scholarly journals economic development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
cut jussara mufda

The cause of economic growth but not followed by the improvement of the income distribution system is because economic growth is measured by an increase in GDP (Gross Gross Domestic Product), namely the number of products in the form of goods and services produced within a country's territory in one year.Gross Domestic Product is always considered to be an indicator or determinant of living standards in a country. Therefore it is necessary to calculate GDP per capita. The calculation of Indonesia's GDP is carried out every year and always changes. The amount of GDP in Indonesia in 2016 is approximately 3,604 per capita and in 2018 it has decreased to 3,788 per capita after 2017 has increased to 3,875 per capita.Economic growth in Indonesia continues to increase along with the 4 components above which continue to be improved. Because GDP is a standard that has become a benchmark for economic growth, the 4 components that are continually being improved also encourage economic growth in Indonesia. This can be seen from 2019 Indonesia's GDP which increased compared to 2018. Investment that continues to increase then also increases GDP per capita in Indonesia in 2019.

Author(s):  
Piotr Koryś ◽  
Maciej Tymiński

Abstract This paper presents the estimates of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Congress Kingdom of Poland for the period 1870–1912. The authors used bottom-up methodology and calculated sectoral added values using historical economic, social, and demographic data. The presented results offer first ever insight into the structure of sectoral added values in the Congress Kingdom of Poland during the period of first globalization and first reliable estimates of GDP of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. All results are presented in Geary–Khamis dollars PPP1990 and are compatible with Maddison dataset.


TRIKONOMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  

This study investigates the impact of globalization toward economic growth in ASEAN countries during 2012 to 2017. The research method used judgmental sampling with samples of 11 countries. They were Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The analysis used path analysis to examine the impact between the variables of globalization and economic growth. Globalization was determined by globalization index, economic globalization, social globalization, and politic globalization. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita are used as a proxy for economic growth. The finding results are that globalization index, economic globalization, social globalization, and politic globalization have a significant positive association with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Overall globalization evidence the positive impact on economic growth in ASEAN Countries.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
DAVID ASLANISHVILI

This research will explore other possible financial vehicles that go beyond traditional sources of private capital offered by commercial banks. It will look at international experience and the opportunities to use public support, green bonds to raise green finance as well as the work of energy service companies (ESCOs) to finance green investments. We have offered our view of what should be done in fact (not in paper in Georgia as it has been in the past 15 years) to change the situation and end the negative and harmful monopoly of the commercial banks and the National Bank of Georgia and to have in place the two independent sources to attract and invest resources in Georgia. This will increase the capitalization of the country and is a proven way to eradicate the country›s lagging and accelerate economic growth. Why should we focus on this issue? 1. According to WHO›s latest data, over 7 million people die each year because of breathing air with solid particles, and one of its main pollutants is vehicles. (Cereceda Rafael, Cuddy Alice. 2018.....) 2. Georgia’s Capital - Tbilisi - is occupying the 3rd place in the light of air pollution, 3. Due to the critical situation, the public demand to live in a clean ecological environment, day by day increases. In our research the following Questions are discussed and overviewed: • Is it important to act on the issues of Georgia›s position on the global scale? • What unique components can be used to prolong the average life of people? • What investors do the country need for building ecoprojects and their realization? • What type of ecofriendly technologies can be developed for potential customers in Georgia? In that field we have studied the following: • The links between economic growth, green growth (e.g. clean energy), high living standards and capital markets; • Why the Commercial Banks are the main and the only source of finance for green (and not only) investments in Georgia; • Situation on capital markets of Georgia (stock and bond markets) - as an indicator of economic growth and an alternative source of financing; • Possible benefits of non-bank financing, including for clean energy projects and the SME sector (e.g. small hydro, energy efficiency); • The role of government in supporting capital market development; • The role of international community (donors, IFIs, international organization) to support Georgia’s efforts to develop capital markets Georgia – Recent level of development To illustrate the wide gap between the developed economy and the weak one, let us compare the current level of per capita GDP of Switzerland, Hungary, Poland to Georgian one (source: https://tradingeconomics.com/switzerland/gdpper-capita; https://tradingeconomics.com/poland/gdp-percapita; https://tradingeconomics.com/hungary/gdp-per-capita; https://tradingeconomics.com/georgia/gdp-per-capita); • The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Switzerland was last recorded at 76667.44 US dollars in 2017. The GDP per Capita in Switzerland is equivalent to 607 percent of the world›s average. • The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Hungary was last recorded at 15647.85 US dollars in 2017. The GDP per Capita in Hungary is equivalent to 124 percent of the world›s average. • The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Poland was last recorded at 15751.23 US dollars in 2017. The GDP per Capita in Poland is equivalent to 125 percent of the world›s average. • The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Georgia was last recorded at 4290.17 US dollars in 2017).The GDP per Capita in Georgia is equivalent to 34 percent of the world›s average.


2000 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano De Matos Macedo

O objetivo desse artigo é mostrar que as idéias e as propostas de políticas vinculadas ao conceito de competitividade sistêmica e à “moderna teoria do crescimento econômico” são muito semelhantes e convergentes. Tanto esse conceito quanto essa teoria afirmam que condições sociais precárias (grandes desigualdades na distribuição de renda, atraso educacional, etc.) constituem fatores que podem limitar o crescimento econômico, a expansão da produtividade (PIB per capita) e, portanto, as possibilidades de competitividade internacional de um País. A explicação do “resíduo de Solow” pela “moderna teoria do desenvolvimento” - endogeneizando na função de produção todos aqueles fatores acumuláveis e potencializadores de riqueza (estritamente econômicos ou não), antes considerados exógenos ou residuais por Solow – leva, como nas concepções relativas à competitividade sistêmica, a um amplo leque de variáveis econômicas e sociais como determinante de fundamental importância na explicação da taxa de crescimento per capita do PIB. Essas concepções teóricas também escapam da armadilha dos rendimentos decrescente, presentes nos “antigos modelos”, e explicam porque as taxas de crescimento de alguns países podem crescer, ao longo do tempo, mais do que a de outros países, ampliando - ao invés de fazer convergir, pela liberdade dos mercados e mobilidade dos fatores - as diferenças de níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e de competitividade entre as Nações. Abstract The objective of this article is to show that the ideas and the political proposals tied to the concept of sistemic competitiveness and the “modern theory of the economic growth” are very similar and convergent. Both the concept and the theory affirm that precarious social conditions (great inequalities in the income distribution, educational delay, etc.) constitute factors that can limit the economic growth, the expansion of productivity (the GDP per capita) and, therefore, the possibilities of international competitiveness of a Country. The explanation of the “Solow’s residue” for the “modern theory of the development” – internalized in the production function all those factors that improve the wealth (strictly economic or not), before considered external or vestigial for Solow - leads, as in the conceptions related to the sistemic competitiveness, to an ample fan of economic and social variables as determinants of basic importance in the explanation of the per capita tax growth of the GIP per capita. These theoretical conceptions also escape of the the incomes decreasing trap, found in the “old models”, and explain why the growth rates of some countries can grow, along the time, more than other countries, extending - instead of making to it converge, through the freedom of the markets and mobility of the factors - differences of levels of economic development and competitiveness between the Nations.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Elistia Elistia ◽  
Barlia Annis Syahzuni

Economic growth is an important factor in the economic development of a country. There is a number of factors that can increase economic growth namely human development. The level of human development in a country array in the value of the Human Development Index (HDI). The growth rate of a country appears in the value of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita. The influence of human power resources is shown in the value of HDI which is able to influence the level of economic growth in the value of its GDP. This study will examine the effect of HDI on economic growth in 10 (ten) ASEAN member countries during the period 2010-2016, namely Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia against its economic growth in its GDP per capita. Several literature studies such Ciobanu Oana (2015), Swaha Shome et.al (2010), Mihu? Loana Sorina (2013), show that there are a relationship and an influence of Human Development Index's value on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The result of this research indicates that each country has a strong and significant correlation between HDI and GDP. It is concluded that the level of HDI can affect the GDP per capita. Economic growth makes it possible to reach a high level of human development, on the one hand, increasing levels of human development leading to increase opportunities for economic growth. The causal relationship between economic growth and human development becomes a mutually influential relationship. So it is clear that the human development in the country relates to an influence of economic growth which is seen in per capita income (GDP per capita) which can be an indicator of welfare in the country.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Sardiyo Sardiyo ◽  
Martini Dhasman

The economic growth in ASEAN countries increases and develops in each year. globalization has a positive effect on economic growth through the effectiveness of the allocation of domestic resources, technological diffusion, increased productivity and capital. This study investigates globalization to economic growth in ASEAN in 2012-2017. The research method used judgmental sampling with samples of 11 countries. They were Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The analysis used path analysis to examine each variable. Globalization was determined by globalization index, economic globalization, social globalization, and politic globalization. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita are used as proxy for economic growth. The results describe that globalization had a significant positive association with economic growth. All indicators of globalization, show the positive association between globalization index, economic globalization, social globalization, and politic globalization to real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. This confirms that globalization is able to provide a positive response in ASEAN.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Danijela Despotović ◽  
Slobodan Cvetanović ◽  
Vojislav Ilić ◽  
Sretko Ribać

When a county is not capable of retaining its best educated citizens, then we speak of the phenomenon called ―brain drain‖. In the resent conditions of economy, more efficient use of knowledge in relation to other competitors is the base of success for economic protagonists on the global market. In modern societies, education and training, i.e. knowledge and skills have been key components of individual and economic productivity as a whole for a long time. Many relatively rich countries nowadays have made progress primarily thanks to investment in education and training. It turned out that investment in knowledge in contemporary conditions of manufacturing marked the most prosperous investment. Today, the most developed countries worldwide are those that have greater participation of education costs in the structure of gross domestic product. However, the knowledge per se is not capable of transforming economy, i.e. of generating economic growth and development. Education thus becomes a specific centre of knowledge society, while schooling is its key institution. This assumption increasingly gains significance in leading world enterprises. The real competitive advantage of enterprises will include their capability for faster and better learning in comparison to competition, for gathering, disseminating and permanently increasing their knowledge. The knowledge and experience acquired in various investigations circulates throughout the world, and the leading world enterprises efficiently use them. Based on Global Competitive Index and Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) the paper firstly investigates the dependence of gross domestic product per capita (GDP pc) and Knowledge Economy Index at the global level. Then, the attention is directed to detection of dependence of economic growth upon efficient use of talent (also at global level in the period 2006-2014). Finally, the paper investigates the dependence of Global Competitiveness Index on the composite variable which is obtained as the arithmetic mean of the average value of two scalar indicators: a) Country capacity to retain and b) Country capacity to attract talents at global level in the period 2013-2017. This led to the conclusion that at global level, the positive correlation was present between the Knowledge Economy Index and efficient use of talent on the one hand, and gross domestic product per capita on the other. Also, the positive correlation was confirmed between the Country capacity to retain and attract talents and competitiveness of a country. These positive correlations were perceived as obvious, and the relation of GDP per capita appeared as polynomial function (since GDP per capita was usually modelled as always positive value).


Author(s):  
Satish Chandra Agarwal

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.


Author(s):  
L.V. Detochenko

The role and place of the tourism industry in the economic complex of Georgia are considered; the conclusion is made about the “tourist miracle” taking place in the country, which is a factor of the economic growth of the republic. The differences between the concepts of “foreign visitors” and “foreign tourists” are presented. The increase in the contribution of the tourism industry and related industries involved in the tourism industry in the creation of the gross domestic product of the country, its impact on the growth of the Georgian budget and GDP per capita, the average monthly wage is shown. The conclusion about the need to increase the share of medium and long-term tourists among foreign visitors and tourists in the country is justified. The problems of the return of tourists, the long-term stay in Georgia, the differences of the countries-generators of tourist flows by these indicators have been studied. The changes in work and the prospects of various types of transport for the delivery of tourists to Georgia are analyzed, the measures to improve the tourist transport component are proposed. The correlation between the number of tourist arrivals and the average cost of tourists visiting Georgia from different countries is shown and the economic profitability of attracting Russian tourists, capable of filling all the tourist destinations of the country, contributing to the “tourist miracle” of Georgia is considered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-571
Author(s):  
Aida Azmi Nabila ◽  
Endang Hatma Juniwati ◽  
Fifi Afiyanti Tripuspitorini

Islamic banking has a role to encourage economic development and enhance economic growth. One way to do this is by allocating Islamic banking financing funds to all economic sectors or industrials in Indonesia. There is a mismatch between the growth statistics of financing distribution to Gross Domestic Product based on industrials consisting of seven industrial. This istudy iaims ito idetermine iwhether ior inot ithere iis ia  relationship, iconstribution, and the effect iof ifinancing ichanneled on Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product. The isample iin ithis istudy was determined using ipurposive isampling. iThis iresearch imethod iis ia idescriptive imethod iwith ia iquantitative iapproach. iThe iresults iof  the model test of the effect of BUS and UUS financing on Indonesia’s Gross Dometic Product based on the industrial in 2012-2019 show that not all financing has a relationship, constribution, and the effect to Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product based on the industrial.


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