scholarly journals Differential behavior of COVID-19 in Multi-Country Journey: Challenges for Drug Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Gupta ◽  
Anjali Priyadarshini ◽  
Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽  
Arpana Vibhuti ◽  
V. Samuel Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Differential Behavior ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Potential Challenge ◽  
Ongoing Phase ◽  
Existing Data

COVID-19, a pandemic is different as it is in an ongoing phase. We need to understand how the pandemic is developing across the globe. All the existing data and research on the virus are preliminary; researchers are rapidly learning more about new and evolving problems. There is always an underlying mystery that can unfold by studying the available data on this emerging problem and especially to provide an understanding of what can and cannot be said based on this available knowledge. It has been seen that large outbreaks are in China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, Spain, and France, with the US and UK seeing rapidly increasing numbers. But most countries in the world have reported very few to number cases of COVID-19. This is surprising because the trajectory of the COVID-19 outbreak has been said to follow the exposure due to travel, and the areas with low incidence must be having other reasons. The primary factor resulting in the spread of infection is trans country and continent movement of people. The geographical distribution and pattern of COVID 19 infection show a very interesting feature, the tropical countries having a high incidence of Malaria and have undergone the chloroquine regimen show less spike in COVID19 infection. And one of the reasons may be that the virus has not yet reached and started localized transmission in every country, despite these countries having strong travel, migration, or trade relationships with China and the rest of the world. This observation raises various questions. Is the virus not reaching or establishing infections due to some measures taken and the transmission is controlled? The differential behavior of this virus might pose a potential challenge for the development of a suitable intervention that can be useful in all scenarios.

scholarly journals Incidence Of Diarrheal Infections In Ukraine: Epidemiological Peculiarities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Malysh ◽  
Oksana Chemych ◽  
Roman Rodyna ◽  
Inna Chorna ◽  
Svitlana Doan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background : Diarrheal infections remain relevant for many countries of the world. The processes of globalization, fundamental changes in nutrition and water consumption contributed to the fact that the significance of individual infection sources, etiological structure of diarrheal infections changed. Purpose of the study: on the background of the analytical study of the incidence of diarrheal infections in Ukraine under the current conditions, to determine the factors influencing epidemic situation. Methods: The reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Main Administrations of Statistics in Kharkiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia oblasts for 2011-2018 are used in the paper. Epidemiological and statistical research methods are applied. Results: The epidemic situation with diarrheal infections in Ukraine is characterized by a low incidence of typhoid fever (from 0.012 to 0.14 per 100 thousand people), shigellosis (from 1.97-6.13 per 100 thousand people), stable incidence rates without the downward trend, salmonellosis (from 17.35 till 24.1 per 100 thousand people), high incidence of diahrreal infections of specified etiology (from 115.5 to141.9 per 100 thousand people) and diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology (from 69.76 to 107.02 per 100 thousand people). The most complicated epidemic situation is observed in economically most developed regions of the country. Most diarrheal infectionsoutbreaks are connected with catering establishments 36.5 % and with children educational establishments 26.1 %. In the region with the highest shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence direct strong correlation relationships are established between the incidence and population, density, natural population movement. The oblasts with the highest diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence are at least provided with water resources and have problems with provision of high-quality drinking water. There is a need to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance over diarrheal infections by extension of the indicators of microbiological study of drinking water quality in the regions of Ukraine, where high diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence is registered; by increasing frequency of food item inspections in the oblasts, where mediana shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence exceeds the average one in Ukraine. Keywords: diarrheal infections, shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral enteritis.

scholarly journals Quantifying the effect of quarantine control in Covid-19 infectious spread using machine learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Dandekar ◽  
George Barbastathis
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Infected Case ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Case Count ◽  
The Us ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Limited Testing

Since the first recording of what we now call Covid-19 infection in Wuhan, Hubei province, China on Dec 31, 2019 (CHP 2020), the disease has spread worldwide and met with a wide variety of social distancing and quarantine policies. The effectiveness of these responses is notoriously difficult to quantify as individuals travel, violate policies deliberately or inadvertently, and infect others without themselves being detected (Li et al. 2020a; Wu & Leung 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Chinazzi et al. 2020; Ferguson et al. 2020; Kraemer et al. 2020). Moreover, the publicly available data on infection rates are themselves unreliable due to limited testing and even possibly under-reporting (Li et al. 2020b). In this paper, we attempt to interpret and extrapolate from publicly available data using a mixed first-principles epidemiological equations and data-driven neural network model. Leveraging our neural network augmented model, we focus our analysis on four locales: Wuhan, Italy, South Korea and the United States of America, and compare the role played by the quarantine and isolation measures in each of these countries in controlling the effective reproduction number Rt of the virus. Our results unequivocally indicate that the countries in which rapid government interventions and strict public health measures for quarantine and isolation were implemented were successful in halting the spread of infection and prevent it from exploding exponentially. In the case of Wuhan especially, where the available data were earliest available, we have been able to test the predicting ability of our model by training it from data in the January 24th till March 3rd window, and then matching the predictions up to April 1st. Even for Italy and South Korea, we have a buffer window of one week (25 March - 1 April) to validate the predictions of our model. In the case of the US, our model captures well the current infected curve growth and predicts a halting of infection spread by 20 April 2020. We further demonstrate that relaxing or reversing quarantine measures right now will lead to an exponential explosion in the infected case count, thus nullifying the role played by all measures implemented in the US since mid March 2020.

scholarly journals The Heterogeneity of National Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Mixed-method Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ying Chen ◽  
Yibeltal Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Actual Response

Abstract Background: COVID-19 has quickly spread to all corners of the world since its emergence in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The disease burden has been heterogeneous across regions of the world, with Americas leading in cumulative cases and deaths, followed by Europe, Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa and Western Pacific. Initial responses to COVID-19 also varied between governments, ranging from proactive containment to delayed intervention. Understanding these variabilities allow high burden countries to learn from low burden countries on ways to create more sustainable response plans in the future.Methods: This study used a mixed-method approach to perform cross-country comparisons of pandemic responses. The chosen countries for this study were the US, Brazil, Germany, Australia, South Korea and Thailand; they were selected based on their income level, relative COVID-19 burden and geographic location. To rationalize the clinical variability between these six countries, a list of 14 indicators was established to systematically assess the countries’ preparedness, actual response, and overall socioeconomic and demographic profile in the context of COVID-19.Results: As of December 1st , 2020, the US had the highest cases per million, followed by Brazil, Germany, Australia, South Korea and Thailand. The same ranking was observed for the countries’ deaths per million statistics. Cross-national comparison suggests that there were nine indicators to explain epidemiological differences between the countries, and they were 1) leadership, governance and coordination of response, 2) communication, 3) community engagement, 4) multisectoral actions, 5) public health capacity, 6) universal health coverage, 7) medical services and hospital capacity, 8) demography and 9) burden of non-communicable diseases.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic manifests varied outcomes due to differences in countries’ vulnerability, preparedness and response. Our study rationalizes why South Korea, Thailand, Australia and Germany performed better than the US and Brazil. By identifying the strengths of low burden countries and weaknesses of hotspot countries, we elucidate specific factors constituting an effective pandemic response that can be adopted by leaders in preparation for re-emerging public health threats.

scholarly journals OMICs Role in Hereditarian Prostate Cancer

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Sergio Cuenca-Lopez ◽  
Patricia Maria Porras-Quesada ◽  
Fernando Vazquez-Alonso ◽  
Victor Sanchez-Conde ◽  
Maria del Pilar Gomez-Matas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most prevalent tumours in the world, however, the hereditary (Hereditary PC; HPC) form is a rare pathology, that does not exceed 6%. Despite its very low incidence, a family history of PC in a first-degree relative multiplies the risk of suffering from PC by approximately two-fold. Therefore, the search for genetic variables associated with the detection, monitoring and treatment of the condition is paramount. In this study, we conduct deep screening of exomes by next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis in search of new biomarkers. We performed this analysis in a family with a high incidence of PC. Our data reveal that variants in some genes, such as HIBCH and DPP4, are present in all HPC patients. Moreover, high-risk patients have unique additional variants, such as FANK1, TUBA3FP and ALDH3B2. These results provide a new set of promising biomarkers in HCP.

scholarly journals How many COVID-19 cases could have been prevented in the US if its interventions were as effective as those in China and South Korea?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Yukun Song ◽  
Menghui Li ◽  
Zhesi Shen ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

AbstractThe COVID-19 [1] pandemic has forced governments to take measures to contain the spread of the disease [2]; however, the effects have varied significantly from one country to another contingent on governments’ responses. Countries that have flattened their coronavirus curves prove that interventions can bring COVID-19 under control. These achievements hold lessons, such as the strict social distancing and coordinated efforts of all government levels in China and massive testing in South Korea, for other countries battling the coronavirus around the world. In this work, we attempt to estimate how many COVID-19 cases could have been prevented in the United States (US) when compared with the US’s actual number of cases assuming that on a certain date, the US took China-like or South Korea-like interventions and that these interventions would have been as effective in the US as in China and South Korea. We found that if that date was at the early stage of the outbreak (March 10), more than 99% (1.15 million) fewer infected cases could be expected by the end of the epidemic. This number decreases to 66.03% and 73.06% fewer infected cases with the China-like scenario and the South Korea-like scenario, respectively, if actions were taken on April 1, highlighting the need to respond quickly and effectively to fight the virus. Furthermore, we found that although interventions in both China and South Korea allowed the COVID-19 outbreak to be managed, the epidemic could still oscillate without strict large-scale ‘lockdown’ measures, as shown in South Korea. Our results demonstrate that early effective interventions can save considerably more people from infection and provide a worldwide alert regard the need for swift response.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Us South ◽  
Pentecostal Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Selection Of

Opponents of secularization theory often emphasize that what can be said about religion in Europe cannot be applied to other regions of the world. They regularly refer to non-European countries where processes of modernization and religious revitalization have gone hand in hand. Therefore, to determine the role of religion in the modern world and the reasons for its changes means dealing with non-European societies. This short introductory chapter to Part IV explains the selection of the three case studies to be discussed in more detail in the chapters that follow: the US, South Korea, and the Pentecostal movement.

Another Asian Financial Crisis: Monetary Links between Hong Kong and China 1945—50

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE SCHENK
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Asian Financial Crisis ◽  
Main Symptom ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Monetary Relations

At the beginning of July 1997 Thailand was forced to allow the baht to fall 20% against the $US, triggering a financial crisis across Asia. This crisis toppled governments in the region and sent out a series of shock waves that threatened prosperity in the rest of the world. The main symptom of the crisis was a profound distrust in the currencies of developing countries in Asia which precipitated repeated devaluations in the ‘miracle’ economies of Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia. One of the results of the Asian financial crisis is renewed interest in the monetary relations of the region, and in the mechanics of the transmission of currency instability between countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of Agriculture Biotechnology and its Spatial Diversification among Different Countries of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (4) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Adam Andrzejuk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Biotech Crops ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
Crop Area

The importance of biotech crops have risen dramatically in the last two decades since their first commercialization. The area of those crops is increasing fast. Soybeans, maize, canola and cotton represent almost 100 percent of area cultivated with biotech crops globally. The number of countries growing biotech crops is also increasing, however currently the United States, Brazil and Argentina are responsible for the largest share of biotech crops among all countries. In 2016, those countries accounted for more than 81% of total world biotech crop area. Judging the potential to introduce new biotechnology, currently the country with the highest number of biotechnology companies is the US followed by Spain and France. In terms of spending on R&D the US is followed by France, Switzerland and South Korea. It must be noted that the highest number of biotech companies and the highest spending is concentrated in the US. Agricultural biotechnology constitute only a small percentage of all biotechnology R&D expenditures.

scholarly journals The heterogeneity of the COVID-19 pandemic and national responses: an explanatory mixed-methods study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ying Chen ◽  
Yibeltal Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly spread to all corners of the world since its emergence in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The disease burden has been heterogeneous across regions of the world, with Americas leading in cumulative cases and deaths, followed by Europe, Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa and Western Pacific. Initial responses to COVID-19 also varied between governments, ranging from proactive containment to delayed intervention. Understanding these variabilities allow high burden countries to learn from low burden countries on ways to create more sustainable response plans in the future. Methods This study used a mixed-methods approach to perform cross-country comparisons of pandemic responses in the United States (US), Brazil, Germany, Australia, South Korea, Thailand, New Zealand, Italy and China. These countries were selected based on their income level, relative COVID-19 burden and geographic location. To rationalize the epidemiological variability, a list of 14 indicators was established to assess the countries’ preparedness, actual response, and socioeconomic and demographic profile in the context of COVID-19. Results As of 1 April 2021, the US had the highest cases per million out of the nine countries, followed by Brazil, Italy, Germany, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and China. Meanwhile, Italy ranked first out of the nine countries’ total deaths per million, followed by the US, Brazil, Germany, Australia, South Korea, New Zealand, China and Thailand. The epidemiological differences between these countries could be explained by nine indicators, and they were 1) leadership, governance and coordination of response, 2) communication, 3) community engagement, 4) multisectoral actions, 5) public health capacity, 6) universal health coverage, 7) medical services and hospital capacity, 8) demography and 9) burden of non-communicable diseases. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic manifests varied outcomes due to differences in countries’ vulnerability, preparedness and response. Our study rationalizes why South Korea, New Zealand, Thailand, Australia and China performed better than the US, Italy and Brazil. By identifying the strengths of low burden countries and weaknesses of hotspot countries, we elucidate factors constituting an effective pandemic response that can be adopted by leaders in preparation for re-emerging public health threats.

scholarly journals Explaining Compliance with Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Cultural Orientations, Trust and Self-Conscious Emotions in the US, Italy, and South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni A. Travaglino ◽  
Chanki Moon
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
The World ◽  
Shame And Guilt

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis. Many governments around the world have responded by implementing lockdown measures of different degrees of intensity. To be effective, such measures must rely on citizens’ compliance. In the present study, we drew on samples from the US (N = 597), Italy (N = 606) and South Korea (N = 693) and examined predictors of compliance with social distancing, and intentions to disclose the disease to authorities and acquaintances/friends. Data were collected between April 6th and 8th. We investigated the role of cultural orientations of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism, trust in the government’s action, and self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt related to the disease. Across all countries, vertical collectivism predicted stronger shame whereas horizontal collectivism predicted stronger trust in the government’s action. Only in the US, vertical collectivism was associated with stronger trust. Subsequently, shame predicted lower compliance and intentions to disclose the disease, whereas guilt was associated with stronger intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities, and trust was associated with stronger compliance and intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities. Unlike Italy and South Korea, the association between trust on compliance was not statistically significant in the US, Implications of the findings, and directions for future research are discussed.

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