

The hypothesis tested was that the type of reinforcement (with regard to the administrator and the recipient) is responsible for differentiating the efficiency of learning in humans. The first type, termed external reinforcement, is one in which the experimenter controls and the subject receives the reinforcement. The second type is self-reinforcement, i.e., the subject controls and receives the reinforcement. The third type ( internal reinforcement) reverses the subject-experimenter relationship employed in the first type. The fourth type ( alien reinforcement) occurs when the experimenter replaces the subject's role played in the second type. In Exp. I, 30 male undergraduates learned to choose as correct a nonsense syllable among four such syllables on each test card. A male graduate student served as the experimenter. Results indicated that the subjects can learn the task under the conditions of the fourth type of reinforcement as well as the first type. The fourth type was superior in its effect on learning. In Exp. II, 19 male undergraduates learned to choose one of the four meaningful words, and a female graduate student served as experimenter. Neither the second nor the third type was effective. It was concluded that the type of reinforcement in which the experimenter is reinforced by himself seems most effective in facilitating learning, due probably to some motivational factor.

The World Code

2008 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Azamat Abdoullaev
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Formal Ontology ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
The Real ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory Of Everything ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Universe

Formalizing the world in rigorous mathematical terms is no less significant than its fundamental understanding and modeling in terms of ontological constructs. Like black and white, opposite sexes or polarity signs, ontology and mathematics stand complementary to each other, making up the unique and unequaled knowledge domain or knowledge base, which involves two parts: • Ontological (real) mathematics, which defines the real significance for the mathematical entities, so studying the real status of mathematical objects, functions, and relationships in terms of ontological categories and rules. • Mathematical (formal) ontology, which defines the mathematical structures of the real world features, so concerned with a meaningful representation of the universe in terms of mathematical language. The combination of ontology and mathematics and substantial knowledge of sciences is likely the only one true road to reality understanding, modeling and representation. Ontology on its own can’t specify the fabric, design, architecture, and the laws of the universe. Nor theoretical physics with its conceptual tools and models: general relativity, quantum physics, Lagrangians, Hamiltonians, conservation laws, symmetry groups, quantum field theory, string and M theory, twistor theory, loop quantum gravity, the big bang, the standard model, or theory of everything material. Nor mathematics alone with its abstract tools, complex number calculus, differential calculus, differential geometry, analytical continuation, higher algebras, Fourier series and hyperfunctions is the real path to reality (Penrose, 2005).

God

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Martin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sufficient Reason ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
The Third ◽  
Principle Of Sufficient Reason ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

This chapter offers reconstructions of Spinoza’s four arguments for the existence of God. Among the lessons learned from these reconstructions is that, although Spinoza’s first argument is often described as ontological, it relies on many substantive premises that go beyond the definition of God and it is not vulnerable to standard objections to ontological arguments. Additionally, the second argument introduces Spinoza’s Principle of Sufficient Reason, and seeing how Spinoza applies it to the existence of God sheds light on how he understands both the PSR and causation and explanation more generally. The chapter concludes by arguing that the third and fourth arguments pave the way for Spinoza’s claim that, besides God, no substance can be or be conceived and consideration of them shows why Spinoza’s argument for monism does not beg the question against the orthodox Cartesian.

scholarly journals Quantum leaps of black holes: Magnifying glasses of quantum gravity

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1644024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanta Chakraborty ◽  
Kinjalk Lochan
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
The Third

We show using simple arguments, that the conceptual triad of a classical black hole, semi-classical Hawking emission and geometry quantization is inherently, mutually incompatible. Presence of any two explicitly violates the third. We argue that geometry quantization, if realized in nature, magnifies the quantum gravity features hugely to catapult them into the realm of observational possibilities. We also explore a quantum route towards extremality of the black holes.

scholarly journals Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E.. 29 January 1926–21 November 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 387-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. B. Kibble
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Abdus Salam ◽  
Founding Director ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Rich Countries

Abdus Salam was one of the leading theoretical physicists of his generation, the first Muslim to win a Nobel Prize for science. He was Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College, founding Director of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, and founder and first President of the Third World Academy of Sciences. He was also a warm and generous man, who cared passionately about the inequities between the rich countries and the poor, and argued tirelessly for the importance of science to developing countries.

Superstrings, M theory and quantum gravity

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (12A) ◽  
pp. A77-A100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B Green
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
M Theory

scholarly journals Self-dual formulation of gravity in topological M-theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050047
Author(s):  
Andrea Addazi ◽  
Antonino Marciano
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Loop Quantum Gravity ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
The Self ◽  
Hamiltonian Constraint ◽  
Flat Connection ◽  
Line Defect ◽  
Dual Formulation ◽  
Dual Variables ◽  
M Theory

Inspired by the low wave-length limit of topological M-theory, which re-constructs the theory of 3 + 1D gravity in the self-dual variables’ formulation, and by the realization that in Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) the holonomy of a flat connection can be non-trivial if and only if a non-trivial (space-like) line defect is localized inside the loop, we argue that non-trivial gravitational holonomies can be put in correspondence with space-like M-branes. This suggests the existence of a new duality, which we call [Formula: see text] duality, interconnecting topological M-theory with LQG. We spell some arguments to show that fundamental S-strings are serious candidates to be considered in order to instantiate this correspondence to classes of LQG states. In particular, we consider the case of the holonomy flowers in LQG, and show that for this type of states the action of the Hamiltonian constraint, from the M-theory side, corresponds to a linear combination of appearance and disappearance of a SNS1-strings. Consequently, these processes can be reinterpreted, respectively, as enucleations or decays into open or closed strings.

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