Developmental and Etiological Patterns of Substance Use from Adolescence to Middle Age: A Longitudinal Twin Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Zellers ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Matt McGue ◽  
SCOTT VRIEZE
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Prospective Design ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Factor Modeling ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study ◽  
Age Range ◽  
New Evidence

Background: Common liability to addiction framework suggests the tendency to use substances is largely a general heritable liability, but little is known about how expression of this liability varies from adolescence to middle age. We evaluated average trajectories of development and covariation underlying commonly used substances using a genetically informative prospective design spanning three decades. Methods: Using a sample of 3,762 twins across 7 prospective waves of assessment spanning ages 14-40, we modeled these relationships using two complementary approaches: common factor modeling and piecewise latent growth modeling with measures of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana useResults: We found phenotypic (rp ~.3-.9) and genetic covariation (rg ~.3-1) between a single common factor at each age, though the factor explained less shared variance over time. Average substance use increased across adolescence for all phenotypes and either declined in adulthood or remained stable; these trajectories were heritable (~.35-.75) across all stages of development. We also found shared environmental covariation underlying growth model intercepts reflecting use at age 16 (rc ~.7-1). Conclusions: A heritable common factor accounted for co-occurring substance use from mid-adolescence to mid-adulthood, and greater substance specificity emerged with maturation. Similarly, all stages of substance use development were heritable, but correlations between substances weakened across development. These results extend and reinforce prior work examining consumption and problem use, providing new evidence over a broad age range showing that individuals use substances more indiscriminately at younger ages and show preferences later.

scholarly journals Sex differences and developmental stability in genetic and environmental influences on psychoactive substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1907-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker ◽  
H. H. Maes ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Substance Consumption

BackgroundGenetic and environmental factors are important in the etiology of substance use. However, little is known about the stability of these factors across development. We aimed to answer three crucial questions about this etiology that have never been addressed in a single study: (1) Is there a general vulnerability to substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood? (2) If so, do the genetic and environmental influences on this vulnerability change across development? (3) Do these developmental processes differ in males and females?MethodSubjects included 1480 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development who have been followed since 1994. Prospective, self-reported regular smoking, alcohol intoxication and illicit drug use were assessed at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 years. Structural modeling was performed with the program Mx.ResultsAn underlying common factor accounted for the association between smoking, alcohol and illicit drug consumption for the three age groups. Common genetic and shared environmental effects showed substantial continuity. In general, as participants aged, the influence of the shared environment decreased, and genetic effects became more substance specific in their effect.ConclusionsThe current report answers three important questions in the etiology of substance use. The genetic and environmental risk for substance consumption is partly mediated through a common factor and is partly substance specific. Developmentally, evidence was strongest for stability of common genetic effects, with less evidence for genetic innovation. These processes seem to be the same in males and females.

Bronchiolitis as a Possible Cause of Wheezing in Childhood: New Evidence

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. McConnochie ◽  
Klaus J. Roghmann ◽  
Suzanne J. Klein ◽  
Thomas K. Mclnery ◽  
James B. MacWhinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Practice Population ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Range ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Allergic Manifestations

A historical cohort study was performed in order to assess the hypothesis that even mild bronchiolitis in infancy is a predictor of wheezing later in childhood. Subjects who had experienced bronchiolitis and a matched control group were compared in terms of reported wheezing 8 years later. A highly significant difference was found between the bronchiolitis group and the control group in terms of current wheezing (P < .0001, relative risk 3.24). This difference was maintained after adjusting for many potentially confounding variables including family history of allergy and other allergic manifestations in the child. Results suggested that 13.6% of a normal practice population in the age range 6 to 9 years currently wheeze, but that 44.1% of children who experienced bronchiolitis currently wheeze. Based on the incidence of bronchiolitis (4.27/100 children in their first 2 years of life) and the relative odds for wheezing derived from a logistic regression model including variables that measured passive smoking, genetic tendency to wheeze, and bronchiolitis, calculations of attributable risk suggested that wheezing in 9.4% of the population of children who currently wheeze was attributable to bronchiolitis.

Item Response Theory Analysis to Assess Dimensionality of Substance Use Disorder Abuse and Dependence Symptoms

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levent Kirisci ◽  
Ralph Tarter ◽  
Maureen Reynolds ◽  
Michael Vanyukov
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Item Response Theory ◽  
Item Response ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Response Theory ◽  
Men And Women

Background. Item response theory (IRT) based studies conducted on diverse samples showed a single dominant factor for DSM-III-R and DSM-IV substance use disorder (SUD) abuse and dependence symptoms of alcohol, cannabis, sedative, cocaine, stimulants, and opiates use disorders. IRT provides the opportunity, within a person-centered framework, to accurately gauge each person’s severity of disorder that, in turn, informs required intensiveness of treatment. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether the SUD symptoms indicate a unidimensional trait or instead need to be conceptualized and quantified as a multidimensional scale. Methods. The sample was composed of families of adult SUD+ men (n=349), and SUD+ women (n=173), who qualified for DSM-III-R diagnosis of substance use disorder (abuse or dependence) and families of adult men and women who did not qualify for a SUD diagnosis (SUD- men: n=190, SUD- women: n=133). An expanded version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) was administered to characterize lifetime and current substance use disorders. Item response theory methodology was used to assess the dimensionality of DSM-III-R SUD abuse and dependence symptoms.Results. A bi-factor model provided the optimal representation of the factor structure of SUD symptoms in males and females. SUD symptoms are scalable as indicators of a single common factor, corresponding to general (non-drug-specific, common) liability to addiction, combined with drug-specific liabilities. Conclusions. IRT methodology used to quantify the continuous general liability to addiction (GLA) latent trait in individuals having SUD symptoms was found effective for accurately measuring SUD severity in men and women. This may be helpful for person-centered medicine approaches to effectively address intensity of treatment.

Measurement of Normal Eyebrow, Eyelid, and Pretarsal Skin Heights

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-296
Author(s):  
Mont J. Cartwright ◽  
Usha R. Kurumety ◽  
Christine C. Nelson ◽  
Bartley R. Frueh ◽  
David C. Musch
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range ◽  
High Degree

The anatomic relationships of the eyebrows and eyelids influence facial appearance. Restoration or preservation of the symmetry of the eyebrows and eyelids through surgical means can restore a normal appearance. To establish the normal relationships of these facial structures in 143 normal Caucasian individuals, measurements were taken of the eyebrow height, the upper eyelid crease height, and the amount of visible pretarsal skin. It was noted that with increasing age the variation of the mean estimates for eyelid and eyebrow measurements was increased. Aging affected the measurements in younger patients, but in the middle age range, 41–60 years, the mean estimates leveled off or decreased. A high degree of intereye correlation was observed. Eyebrow and pretarsal skin heights as well as eyelid crease height were greater in females than in males. Corrective or cosmetic procedures on the eyelid and eyebrow should take into account these normal anatomic relationships.

Radiocarbon dating of textile Components from Historical silk costumes and other cloth products in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Radiocarbon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1663-1674
Author(s):  
Toshio Nakamura ◽  
Takako Terada ◽  
Chikako Ueki ◽  
Masayo Minami
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Ryukyu Islands ◽  
High Status ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Religious System ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACTIn our research on traditional clothing and accessories in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, we have collected cloth fragments from traditional Ryukyuan costumes and other fabric products for radiocarbon (14C) dating. In this study, the cloth samples from historical costumes of noro priestesses (two samples), men and women from high-status families (five samples), and non-costume cloth products (seven samples), belonging to the traditional hereditary religious system of the ancient Ryukyu Kingdom, which lasted from approximately the 14th century AD to 1829 were analyzed. One extra sample originated from a silk shawl known as a Manila shawl. The oldest among the 15 samples dates back to the mid-15th century, but some newer ones belong to the unclear calibrated age range of AD 1650–1950. The measured dates are very consistent with the historical record, suggesting that acetone and acid-alkali-acid treatments are an adequate cleaning method for radiocarbon dating of silk and cotton samples produced in the late Middle Age and later.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment in Habitual Offenders With Substance Use Problems: A Quasi-Prospective Study of the Predictive Validity of the HKT-30

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (13) ◽  
pp. 4187-4195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Lammers ◽  
Lot Kokkelink ◽  
Hein deHaan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Prospective Design ◽  
Risk Assessment Instrument ◽  
Substance Use Problems ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Habitual Offenders

The predictive validity of the Dutch risk assessment instrument HKT-30 was investigated with a quasi-prospective design in a sample of habitual offenders with a substance use disorder (SUD). The study is reported according to RAGEE guidelines. The HKT-30 is an extension of the HCR-20. Files of 89 patients were coded and recidivism data were requested from the Ministry of Justice. Total scale scores and scores of the Clinical and Future scales were significantly predictive of recidivism for 1 and 2 years of time at risk, respectively. In contrast to earlier studies into recidivism, the H-scale had no predictive value. Regression analysis showed that the Clinical and Future scales contributed to the explanation of variance in recidivism, but not independently from each other. The conclusion is that the HKT-30 is a useful instrument for discovering risk factors and predicting recidivism for the population of habitual offenders with an SUD.

scholarly journals What is the p-factor of psychopathology? Some risks of general factor modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riet van Bork ◽  
Sacha Epskamp ◽  
Mijke Rhemtulla ◽  
Denny Borsboom ◽  
Han L. J. van der Maas
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Factor Modeling ◽  
P Factor

Recent research has suggested that a range of psychological disorders may stem from a single underlying common factor, which has been dubbed the p-factor. This finding may spur a line of research in psychopathology very similar to the history of factor modeling in intelligence and, more recently, personality research, in which similar general factors have been proposed. We point out some of the risks of modeling and interpreting general factors, derived from the fields of intelligence and personality research. We argue that: (a) factor-analytic resolution, i.e., convergence of the literature on a particular factor structure, should not be expected in the presence of multiple highly similar models; and (b) the true underlying model may not be a factor model at all, because alternative explanations can account for the correlational structure of psychopathology.

scholarly journals Identifying childhood characteristics that underlie premorbid risk for substance use disorders: Socialization and boldness

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Hicks ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Matt McGue
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Disruptive Behavior ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Behavior Disorders ◽  
Disruptive Behavior Disorders ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study ◽  
Internalizing Distress

AbstractWe utilized a longitudinal twin study (N = 2,510) to identify the child characteristics present prior to initiation of substance use that best predicted later substance use disorders. Two independent traits accounted for the majority of premorbid risk: socialization (conformity to rules and conventional values) and boldness (sociability and social assurance, stress resilience, and thrill seeking). Low socialization was associated with disruptive behavior disorders, parental externalizing disorders, and environmental adversity and exhibited moderate genetic (0.45) and shared environmental influences (0.30). Boldness was highly heritable (0.71) and associated with less internalizing distress and environmental adversity. In combination, these traits exhibited robust associations with adolescent and young adult substance use disorders (R = .48 and .50, respectively) and incremental prediction over disruptive behavior disorders, parental externalizing disorders, and environmental adversity. The results were replicated in an independent sample. Socialization and boldness offer a novel conceptualization of underlying risk for substance use disorders that has the potential to improve prediction and theory with implications for basic research, prevention, and intervention.

scholarly journals Motivasi Mahasiswa Usia Dewasa Mengikuti Perkuliahan pada Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Paud di FKIP Uninus Bandung

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Agus Ruswandi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Students ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Age Range

<p><em>This research is based on data from observation data of students of PG PAUD Uninus Bandung, which in conclusion about 40% of students of PG PAUD study program from the age side including middle age or other term is included in middle age. This condition attracts the attention of researchers so it is important to examine the background of students, motivation, goals and reasons of the students of the adult age group to attend the lectures in the PG PAUD Uninus FKIP. It is expected to obtain data for the stakeholders both at the level of Prodi, Faculty and University level. The method used in this research use descriptive analytical research method with qualitative approach. This method is supported by data collection techniques such as observation, documentation and interviews. The sample of this research is students of PG PAUD Uninus FKIP study program which is in the adult age range or about 25 and up to 60 years old. Technique of data analysis this research use three step analysis, that is data reduction, data display and data verification. The expected output of this research is in the form of scientific articles published in accredited national journals. The results showed that adult students who attended lectures at Prodi PG PAUD mostly aged between 51 to 55 years from the employment side of most of the students is a non-civil servant or honorary teachers and most have not been certified. adult students attending or continuing lectures in Prodi PG PAUD, among others, because the demands of their professions as PAUD teachers for the benefit of linearity or for students who have not previously had a diploma equivalent to some other scholars who have civil servants but the diploma is not linear with PAUD so that they have to go to college or PAUD field so that the diploma in accordance with the profession. The results conclude that economic factors are not the dominant factor for students to follow or continue their lectures in the area of early childhood is more dominated by linearity with their work not because of economic factors. As for economic reasons, certification. or civil servants that only a small part of one of the factors of adult students continue studying in Prodi PG PAUD.</em></p>

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