Plastic and Immobile

Contrary to traditional biological arguments, the differential susceptibility model suggests genotype may moderate rather than mediate parent-child economic similarity. Using family fixed effects models of Add Health sibling data, I investigate the relationship between an index of sensitive genotypes and intergenerational mobility. Full, same sex sibling comparisons hold constant parental characteristics and address the non-random distribution of genotype that reduces internal validity in nationally representative samples. Across multiple measures of young adult financial standing, those with more copies of sensitive genotypes achieve lower economic outcomes than their sibling if they are from a low income context but fare better from a high income context. This genetic sensitivity to parental income entails lower intergenerational mobility. Results support the differential susceptibility model and contradict simplistic genetic explanations for intergenerational inequality, suggesting sensitive genotypes are not inherently positive or negative but rather increase dependence on parental income and reduce mobility.

Personality Factors and Sick Leave Days. Evidence from a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study in Germany.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17031089 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 1089

Author(s):

Yulia I. Raynik ◽

Hans-Helmut König ◽

André Hajek

Keyword(s):

Sick Leave ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Private Households ◽

Longitudinal Association ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Background: The question of whether employees’ sickness absence from the workplace depends on personality has been researched. Existing evidence mostly stems from cross-sectional studies, mainly showing that personality factors were not associated with the number of sick leave days, except for neuroticism, which was positively associated with sick leave days. Based on the above, it remains an under researched question whether intraindividual changes in personality factors are associated with changes in sick leave days. Thus, based on a nationally representative sample, the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality factors and sick leave days longitudinally based on a nationally representative sample of individuals in Germany. Methods: The present study used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), a longitudinal survey of private households in Germany. Information from the years 2005, 2009, 2013 were used. The Big Five Inventory-GSOEP (BFI-S) was used to measure personality. Sick leave days in the preceding year were recorded. Poisson fixed effects regressions were used. Results: Adjusting for potential confounders, regressions showed that increases in neuroticism were associated with increased sick leave days. The longitudinal association between extraversion and sick leave days was marginally significant (p < 0.10). Other personality factors were not significantly associated with sick leave days. In addition, sick leave days increased with worsening self-rated health, presence of severe disability and increasing age. Conclusions: The findings of the current study highlight the association between neuroticism and sick leave days longitudinally. Further research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Using complementary methods to test whether marriage limits men's antisocial behavior

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579412000909 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sara R. Jaffee ◽

Caitlin McPherran Lombardi ◽

Rebekah Levine Coley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antisocial Behavior ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

The United States ◽

Complementary Methods ◽

Married Men ◽

AbstractMarried men engage in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men, but it is not clear whether this reflects a causal relationship. Instead, the relationship could reflect selection into marriage whereby the men who are most likely to marry (men in steady employment with high levels of education) are the least likely to engage in antisocial behavior. The relationship could also be the result of reverse causation, whereby high levels of antisocial behavior are a deterrent to marriage rather than the reverse. Both of these alternative processes are consistent with the possibility that some men have a genetically based proclivity to become married, known as an active genotype–environment correlation. Using four complementary methods, we tested the hypothesis that marriage limits men's antisocial behavior. These approaches have different strengths and weaknesses and collectively help to rule out alternative explanations, including active genotype–environment correlations, for a causal association between marriage and men's antisocial behavior. Data were drawn from the in-home interview sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a large, longitudinal survey study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. Lagged negative binomial and logistic regression and propensity score matching models (n = 2,250), fixed-effects models of within-individual change (n = 3,061), and random-effects models of sibling differences (n = 618) all showed that married men engaged in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men. Our findings replicate results from other quasiexperimental studies of marriage and men's antisocial behavior and extend the results to a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States.

Food insecurity, acculturation and diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults in the USA

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019001952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 416-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael D Smith ◽

Alisha Coleman-Jensen

Keyword(s):

Angina Pectoris ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Low Income ◽

Poor Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Security Status ◽

The Usa ◽

AbstractObjective:To deepen understanding of the relationship between food insecurity, acculturation, and diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults.Design:Using cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the National Health Interview Survey 2011 to 2015, we address two research questions. First, what is the relationship of household food insecurity and acculturation with: CHD, angina pectoris, heart attack, self-rated poor health and obesity? Second, what is the association of food insecurity with these health outcomes over years of living in the USA? We estimate multivariate logistic regressions without (question 1) and with (question 2) an interaction term between food insecurity and acculturation for CHD and related health outcomes.Setting:USA.Participants:Low-income immigrant adults.Results:Food insecurity and acculturation are both associated with diagnosis of CHD and related health outcomes among immigrant adults. Food insecurity and acculturation are associated with the health of female immigrants more than males. Also, the differences by food security status in the probability of having several poor health outcomes (self-rated heath, obesity, women’s angina pectoris) are largest for those in the USA for less than 5 years, decrease for those who have lived in the USA for 5–14 years, and are larger again for those in the USA for 15 or more years.Conclusions:Recent and long-term food-insecure immigrants are more vulnerable to CHD and related health outcomes than those in the USA for 5–14 years. Further research is needed to understand why.

Predictors of eviction and quality of tenant-landlord relationships during the 2020-2021 eviction moratorium in the U.S.

10.1101/2021.08.27.21262736 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jack Tsai ◽

Minda Huang ◽

John Blosnich ◽

Eric Elbogen

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Negative Effect ◽

History Of ◽

Multivariable Analyses ◽

One Year ◽

In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued several agency orders that put into effect a national moratorium on evictions for over one year to limit transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about landlord and tenant behaviors during the eviction moratorium. The current study used three waves of data from May 2020-April 2021 from a nationally representative sample of U.S. middle- and low-income tenants (n= 3,393 in Wave 1, n= 1,311 in Wave 2, and 814 in Wave 3) to examine tenants who were evicted during the eviction moratorium and the reported effects of the moratorium on tenant rental payments and tenant-landlord relationships. Across three Waves, 4.3% of tenants reported experiencing an eviction during the moratorium and 6-23% of tenants reported delaying paying rent because of the moratorium. Multivariable analyses found that tenants who delayed paying their rent, were female, or had a history of mental illness or substance use disorder were significantly more likely to report the eviction moratorium had a negative effect on the relationship with their landlord. Analyses also revealed that testing positive for COVID-19 was not a significant predictor of eviction but tenants with a history a homelessness were more than 9 times as likely to report an eviction than those without such a history. Together, these findings suggest the eviction moratorium has had some unintended consequences on rent payments and tenant-landlord relationships that need to be considered in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Economic precarity, social isolation, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic

10.1101/2020.10.05.20205955 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Raifman ◽

Catherine K. Ettman ◽

Lorraine Dean ◽

Colleen Barry ◽

Sandro Galea

Keyword(s):

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Low Income ◽

Job Loss ◽

Well Being ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

The Us ◽

Policies And Programs ◽

AbstractImportanceThe US population faces stressors associated with suicide brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the relationship between stressors and suicidal ideation may inform policies and programs to prevent suicide.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between stressors and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignWe compared suicidal ideation in 2017-2018 to suicidal ideation in 2020. We estimated the association between stressors and suicidal ideation in bivariable and multivariable Poisson regression models with robust variance.SettingUnited StatesParticipantsParticipants were from two, nationally representative surveys of US adults: The 2017-2017 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2020 COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study (conducted March 31 to April 13), analyzed April 28 to September 30, 2020.ExposuresEconomic precarity as measured through job loss or difficulty paying rent and social isolation based on reporting “feeling alone.”Main outcome measureSuicidal ideation based on reporting “Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way” over the past two weeks.ResultsSuicidal ideation increased more than fourfold, from 3.4% in the 2017-2018 NHANES to 16.3% in the 2020 CLIMB survey, and from 5.8% to 26.4% among participants in low-income households. Suicidal ideation was more prevalent among people facing difficulty paying rent (31.5%), job loss (24.1%), and loneliness (25.1%), with each stressor associated with suicidal ideation in bivariable models. In the multivariable model, difficulty paying rent was associated with suicidal ideation (aPR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.1), while losing a job was not (aPR: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6 to 1.2). Feeling alone was associated with suicidal ideation (aPR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5 to 2.4).Conclusions and relevanceSuicidal ideation increased more than fourfold during the COVID-19 pandemic. Difficulty paying rent and loneliness were most associated with suicidal ideation. Policies and programs to support people experiencing economic precarity and loneliness may contribute to suicide prevention.

Effect of Income Inequality on Health Status in a Selection of Middle and Low Income Countries

Equilibrium ◽

10.12775/equil.2014.029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 133-152

Author(s):

Elnaz Hajebi ◽

Mohammad Javad Razmi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Status ◽

Panel Data ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Low Income ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

The Public ◽

The relationship between the public health status and income inequality has been taken into consideration in the last two decades. One of the important questions in this regard is that whether the changes in income inequality will lead to changes in health indicators or not. To answer this question, life expectancy is used as a health indicator and the Gini coefficient is used as an income inequality indicator. In this study, the relationship between income inequality and the public health has been investigated by panel data in Eviews software during 2000–2011 in 65 low-and middle-income countries. By using panel data and considering fixed effects and heterogeneity of sections, the relationship between income inequality and public health status is a significant negative relationship.

Income, inflammation and cancer mortality: a study of U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up cohorts

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09923-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joshua E. Chan ◽

Amandeep K. Mann ◽

Daniel S. Kapp ◽

David H. Rehkopf

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Complete Control ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

The Relationship ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background To estimate the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and cancer mortality in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population while controlling for education, occupation, and income. Methods Data were obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994 (N = 7817) and 1999–2002 (N = 2344). We fit Cox proportional hazard models to examine the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen with cancer mortality. Results In the full Cox multivariate model, clinically raised CRP was associated with cancer mortality in NHANES 1988–1994 (> 0.99 mg/dL: 95%CI: 1.04–2.13). However, across two inflammatory biomarkers (CRP and Fibrinogen), two NHANES time periods (1998–1994 and 1999–2002) and three income levels (12 strata in total), Hazard ratio confidence intervals did not include the null only for one association: CRP and cancer mortality among low income participants from 1988 to 1994 (HR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.10–3.04). Conclusions We find evidence that only in one unique stratum is earlier life CRP, and not fibrinogen, associated with prospective cancer mortality. After more complete control for socioeconomic confounding, CRP and fibrinogen do not predict cancer mortality in most subpopulations.

Diverging Disparities: Race, Parental Income, and Children’s Math Scores, 1960 to 2009

Sociology of Education ◽

10.1177/0038040720963279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 124-142

Author(s):

Jordan A. Conwell

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

White Students ◽

Test Score ◽

Data Sets ◽

Parental Income ◽

Black And White ◽

Math Scores ◽

Math Test ◽

Math Test Scores

In recent decades, the black–white test score disparity has decreased, and the test score disparity between children of high- versus low-income parents has increased. This study focuses on a comparison that has, to date, fallen between the separate literatures on these diverging trends: black and white students whose parents have similarly low, middle, or high incomes (i.e., same income or race within income). To do so, I draw on three nationally representative data sets on 9th or 10th graders, covering 1960 to 2009, that contain information on students’ math test scores. I find that math test score disparities between black and white students with same-income parents are to black students’ disadvantage. Although these disparities have decreased since 1960, in 2009 they remained substantively large, statistically significant, and largest between children of the highest-income parents. Furthermore, family and school characteristics that scholars commonly use to explain test score disparities by race or income account for markedly decreasing shares of race-within-income disparities over time. The study integrates the literatures on test score disparities by race and income with attention to the historical and continued structural influence of race, net of parental income, on students’ educational experiences and test score outcomes.

When Knowing is Caring: Examining the Relationship Between Diversity Exposure and PSM

Review of Public Personnel Administration ◽

10.1177/0734371x20966652 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0734371X2096665

Author(s):

Stephen Holt ◽

Heasun Choi

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

School Level ◽

Contact Theory ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Intergroup Contact Theory ◽

12Th Grade ◽

Institutional Forces ◽

While public service motivation (PSM) provides an important theory for understanding the motivations that underpin public sector worker behavior, theoretical connections to the institutional forces that produce and shape PSM remains underexamined. Given other-orientated motives that define part of PSM, exposure to peers from a variety of social backgrounds presents an input that may shape PSM earlier in life. Drawing on insights from intergroup contact theory, we use a nationally representative dataset of high school sophomores to examine the effect of school-level diversity along demographic and socioeconomic dimensions on students’ PSM-related values. Specifically, we use a fixed-effects approach to isolate the contribution of 10th grade exposure to students of a different race or socioeconomic background on 12th grade measures of PSM-related values. We find attending schools with a balanced mix of different-race students has a large and statistically significant impact on students’ PSM-related values by the end of secondary school.

Is There a Career and Technical Education Coursetaking Pipeline between High School and College?

Teachers College Record ◽

10.1177/016146811912100303 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 1-32

Author(s):

Jay Stratte Plasman ◽

Michael A. Gottfried ◽

Cameron Sublett

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Career And Technical Education ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Technical Education ◽

Research Question ◽

Career And Technical ◽

Research Questions ◽

Els 2002 ◽

Background Previous studies have explored the relationship between career and technical education (CTE) on numerous secondary and college outcomes. However, a key oversight in the literature is the examination of the CTE coursetaking pipeline as it makes a direct connection between high school and college. Research Questions We asked the following research questions to address the gap in CTE literature around secondary to postsecondary pipelines: (1) Does taking CTE courses in high school predict taking CTE courses in college? (2) Does this relationship differ between students who attend 2- and 4-year colleges? (3) Does the relationship differ by different areas of CTE? Research Design To respond to these questions, we used the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), a nationally representative dataset. We employed basic logistic regression, school fixed effects, and instrumental variable estimations to reduce biases in our estimations in the relationship between high school and college CTE coursetaking. Results We found that CTE coursetaking in high school linked to overall CTE coursetaking across all years of college. When examining 2- and 4-year college coursetaking independently, only the relationship between high school and 4-year college CTE coursetaking was significant. We also found that there existed differential linking based on type of institution in which the courses were completed and area of CTE—specifically, applied STEM, business, trade and industry, and health. Conclusions A first implication from these findings is that CTE in high school, which is itself funded through the current iteration of the Perkins legislation, appears to be having a noticeable link to CTE participation in college. From the second research question, there could very well be a strong connection between high school CTE and 2-year enrollment that is not reflected in first year CTE coursetaking at the 2-year level. Finally, the implications from the third research question speak to the need to focus on CTE as a group of individual categories as opposed to a single overarching group.