scholarly journals Word structure in early Quechua speech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meg Cychosz
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Speech Patterns ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Articulatory Phonetics ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Status ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Children's Speech

Evidence from acoustic and articulatory phonetics suggests that linguistic structure is reflected in spoken language patterns. For child language, this interaction between word structure and speech production has the potential to shed considerable light on the status of children’s early word forms-but the topic remains underexplored in child speech. How is morphological structure reflected in children's speech? To answer this, the current study measured the speech patterns of bilingual Quechua-Spanish children (5-10 years) and adults. Coarticulation and duration were measured in two word environments, within morphemes and across morpheme boundaries. Both child and adult participants distinguished between the word environments, but they did so in different ways. Children differentiated between environments via distinct combinations of duration and coarticulation while adults consistently coarticulated more in shorter duration sequences. Additionally, the children’s speech patterns, but not the adults’, were sensitive to prosodic length: children produced increasingly shorter phones in words with more syllables. It is suggested that the differences between adults and children are attributable to adults' faster speaking rate and increased dominance in Quechua.

Morphological Means in Russian: Clarification of the Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Galina I. Panova ◽  
Tatiana V. Viktorina ◽  
Antonina E. Kuzmina
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
The Russian Language

The concept of “morphological / grammatical means” is widely used in studies on the Russian language, although there is no generally accepted interpretation. This work analyzes the reflection of this concept in Russian studies and clarifies the status of those linguistic units that are traditionally referred to as morphological means: form-building affixes, alternating sounds (internal inflection), stress, supplementary word stems, auxiliary words, intonation, as well as word order. Our research has shown that these linguistic units have different functional status in the morphological structure of the Russian language. First, these are categorical, or actually morphological, means, represented by formative affixes and auxiliary words. They are carriers of morphological meanings in the structure of abstracted morphological forms – the basic units of inflectional Russian morphology. Secondly, a non-categorical means, syncretic and accidental for morphology, are supplementary stems that contain not only lexical, but also morphological meaning and thus duplicate the expression of morphological information in a word form with a form-building affix. Thirdly, these are linguistic units that are not elements of the morphological structure, but have morphological significance, which is manifested in their ability to differentiate homonymous morphological forms in the structure of word forms (alternating sounds and stress) or utterances (intonation). Word order can also perform a similar function. The study allows us to clarify the definition of the concept under consideration: morphological means are linguistic units that are carriers of morphological meanings and constituents of morphological forms.

The Principles Of Typological Study Of Transposition In The Uzbek And Korean Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Nazarova Shakhlo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Stability

Like Uzbek, Korean belongs to the Altaic language family, and the sources assume that: a) Korean word forms are agglutinative schemes based on the stem + affix, b) sentences are based on the syntactic scheme of “possessive + second part + cut”, c) the stability of word stress and expiratory character, etc. Additionaly in a word structure the following can be divided: 1) 뾐ꭅ덽: 뾐 + ꭅ + 덽 ; 頝ꃝꍡ겑꽽鲙: 頝 + -ꃝꍡ- + -겑- + -꽽- + -鲙such that cores and appendages can be joined one after the other and separated; 2) according to the function of affix morphemes, «뾐-, -덽-, -ꃝꍡ-» word building, «-겑-, -꽽-, -鲙» 3) the formation of transpositive and non-transpositive artificial words by means of word-forming suffixes, 4) the relative freedom of the transpositive connection between independent, auxiliary words and morphemes also point to this genetic connection.

scholarly journals Milestones in the History of Pediatric Surgery During the Byzantine Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Anastasia Oikonomou-Koutsiari ◽  
Georgios Zografos ◽  
Epameinondas Koutsiaris ◽  
Evangelos Menenakos ◽  
Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Major Improvement ◽  
Surgical Disease ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
To Come

During the Byzantine Times, medicine and surgery developed as Greek physicians continued to practice in Constantinople. Healing methods were common for both adults and children, and pediatrics as a medical specialty did not exist. Already Byzantine hospitals became institutions to dispense medical services, rather than shelters for the homeless, which included doctors and nurses for those who suffered from the disease. A major improvement in the status of hospitals as medical centers took place in this period, and physicians were called archiatroi. Several sources prove that archiatroi were still functioning in the late sixth century and long afterward, but now as xenon doctors. Patients were averse to surgery due to the incidence of complications. The hagiographical literature repeated allusions to doctors. Concerns about children with a surgical disease often led parents to seek miraculous healings achieved by Christian Protectors – Saints. This paper is focused on three eminent Byzantine physicians and surgeons, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Paul of Aegina, who dealt with pediatric operations and influenced the European Medicine for centuries to come. We studied historical and theological sources in order to present a comprehensive picture of the curative techniques used for pediatric surgical diseases during the Byzantine Times.

scholarly journals Using Data Augmentation and Time-Scale Modification to Improve ASR of Children’s Speech in Noisy Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8420
Author(s):  
Hemant Kumar Kathania ◽  
Sudarsana Reddy Kadiri ◽  
Paavo Alku ◽  
Mikko Kurimo
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Additive Noise ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Noisy Environments ◽  
Testing Phase ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Time Scale Modification ◽  
Children's Speech

Current ASR systems show poor performance in recognition of children’s speech in noisy environments because recognizers are typically trained with clean adults’ speech and therefore there are two mismatches between training and testing phases (i.e., clean speech in training vs. noisy speech in testing and adult speech in training vs. child speech in testing). This article studies methods to tackle the effects of these two mismatches in recognition of noisy children’s speech by investigating two techniques: data augmentation and time-scale modification. In the former, clean training data of adult speakers are corrupted with additive noise in order to obtain training data that better correspond to the noisy testing conditions. In the latter, the fundamental frequency (F0) and speaking rate of children’s speech are modified in the testing phase in order to reduce differences in the prosodic characteristics between the testing data of child speakers and the training data of adult speakers. A standard ASR system based on DNN–HMM was built and the effects of data augmentation, F0 modification, and speaking rate modification on word error rate (WER) were evaluated first separately and then by combining all three techniques. The experiments were conducted using children’s speech corrupted with additive noise of four different noise types in four different signal-to-noise (SNR) categories. The results show that the combination of all three techniques yielded the best ASR performance. As an example, the WER value averaged over all four noise types in the SNR category of 5 dB dropped from 32.30% to 12.09% when the baseline system, in which no data augmentation or time-scale modification were used, was replaced with a recognizer that was built using a combination of all three techniques. In summary, in recognizing noisy children’s speech with ASR systems trained with clean adult speech, considerable improvements in the recognition performance can be achieved by combining data augmentation based on noise addition in the system training phase and time-scale modification based on modifying F0 and speaking rate of children’s speech in the testing phase.

Can a Model of Overlapping Gestures Account for Scanning Speech Patterns?

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Tjaden
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Production Theory ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Speech Patterns ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Acoustic Measure

A simple acoustic model of overlapping, sliding gestures was used to evaluate whether coproduction was reduced for neurologic speakers with scanning speech patterns. F2 onset frequency was used as an acoustic measure of coproduction or gesture overlap. The effects of speaking rate (habitual versus fast) and utterance position (initial versus medial) on F2 frequency, and presumably gesture overlap, were examined. Regression analyses also were used to evaluate the extent to which across-repetition temporal variability in F2 trajectories could be explained as variation in coproduction for consonants and vowels. The lower F2 onset frequencies for disordered speakers suggested that gesture overlap was reduced for neurologic individuals with scanning speech. Speaking rate change did not influence F2 onset frequencies, and presumably gesture overlap, for healthy or disordered speakers. F2 onset frequency differences for utterance-initial and -medial repetitions were interpreted to suggest reduced coproduction for the utterance-initial position. The utterance-position effects on F2 onset frequency, however, likely were complicated by position-related differences in articulatory scaling. The results of the regression analysis indicated that gesture sliding accounts, in part, for temporal variability in F2 trajectories. Taken together, the results of this study provide support for the idea that speech production theory for healthy talkers helps to account for disordered speech production.

The Status and Trends of Obesity in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Active Lifestyles ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Policies And Programs

China has witnessed a rapid economic growth over the past two decades and, as the result, the living standard of the Chinese population improved continuously. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased consistently in both adults and children during this period of time. The increased prevalence of obesity is associated with the increased affluence, and intense process of urbanization and less active lifestyles. To review the epidemiological information on prevalence of overweight and obesity and drawing up recommendations for developing public health policies and programs for improving the prevention and management of obesity is urgent, because it is already evident that the public health profiles in China are changing dramatically and the risks associated with excess weight gain are particularly profound.

Gender differentiated anthroponyms in english language and their structural features

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Alina Kutsa ◽  
◽  
Larisa Kolodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
English Language ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Status

At the present stage of the development of linguistics, there is no single definition of the status of the genus category in English. The revision of the status of the category of the genus in English took place after the introduction of the concept of «gender» into linguistics, which contributed to the emergence of linguistic science – genderology. Thus, the grammatical category of the genus has been transformed into the linguistic and sociocultural category of gender. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the tendency of the development of anthroponymic systems, it is necessary to analyze the gender differences of personal names, considering separately and comparing the male and female anthroponymicon of language. Determining the status of the genus category is still problematic at the present stage of the development of linguistics in English language, as the grammatical category of the genus in English remains not accepted by many scholars. The article identifies and examines the gender indicators that were characteristic at different stages of the development of the anthroponymicon in English language. The research findings show that gender differentiation of personal names in English language was formed from the very beginning of the development of this system; therefore, it reflects the different ways of marking the gender affiliation of names that were characteristic at different stages of development of the anthroponymicon. In addition to the common anthroponymic suffixes, gender-particular indicators specific to English language only were identified. The results of the analysis revealed that the female anthroponymicon is more diverse than the male. Besides, in the article with the help analysis of gender differences in personal names was revealed the factors that have an impact on neutralization in the anthroponymic sphere in today's society. The analysis showed that in the anthroponymic system of English, the number of gender-indifferent personal names is 12 % of the total number of names analyzed. This result is quite natural and understandable from the point of view of the morphological structure of the language units and the absence of the category of the genus in English. The above material indicates that the genus of a personal name can be determined by correlating that name with its carrier and his or her biological article, although there are also a number of features by which its genus can be established. At the present stage of development of language and culture, there is a tendency to neutralize the gender differences of personal names. This is a testament to the exacerbation of gender equality importance and the erasure of gender frameworks and differences.

Sociology of generation’s social structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-74
Author(s):  
NATALIA KOVALISKO ◽  
SERHII MAKEIEV
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
The Social ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Status Mobility ◽  
The Status ◽  
Primary Socialization

In sociology, the concept of “generation” is usually applied to a wide variety of social categories. This is a cohort of peers, and a cohort of several years of birth — as in studies of social mobility, as well as a community of those who share acceptable values, simultaneously experienced significant events, is a bearer of similar experiences and memories. Theoretical reflection in modern literature continues to excite the fundamental essay of K. Mannheim “The Problem of Generations”. The cognitive intuitions it contains have a priority status, but the published reviews state that the empirical potential of the concept outlined there is minimal, and new times require new approaches to analyzing the role of generations in the intensification of social dynamics and the movement of history. Sociology of the social structure of a generation is mainly a way of observing, fixing and describing the transformations of the morphological structure of a community. The heterogeneity of the age cohort is prescribed by origin from different types of families and birth in a particular region and type of settlement. In the course of primary socialization, general patterns of worldview and worldview are formed, an attitude to the past, present and future on the basis of internalized values, standards and norms of behavior. The degree of stratification of life chances and opportunities given by birth is subsequently corrected or fixed by institutions of secondary and higher education, which is monitored in studies of professional and status mobility. Events are capable of elevating an age cohort to the status of a generation, constructing an identity (“we,” shared ways of feeling, thinking, acting) and, almost synchronously, differentiating peers, establishing differences and distances.

scholarly journals Dependency Parsing of Turkish

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülşen Eryiğit ◽  
Joakim Nivre ◽  
Kemal Oflazer
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Syntactic Parsing ◽  
Dependency Parsing ◽  
Beam Search ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Order Language ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
The Impact

The suitability of different parsing methods for different languages is an important topic in syntactic parsing. Especially lesser-studied languages, typologically different from the languages for which methods have originally been developed, pose interesting challenges in this respect. This article presents an investigation of data-driven dependency parsing of Turkish, an agglutinative, free constituent order language that can be seen as the representative of a wider class of languages of similar type. Our investigations show that morphological structure plays an essential role in finding syntactic relations in such a language. In particular, we show that employing sublexical units called inflectional groups, rather than word forms, as the basic parsing units improves parsing accuracy. We test our claim on two different parsing methods, one based on a probabilistic model with beam search and the other based on discriminative classifiers and a deterministic parsing strategy, and show that the usefulness of sublexical units holds regardless of the parsing method. We examine the impact of morphological and lexical information in detail and show that, properly used, this kind of information can improve parsing accuracy substantially. Applying the techniques presented in this article, we achieve the highest reported accuracy for parsing the Turkish Treebank.

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