scholarly journals Deliberately Prejudiced Self-Driving Vehicles Elicit the Most Outrage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian De Freitas ◽  
Mina Cikara

Should self-driving vehicles be prejudiced, e.g., deliberately harm the elderly over young children? When people make such forced-choices on the vehicle’s behalf, they exhibit systematic preferences (e.g., favor young children), yet when their options are unconstrained they favor egalitarianism. So, which of these response patterns should guide AV programming and policy? We argue that this debate is missing the public reaction most likely to threaten the industry’s life-saving potential: moral outrage. We find that people are more outraged by AVs that kill discriminately than indiscriminately. Crucially, they are even more outraged by an AV that deliberately kills a less preferred group (e.g., an elderly person over a child) than by one that indiscriminately kills a more preferred group (e.g., a child). Thus, at least insofar as the public is concerned, there may be more reason to depict and program AVs as egalitarian.

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Perelmuter

The problem of admissible risk optimisation is described in detail, especially for the case of possible human victims. Different points of view on the problem of «human being cost» are compared, and the approach based on comparing the numbers of saved lives and the risk for the persons, providing the life saving are considered. An information on actual risk level for different kinds of human activities is presented. The mathematical model of creating the public opinion in case of accidents and analysis of changing the function of society discomposibility function in time are presented. Effects commonly ignored during risk estimation are analysed—like departure from the principle of equal providing the risks for objects of equal responsibility, but different quantity and presence of non-linear dependence between the severity of accidents and public reaction.


Refuge ◽  
1998 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Kwabena Opare Akurang-Parry

In the spring of 1998, a radio station in Ghana announced that sixteen Ghanaian women had appeared in the nude on the Internet. Widely discussed in the Ghanaian media, the public reaction to this event seemed to be largely one of shock and moral outrage. The article addresses both the responses to and possible causes of this phenomenon, drawing attention to the role of foreign influence and harsh economic conditions in Ghana. The patriarchal nature of the national debate is questioned, raising an alternative perspectiveo n the reality currently faced by Ghanaian women.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5270
Author(s):  
Raúl Gómez Ramos ◽  
Jaime Duque Domingo ◽  
Eduardo Zalama ◽  
Jaime Gómez-García-Bermejo

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence Technologies (AIT) have been developed to improve the quality of life of the elderly and their safety in the home. This work focuses on developing a system capable of recognising the most usual activities in the daily life of an elderly person in real-time to enable a specialist to monitor the habits of this person, such as taking medication or eating the correct meals of the day. To this end, a prediction model has been developed based on recurrent neural networks, specifically on bidirectional LSTM networks, to obtain in real-time the activity being carried out by the individuals in their homes, based on the information provided by a set of different sensors installed at each person’s home. The prediction model developed in this paper provides a 95.42% accuracy rate, improving the results of similar models currently in use. In order to obtain a reliable model with a high accuracy rate, a series of processing and filtering processes have been carried out on the data, such as a method based on a sliding window or a stacking and re-ordering algorithm, that are subsequently used to train the neural network, obtained from the public database CASAS.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-574
Author(s):  
Ivanka Stambolova ◽  
Stefan Stambolov

In outpatient care the home care, including hospices, is recognized as a model for providing quality, cost-effective and charitable care. The focus is mainly on the care that helps everyday lifeof the patient as well as the relatives, rather than on treatment, and in most cases it takes place in the patients' home. In Europe, in recent years there has been a real "boom" in home care due to demographic processes linked to increased needs for elderly care and chronically ill under the conditions of limited financial resources.In outpatient medical care in our country by means of a national framework contract there are regulated visits to the patient's home by a doctor, as well as visits by medical staff employed by him - nurse, midwife, medical assistant / paramedic / for manipulation, counseling and monitoring. At the same time there is no regulated legal activity in the Republic of Bulgaria, which is essentially the subject of home care.Since 1994 „Caritas“ has carried out the "Home Care" service, which provides a complex - health and social care for over 360 sick adults in a place where the elderly person feels the most comfortable - in their own home. „Caritas Home Care“ is provided by mobile teams of nurses and social assistants who visit the elderly at home and provide them with the necessary care according to their health and social needs.With the establishment of the first „Home Care Center“ in Lozenets region, Sofia, with the support of the PHARE ACCESS program in 2003, the Bulgarian Red Cross introduces in Bulgaria an integrated model for provision of health care and social services in the home of adults, chronically ill and people with permanent disabilities. To date, there are a number of problems in home care related to the realization of home care for patients in need in out-of-hospital settings: lack of legal regulation for home care, lack of qualified staff in outpatient care; lack of organization and structures for care; unsettled funding and the inability of the part of the population that is most in need of care to pay for it, there is no regulation to control the activity. Although home care began over 20 years ago, our country is yet to make its way to the European program called „Home care in Europe“.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1889
Author(s):  
Francisco Luna-Perejón ◽  
Luis Muñoz-Saavedra ◽  
Javier Civit-Masot ◽  
Anton Civit ◽  
Manuel Domínguez-Morales

Falls are one of the leading causes of permanent injury and/or disability among the elderly. When these people live alone, it is convenient that a caregiver or family member visits them periodically. However, these visits do not prevent falls when the elderly person is alone. Furthermore, in exceptional circumstances, such as a pandemic, we must avoid unnecessary mobility. This is why remote monitoring systems are currently on the rise, and several commercial solutions can be found. However, current solutions use devices attached to the waist or wrist, causing discomfort in the people who wear them. The users also tend to forget to wear the devices carried in these positions. Therefore, in order to prevent these problems, the main objective of this work is designing and recollecting a new dataset about falls, falling risks and activities of daily living using an ankle-placed device obtaining a good balance between the different activity types. This dataset will be a useful tool for researchers who want to integrate the fall detector in the footwear. Thus, in this work we design the fall-detection device, study the suitable activities to be collected, collect the dataset from 21 users performing the studied activities and evaluate the quality of the collected dataset. As an additional and secondary study, we implement a simple Deep Learning classifier based on this data to prove the system’s feasibility.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka Chun Chong ◽  
Hong Fung ◽  
Carrie Ho Kwan Yam ◽  
Patsy Yuen Kwan Chau ◽  
Tsz Yu Chow ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The elderly healthcare voucher (EHCV) scheme is expected to lead to an increase in the number of elderly people selecting private primary healthcare services and reduce reliance on the public sector in Hong Kong. However, studies thus far have reported that this scheme has not received satisfactory responses. In this study, we examined changes in the ratio of visits between public and private doctors in primary care (to measure reliance on the public sector) for different strategic scenarios in the EHCV scheme. Methods Based on comments from an expert panel, a system dynamics model was formulated to simulate the impact of various enhanced strategies in the scheme: increasing voucher amounts, lowering the age eligibility, and designating vouchers for chronic conditions follow-up. Data and statistics for the model calibration were collected from various sources. Results The simulation results show that the current EHCV scheme is unable to reduce the utilization of public healthcare services, as well as the ratio of visits between public and private primary care among the local aging population. When comparing three different tested scenarios, even if the increase in the annual voucher amount could be maintained at the current pace or the age eligibility can be lowered to include those aged 60 years, the impact on shifts from public-to-private utilization were insignificant. The public-to-private ratio could only be marginally reduced from 0.74 to 0.64 in the first several years. Nevertheless, introducing a chronic disease-oriented voucher could result in a significant drop of 0.50 in the public-to-private ratio during the early implementation phase. However, the effect could not be maintained for an extended period. Conclusions Our findings will assist officials in improving the design of the EHCV scheme, within the wider context of promoting primary care among the elderly. We suggest that an additional chronic disease-oriented voucher can serve as an alternative strategy. The scheme must be redesigned to address more specific objectives or provide a separate voucher that promotes under-utilized healthcare services (e.g., preventive care), instead of services designed for unspecified reasons, which may lead to concerns regarding exploitation.


Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Davide Gori ◽  
Chiara Reno ◽  
Daniel Remondini ◽  
Francesco Durazzi ◽  
Maria Pia Fantini

While the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to strike and collect its death toll throughout the globe, as of 31 January 2021, the vaccine candidates worldwide were 292, of which 70 were in clinical testing. Several vaccines have been approved worldwide, and in particular, three have been so far authorized for use in the EU. Vaccination can be, in fact, an efficient way to mitigate the devastating effect of the pandemic and offer protection to some vulnerable strata of the population (i.e., the elderly) and reduce the social and economic burden of the current crisis. Regardless, a question is still open: after vaccination availability for the public, will vaccination campaigns be effective in reaching all the strata and a sufficient number of people in order to guarantee herd immunity? In other words: after we have it, will we be able to use it? Following the trends in vaccine hesitancy in recent years, there is a growing distrust of COVID-19 vaccinations. In addition, the online context and competition between pro- and anti-vaxxers show a trend in which anti-vaccination movements tend to capture the attention of those who are hesitant. Describing this context and analyzing its possible causes, what interventions or strategies could be effective to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Will social media trend analysis be helpful in trying to solve this complex issue? Are there perspectives for an efficient implementation of COVID-19 vaccination coverage as well as for all the other vaccinations?


1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. U'Ren ◽  
Matthew C. Riddle ◽  
Muriel D. Lezak ◽  
Margaret Bennington-Davis

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Kelly

ABSTRACTThe theory of incrementalism is a long-standing and influential perspective on policy making and resource allocation in the public sector. Previous research on social services budgeting suggests that resources are allocated incrementally, although there has been some debate as to whether this would persist in an era of prolonged expenditure restraint. Incremental budgetary outcomes are operationalised as percentage changes in budgets pro-rata with percentage changes in the total budget, and as stable shares of total expenditure for each activity. Data for 99 English social service departments supports incrementalism in that budget shares change by only 1.8 per cent, but percentage allocations depart from pro-rata incrementalism by a mean of 74 per cent. The comparison of the two summary indices over time supports those who have argued that prolonged restraint would encourage non-incremental budgeting, but change in the agency's total budget does not consistently predict budgetary outcomes. The effect of restraint on incrementalism varies with the measure used and across the component activities of the measures, but there is enough evidence to suggest a significant decline in the level of incrementalism in social service departments. In particular, non-incremental budgeting is strongly associated with the growth of day centre expenditure on the mentally ill and the elderly before 1982–3, and after that with the pursuit of the ‘community care’ strategy within state provided services for the elderly and children. Incrementalism as a general theory of agency budgeting is limited in its ability to explain variations in the degree of incrementalism between agencies, between component budgets and over time. The conclusion suggests that further research should seek explanations for these variations in the varying balance of the competing forces which shape outcomes in welfare bureaucracies and in the relationship between these forces and the organisation's environment.


Publika ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD RIZAL FIRDAUS ◽  
Muhammad Farid Ma'ruf

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui masalah Partisipasi dalam Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat yang ada di RW 20 Kelurahan Citrodiwangsan. Peneliti menggunakan metode riset kualitatif . Responden dalam penelitian ini yaitu kader dan warga RW 20 Kelurahan Citrodiwangsan. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara dan observasi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan tiga temuan. Pertama, partisipasi perencanaan masih tergolong kurang pro aktif dalam mengedukasi warga dikarenakan masih banyak RT yang tidak bisa mewadahi dan mengedukasi masyarakat untuk aktif dalam kegiatan Posyandu Gerbangmas. Kedua, terkait partisipasi pelaksanaan kegiatan masih banyak masyarakat yang memandang sebelah mata kegiatan ini meskipun seluruh warga telah diikutkan secara menyeluruh, hal ini karena kurangnya sosialisasi dari pengurus kader. Ketiga, faktor penghambat yaitu kurangnya memahami arti partisipasi yang rendah dimana masyarakat masih sibuk dengan kesibukannya sendiri serta kurangnya peran RT untuk mendorong masyarakatnya dalam memberikan pengertian akan pentingnya kegiatan posyandu. Oleh karena itu, dari beberapa masalah-masalah yang telah peneliti temukan maka peneliti memiliki saran yang bertujuan untuk memaksimalkan kader maupun RT dalam mengajak masyarakat. Saran tersebut diantaranya adalah pelaksanaan posyandu dilaksanakan pada hari libur, kegiatan posyandu tidak hanya ditempatkan pada satu titik tetapi dijadwalkan untuk berpindah ketempat kawasan lainnya dan memanfaatkan fasilitas media sosial untuk memberikan sosialisasi dan informasi kesehatan balita dan lansia. Kata kunci: masalah partisipasi, program pemberdayaan masyarakat, partisipasi perencanaan, partisipasi pelaksanaan, faktor penghambat partisipasi   This study aims to determine the problem of participation in the Community Empowerment Program in RW 20 Citrodiwangsan Village. Respondents in this study were cadres and residents of RW 20 Citrodiwangsan Village. Data were collected by interview and observation. This study resulted in three findings. First, planning participation is still classified as less proactive in educating residents because there are still many RTs that cannot accommodate and educate the public to be active in Gerbangmas Posyandu activities. Second, with regard to participation in the implementation of activities, there are still many people who underestimate this activity even though all residents have been included as a whole, this is due to the lack of socialization from the cadre management. Third, the inhibiting factor is the lack of understanding of the meaning of low participation where the community is still busy with their own activities and the lack of the role of the RT in encouraging the community to provide an understanding of the importance of posyandu activities. Therefore, from some of the problems that researchers have found, the researcher has suggestions that aim to maximize cadres and RTs in inviting the community. These suggestions include that the implementation of posyandu is carried out on holidays, posyandu activities are not only placed at one point but are scheduled to move to another area and utilizing social media facilities to provide socilization and health information for toddlers and the elderly. Keywords: participation problems, community empowerment programs, planning participation, implementation participation, inhibiting factors for participation


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