scholarly journals آليات تخفيف الآثار النفسيةلعمليات الابادة الجماعيةعمليات الانفال وإبادة شنكال دراسة مقارنة

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeravan Ameen Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Collective Mind ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional System

الملخصدعت حاجة المجتمعات الخارجة من النزاعات المسلحة الى تصميم مجموعة من الآليات في مختلف مناحي الحياة لتخفيف آثار عمليات الابادة الجماعية، فجاء البحث ليختبر مدى نجاعة تلك الآليات في تخفيف الاثار النفسية لضحايا عمليتين للإبادة الجماعية وهما عمليات إبادة الكوردستانيين (عمليات الانفال) في ثمانينات القرن المنصرم، وعملية ابادة الايزيديين في شنكال عام 2014 وذويهم، كمقارنة موضوعية مع الاشارة الى تطبيقات عملية في مجموعة من الدولة مرت بظروف شبيهة أو مماثلة، كمدخلات للبحث، بغية الحصول على استنتاجات بنيت عليها مجموعة من التوصيات أو المقتراحات للجهات ذات العلاقة كمخرجات للبحث من قبيل إعادة النظر في نظام العدالة الانتقالية بالاستفادة من التجارب الناجحة في العالم، خصوصاً في موضوع إعادة بناء النظام القانوني والمؤسساتي للدولة أي إعادة الهيكلة القانونية والمؤسسية وحتى الاجتماعية للدولة، بمعنى آخر إعادة هندسة العقل الجمعي والبنية الفوقية للمجتمع بما يتناسب المرحلة الجديدة التي تمر بها الدولة لتتعامل معها بعقلانية وذكاء، لضمان عدم العودة الى النزاعات الهدامة التي خلفت نتائج كارثية جراء تلك العمليات للإبادة الجماعية.جڤاکێن دەرکەفتین ژ ململانێن جەکداری پێدڤی ب دەستەواژەیەکا میکانیزمانە د بوارێن جوداجودایێن ژیانێ دا، ژبو سڤککرنا شینەوارێن پروسێسێن قڕکرنا بکومدا، لەو ئەف ڤەکولینە هات دا وان میکانیزمان تاقیبکەن کا چەند دسەرکەفتینە ژبو سڤککرنا شینەوارێن دەرونی وکومەڵایەتى یێن قوربانێن دوو پروسێسێن قڕکرنا بکوم کو پروسێسێن قڕکرنا کوردستانیان (پروسێسێن ئەنفالان) سالێن ١٩٨٧-١٩٨٨وقڕکرنا ئێزدیان ل شنگال سالا ٢٠١٤ وکەسوکارێن وان، وبەراوردیکرنا بابەتى یا وان هەردوو دوزان ل گەل ئاماژەدانا وان ل گەل هندەک دوزێن دی یێن وەک وان یان نێزیک، وەک پێزانینێن بکارهاتى بو ڤەکولینێ ژبو بدەستڤەئینانا هندەک دەرئەنجامان وەک پێزانیێن ژێدەرکەفتى کو ببنە بنیاتێ دانانا کومەکا راسپارد یان پێشنیاران بو لایەنێن پەیوەندیدار وەک دووبارە لێنێرینا سیستەمێ دادگەهەریا راگوهێز ب مفاوەرگرتن ژ ئەزمونێن سەرکەفتى یێن جیهانى، تایبەت ل بوارێ دووبارە بنیاتنانا سیستەمێ یاسای وبنیاتێ ئاڤاکرنا وەڵاتی، هەروەسا دووبارە ئاڤاکرنا جڤاکی ل دەولەتێ، ب رامانەکا دی ئەندازەکرنەڤەیا مێشکێ کومێ میللەتى وبنیاتێ بەرز جڤاکی کو بگونجیت ل گەل قوناغا نو ی یا وەڵات تێدا دەرباز دبیت کو بشێت ب ژێرانە رەفتارێ ل گەل بکەت، ژبو گەرەنتیکرنا نەزڤڕینا وان ململانێن وێرانکەر ئەوێن ئەو ئەنجامێن وێرانکەر ژێ پەیدابووین ژ ئەگەرێ وان پروسێسێن قڕکرنا بکەم.AbstractSocieties emerging from armed conflicts needed to design a set of mechanisms in various aspects of life to mitigate the effects of genocide, so the research came to test the effectiveness of these mechanisms in mitigating the psychological and social effects of the victims of two genocide operations, namely the operations of exterminating the Kurds (Anfal operations) in the eighties of the last century.And the process of exterminating the Yezidis and their families in Shankal in 2014. This study is an objective comparison with reference to practical applications with groups of the countries that passed through similar conditions, as inputs to the research, in order to obtain conclusions on which a set of recommendations or proposals to be made for the relevant authorities. Moreover, the study will shed the light on reviewing the transitional justice system by benefiting from the successful experiences in the world especially in the matter of rebuilding the legal and institutional system of the state, in other words, re-engineering the collective mind and the superstructure of society to fit the new condition of the state to ensure that there is no return to the destructive conflicts that have had disastrous consequences as a result of these genocides.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Free Education, or Again on Scholarships

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Oleg I. Hirnyy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
The State ◽  
State University ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Public Scholarship ◽  
General Decline ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Tuition Fee

The article deals with the problem of payments state university scholarships to students in question in the context of the principle of "equal access to education" and the concept of "free education." Now in Ukrainian universities there are students of two different categories: the so-called "budget students" who study for free and receive scholarship from the state, and the so-called "payers" who pay tuition fee and do not receive stipends from the state. This situation leads to decline of the scholarship’s role as a stimulator, and, as a result - to general decline of the efficiency of higher education. In this regard, methodological aspects of improving the efficiency of public scholarship funds allocated to higher education are discussed. In particular, the term "scholarship" is analyzed in the context of the value of public education as the institutional system. Unfortunately, we continue to understand this concept in the Soviet interpretation as cash payments for students who use it to meet their personal needs during training. At the same time, the world understood as non-cash aid to pay tuition fee.

scholarly journals The Basic Principles of Training Future Teachers to Work With Younger Students With Experience of Traumatic Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-384
Author(s):  
Alla Belousova ◽  
Anna Grinko ◽  
Olga Fedotova ◽  
Marachli Nusaiba ◽  
Alali Shiraz
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Pedagogical Issues ◽  
Future Teachers ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The World

The article shows that the unstable situation in the world leads to possible armed conflicts, affecting primarily children, experiencing various traumatic consequences. Such a situation arises in post-conflict regions and creates a need for teachers who possess the necessary competencies when teaching children with experience of traumatic effects. The purpose of the article is to study the state and trends in the development of psychological and pedagogical issues related to the use of collaborative learning technologies to form the psychological culture of future teachers in order to further work with children with experience of traumatic effects. It is shown that the analysis of the formation and development of the problems of group psychological corrective work is grounded on the basic principles identified by representatives of various directions. The authors propose to build the training of future teachers on the basis of a model of joint thinking for the subsequent organization of teachers’ interaction with children who have experience of traumatic effects. The authors analyzed the basic principles of group psychologically corrective work from the point of view of the possibilities of organizing joint thinking. The basic principles of the organization of training of future teachers were highlighted, their meaningful characteristics for the purposes of organizing joint thinking were given. A comparison of the principles of group psychological corrective work and the principles of the organization of joint thinking of future teachers is carried out. Their correlation and the importance of using joint thinking in organizing the training of future teachers and for conducting psychologically corrective work with children are shown.

scholarly journals Relevant in Times of Turmoil: WHO and Public Health in Unstable Situations

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Loretti ◽  
Xavier Leus ◽  
Bart Van Holsteijn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Surge Capacity ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
The World

AbstractFor millions of people world-wide, surviving the pressure of extreme events is the predominant objective in daily existence. The distinction between natural and human-induced disasters is becoming more and more blurred. Some countries have known only armed conflict for the last 25 years, and their number is increasing. Recently, humanitarian sources reported 24 ongoing emergencies, each of them involving at least 300,000 people “requiring international assistance to avoid malnutrition or death”. All together, including the countries still only at risk and those emerging from armed conflicts, 73 countries, i.e., almost 1.8 trillion people, were undergoing differing degrees of instability.Instability must be envisioned as a spectrum extending between “Utopia” and “Chaos”. As emergencies bring forward extreme challenges to human life, medical and public health ethics make it imperative for the World Health Organisation (WHO) to be involved. As such, WHO must enhance its presence and effectiveness in its capacity as a universally accepted advocate for public health. Furthermore, as crises become more enmeshed with the legitimacy of the State, and armed conflicts become more directed against countries' social capital, they impinge more on WHO's work, and WHO must reconcile its unique responsibility in the health sector, the humanitarian imperative and the mandate to assist its primary constituents.Health can be viewed as a bridge to peace. The Organization specifically has recognised that disasters can and do affect the achievement of health and health system objectives. Within WHO, the Department of Emergency and Humanitarian Action (EHA) is the instrument for intervention in such situations. The scope of EHA is defined in terms of humanitarian action, emergency preparedness, national capacity building, and advocacy for humanitarian ^principles. The WHO's role is changing from ensuring a two-way flow of information on new scientific developments in public health in the ideal all-stable, all-equitable, well-resourced state, to dealing with sheer survival when the state is shattered or is part of the problem. The WHO poses itself the explicit goals to reduce avoidable loss of life, burden of disease and disability in emergencies and post-crisis transitions, and to ensure that the Humanitarian Health Assistance is in-line with international standards and local priorities and does not compromise future health development. A planning tree is presented.The World Health Organization must improve its own performance. This requires three key pre-conditions: 1) presence, 2) surge capacity, and 3) institutional support, knowledge, and competencies. Thus, in order to be effective, WHO's presence and surge capacity in emergencies must integrate the institutional knowledge, the competencies, and the managerial set-up of the Organization.

scholarly journals Business Actors, Paramilitaries and Transitional Criminal Justice in Colombia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wesche
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Internal Armed Conflicts

Abstract∞ In internal armed conflicts, business actors often play an important role. Yet, their criminal responsibility is rarely addressed in transitional justice (TJ). This article presents a case study of the Colombian transition process with respect to the paramilitaries, which has resulted in hundreds of criminal investigations against business actors in the ordinary justice system. Nonetheless, the large majority continues in impunity. Based on qualitative interviews with public prosecutors, the article analyzes the main obstacles to holding them accountable, arguing that TJ processes should give more emphasis to the private-sector supporters of armed groups so as to prevent the recurrence of violence.

scholarly journals Immovable Cultural Heritage at Risk: Past – Present – Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-279
Author(s):  
Kurt G. Siehr
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
National State ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
The World ◽  
International Conventions

Abstract:Immovable cultural heritage is still at risk of being neglected by the state responsible for heritage sites, by urban planning of big cities, and by armed conflicts around the world. Normally, because it is immovable, the international community cannot do very much. It can ban the trade of items that became movable property when detached from buildings or illegally excavated in certain protected sites. In other cases, it is the responsibility of the national state to care for cultural heritage and cultural objects. International conventions may furnish help and advice and provide for monitoring any risk to the cultural heritage of state parties.

scholarly journals Toward Sovereign Indigenous Justice: On Removing the Colonial Straightjacket

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Michaela Mary McGuire ◽  
Ted Palys
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Parallel Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Justice Systems

Canada has oppressed Indigenous peoples capacity for true sovereignty through colonialism, genocide and attempted assimilation. This devastation manifests in the disproportionate social ills facing Indigenous peoples and their overrepresentation at all levels of the imposed criminal justice system (CJS). Trauma and internalized colonialism have constrained the capacity of Indigenous Nations to reclaim their place in the world as self-governing peoples. Canada has attempted to ‘fix’ this problem through creating parallel systems, trying to fit ‘Indigenous’ conceptions of justice into existing systems, and problematically adopting restorative justice as synonymous with Indigenous justice. The rhetoric of reconciliation and apology mask the continual genocidal, assimilative goals of the state. With these caveats in mind, the need to reject internalized colonialism and develop capacity for the development of sovereign Indigenous justice systems will be examined.  

From Armed Conflict to Political Violence: Mapping & Explaining Conflict Trends

Daedalus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Krause
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
First Century ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Broad Understanding

Most contemporary lethal violence does not occur in conflict zones, the majority of states most affected by lethal violence are not at war, and the levels of lethal violence in many nonconflict settings are higher than in war zones. Much of this nonwar violence is organized, not random, and political in nature. A narrow focus on wars and formal armed conflicts thus obscures the high levels of everyday violence and insecurity around the world. This essay makes the case that adopting a broad understanding of political violence – including violence committed by the state and its agents, and nonphysical violence as the violation of basic rights – is essential to gain insight into the causes and consequences of, and to frame appropriate responses to, war and violence in the twenty-first century.

TOURIST BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Stefania Mosiuk ◽  
Igor Mosiuk ◽  
Vladimir Mosiuk
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The purpose of the article is to analyze and substantiate the development of tourism business in Ukraine as a priority component of the national economy. The methodology of this study is to use analytical, spatial, geographical, cultural and other methods. This methodological approach provided an opportunity to carry out a complete analysis of the state of the tourism industry of the state and to draw some conclusions.The scientific novelty lies in the coverage of the real and potential resource potential for the development of the recreational and tourism sphere in Ukraine, detailing the measures for the country ‘s entry into the world tourist market. Conclusions. Analyzing the state and prospects of tourism business development in Ukraine, it should be noted that this industry is one of the priority areas for improving the economy of the country. Historical, cultural – ethnographic, gastronomic, sanatorium and resort potentials of the country will lead the country into world leaders of the tourism industry when creating favorable conditions for investment and proper marketing.

The World Opened to Everyone. The Main Library of Krasnoyarsk Region has Celebrated 75-year Anniversary

2010 ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Julia N. Shubnikova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Krasnodar Region

On the State Universal Scientific Library of the Krasnodar region, which is one of the largest regional libraries in the Russian Federation.

Digital Economy: New Opportunities and Threats for the Development of the World Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Strelkova
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Definition Of

The paper examines various approaches to the definition of the term «digital economy» in the scientific and business environment along with factors and forms of its development in different countries taking into account the specifics of the current stage of the Russian economy, which is a matter of particular importance in seeking new sources of the world economy growth. The subject of the research is opportunities and threats inherent in the process of digitalization of economies and their impact on the operation of international and national markets as well as the development of the world economy as a whole. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the practical experience in the formation and development of the digital economy in foreign countries and Russia and identify the changes it brings to the activities of state institutions and business structures, established rules of market exchange, the process of promotion and use of innovations. All the above made it possible to determine the country-level specifics of the digital economy evolution reveal the contradictory nature of its manifestations and justify the necessity for active participation of the state in stimulation and support of potentially promising digital innovations in various sectors of the economy. It is concluded that the level of the digital economy development depends on the real-sector performance, the maturity of markets, the state of the national economy. It is highlighted that the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the results of the economy digitalization must be developed.

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