scholarly journals Do dyslexia and stuttering share a phonological deficit?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Medhat Elsherif ◽  
Linda Wheeldon ◽  
Steven Frisson
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Phonological Deficit

This study assessed the prevalence of childhood stuttering in people with dyslexia (PWD) and the prevalence of dyslexia in people who stutter (PWS). In addition, the linguistic profiles of 50 PWD, 30 PWS and 84 neurotypical adults were measured. We found that 17 out of 50 PWD (34%) reported stuttering during childhood compared to 1% of the controls. This was moderated by the severity of dyslexia: People with mild dyslexia showed a lower prevalence rate (15%) of childhood stuttering than those with severe dyslexia (47%). In addition, we observed that 50% of the PWS (n = 30) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of dyslexia, even though they had never been diagnosed as dyslexic. Finally, PWD and PWS did not differ on any phonological measure. The findings suggest that stuttering and dyslexia may share a common phonological deficit.

Some Issues in the Diagnosis of Depression in China*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Jun-Mian
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
The West ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Relevant Factors

In China, the diagnosis of depression is made much less frequently than in the West, likely because there is a somewhat lower prevalence rate and because of other factors related to culture and to the development of Chinese psychiatry. Some of the relevant factors are: 1) depressed patients often avoid seeking help because of the stigma of mental disorder; 2) many patients seek help from practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 3) depression is often diagnosed as schizophrenia because of diagnostic criteria that are broader for schizophrenia and narrower for affective disorder than in the West; and 4) somatization is more frequent in China and many depressives receive the label “neurasthenia”.

Prevalence of Polydipsia among Public Psychiatric Patients

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Evenson ◽  
C. J. Jos ◽  
A. R. Mallya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Water Intoxication ◽  
Nonalcoholic Beverages ◽  
Comparable Population

Among 2201 public psychiatric patients evaluated for polydipsia (excessive ingestion of nonalcoholic beverages) there was a prevalence rate of 6.2%. Their mean age was 50.9 yr., being substantially younger than the comparable population of state patients, but predominantly chronic. Diagnoses were 73% schizophrenia, but mental retardation and alcoholism were also over-represented. Patients were predominantly white and almost 60% women. Almost one-quarter of the polydipsic patients met the diagnostic criteria for one or more instances of water intoxication.

scholarly journals Criteria Definitions and Network Relations: The Importance of Criterion Thresholds

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Hoffman ◽  
Douglas Steinley ◽  
Timothy J. Trull ◽  
Kenneth J. Sher
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Positive Symptom ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Diagnostic Instruments

Across various structured diagnostic instruments, the criteria used to diagnose alcohol use disorder (AUD) are not assessed consistently. For example, different instruments often pose questions that reflect different thresholds of the underlying symptoms. We consider the criteria for craving and the inability to cut down or stop drinking to demonstrate the influence of using different thresholds for a positive symptom endorsement with respect to the estimated edges of a symptom network. Results indicate that the utilization of these differing thresholds leads to significant differences in edge weights. Generally, higher thresholds relate more strongly to lower prevalence rate criteria and the reverse for lower thresholds. These findings have implications for reproducibility of effects in symptom networks and their generalization across studies.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis Identifies Rare ALK Positive Cases In The TCGA Database

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S148-S148
Author(s):  
A R Patil ◽  
D S Dabrowski ◽  
J Cotelingam ◽  
D Veillon ◽  
M Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Salivary Duct ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Anaplastic Lymphoma ◽  
Alk Positive

Abstract Introduction/Objective The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is a receptor tyrosine kinase gene located in the 2p23.2 region. Normally, dimerization of ALK receptor by binding to its ligand activates the ALK receptor by autophosphorylation of c-termius and activates downstream PI3K, MAPK and JAK3 pathways. The ALK gene is abnormally hyperactivated by fusion of the 3’ half containing the kinase domain with 5’ portion of other genes, resulting in the ligand independent dimerization and activation of the ALK receptor. The tumors harboring these translocations are termed as ALK-positive tumors and can be treated with ALK inhibitors. Methods We analyzed the status of clinically relevant ALK fusion driver mutations in 230 different cancer studies, containing tumors from 79222 different individuals, in The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) using the cbioportal web browser. Results We observed that, as expected ALK-positive mutations are predominantly present in NSCLC, with EML4- ALK being the most common. In addition, we were able to identify ALK positive mutations in colorectal carcinomas, papillary thyroid carcinomas, papillary renal cell carcinomas, sarcomas and invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. Most important, our analysis identified extremely rare ALK positive cases in salivary duct carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas, cutaneous melanomas and prostatic adenocarcinomas. Conclusion Our analysis identified ALK positive cases were predominant in adenocarcinoma of lung with EML4-ALK being the most common ALK positive mutation, which is also consistent with the literature. However, the ALK positive mutations were at a lower prevalence rate than that described in the literature. We attribute the lower prevalence rate to underrepresentation of the Asian population in the TCGA database. In addition, we identified extremely rare ALK positive cases in salivary duct carcinomas, melanomas and prostate cancers, thus highlighting the need for testing for these mutations in these cancers.

scholarly journals Formation Prediction of Pre-Nosological Mental Disorders in Combatants

2019 ◽  
pp. 04-08
Author(s):  
Suhorukov A ◽  
Ichitovkina E ◽  
Soloviev A
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Clinically formed borderline mental disorders (BMD) in combatants have a lower prevalence in contrast to pre-clinical mental disorders. Blurred diagnostic criteria do not allow to classify short-term disorders of mental adaptation requiring therapy as BMD. In order to develop a model for predicting the formation of pre-clinical mental disorders (PMD) in combatants, the analysis of personal characteristics of 649 combatants was carried out. Among 311 people, in anamnesis, PMD with increased anxiety, dissomnia, instability of the emotional background were detected, in 338 people these states and other violations of mental adaptation were not recorded. Four years after participation in the fighting, according to Kotenev’s methodology and the Bass-Darky test, the combatants showed signs of maladaptation and a high level of physical aggression. On the basis of the obtained data, the model of forecasting the formation of PMD in combatants with the use of logistic regression by forced input of variables is calculated. It was found that the risk of PMD formation in combatants increases with a decrease in the indicator of the scale "symptoms of invasion" and with an increase in the parameters on the scales "symptoms of hyperactivity", "distress and maladaptation", "the presence of signs of post-traumatic stress disorder", "physical aggression" and "verbal aggression". This shows that PMD occurs more often in combatants with increased excitability in everyday life and a high level of physical aggression, while the symptoms of reliving a traumatic event are not a trigger factor for the formation of neurotic disorders. The use of this technique in medical and psychological combatant for the prevention of the formation of PMD is proposed. Formed borderline mental disorders (BMD) in combatants have a lower prevalence in contrast to disorders of the pre-nosological level [3]. The growth of adverse mental states, including pre-nosological mental disorders (PMD) in combatants is observed worldwide, which is probably associated with an increase in the number of local armed conflicts [8]. PMD have an uncertain prognosis, both in terms of recovery and in the formation of nosological forms [2]. This issue is often discussed in the medical literature, but vague diagnostic criteria do not allow to classify as formed BMD short-term disorders of mental adaptation that appear spontaneously - often against the background of the impact of trigger stimuli [4] At the same time, in the absence of therapy, they lead to a change in the personal structure and a violation of the quality of life of combatants [5, 6]. This puts before psychiatrists the task of developing new methodological and psycho-diagnostic approaches to both psycho-prophylactic examinations and treatment of this contingent [7]. Keywords: Combatants; Pre-nosological mental disorders; Prognosis model

Metabolic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Sosnova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Lecture

Metabolic syndrome characterized by tissue insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, essential hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity and hyperuricemia in the same patient, not accidentally is causing the great interest of researchers. In clinical lecture there are presented data concerning both different variants of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and its prevalence rate in the population. There are given as well diagnostic criteria for MS as algorithm of examination ofpatients. There is considered the concept of the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Short Report: A National E-Cohort Study of Incidence and Prevalence of Autism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack F G Underwood ◽  
Marcos DelPozo-Banos ◽  
Aura Frizzati ◽  
Ann John ◽  
Jeremy Hall
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Lay AbstractAutism Spectrum Disorders (Autism) are thought to be relatively common, with analyses estimating 1-2% in the population could meet diagnostic criteria. There is debate over whether the number of new cases is rising, with some suggesting an increase, whilst other studies finding no change. In this study we take anonymised healthcare record data from more than 3.6 million people in Wales to produce a national estimate of prevalence and incidence. We found the overall prevalence rate of autism in the population was 0.51%. The number of new-recorded cases of autism increased from 0.19% per 1000 person-years in 2001 to 0.64% per 1000 person-years in 2016. The estimate of 0.51% prevalence in the population is lower than suggested by previous studies, potentially due to underdiagnosis or lack of recognition by services. From 2000-2016 the number of autism services for adults has increased, and autism is more widely known in society. We suggest that these extra services and awareness have contributed to the 3.4-fold rise in new autism diagnoses over the study and the >150% increase in the years 2008-2016. Our study suggests that while the number of people being diagnosed with autism is increasing, many are still missed by healthcare services.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Schoolchildren of Kapan VDC, Kathmandu

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Upama KC ◽  
Shiva Kumar Rai ◽  
Shaila Basnyat ◽  
Milan Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Groundwater Source

The present study investigated the intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren of Kapan VDC, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 330 schoolchildren were included in this study. Stool samples collected in clean, dry, screw-capped plastic containers were examined by formal-ether sedimentation technique. A total of 134 samples (40.6%) were positive for some kind of intestinal parasites. The percentage of monoparasitism (67.9%) were higher than multiparasitism (32.1%). Giardia lamblia (17.8%) and Trichuris trichiura (3.6%) were the commonest protozoa and helminthes respectively. Girls were marginally more infected (41.4%) than boys (39.8%) (p>0.05). Children <5 years were more infected (80.0%) than 5-10 years (36.0%) (p=0.001). Prevalence of parasitic infection rate was higher in family size >5 (41.5%) than ≤5 (40.1%) (p=0.82). In ethnic wise distribution, incidence rate of parasites was higher in Dalits (71.4%) and the least in Indo-Aryans (33.1%) (p<0.05). Children drinking water from groundwater source had marginally lower prevalence rate (31.3%) than who used tap water (58.4%) (p<0.001). The higher infection rate (51.3%) was observed in children belonging to labour family and the least in the business family (33.3%) (p=0.032). The children who had taken anti-parasitic drug within past 6 months had lower prevalence rate (25%) than those who had not taken drugs (44.4%) (p=0.005). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 22-26

scholarly journals Systematic review of dementia prevalence - 1994 to 2000

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antonio Lopes ◽  
Sérgio Ricardo Hototian ◽  
Geraldo C. Reis ◽  
Hélio Elkis ◽  
Cassio Machado de Campos Bottino
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Very Elderly ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Reporting Rates

Abstract Ageing has occurred in all regions of the world, with impact on neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly dementia. However, previous meta-analysis and reviews have shown high variability in world dementia prevalence rates. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a wide-ranging review of the dementia prevalence studies published in recent years. Methods: The search was made on Medline, Lilacs and Embase databases for research conducted between 1994 and 2000. The main inclusion criteria were: use of standard diagnostic criteria and investigation of community samples. Results: The final selection included 42 papers, from all continents. The mean prevalence rate of dementia in subjects aged 65 years and older, for continents, ranged from 2.2% in Africa to 8.9% in Europe, and among countries, from 1.3% in India to 14.9% in Spain. However, there was a trend of clustering of the world prevalence rates with the majority of studies reporting rates between 4.2% and 7.2% (³65 years). Age directly influenced the rates, with a mean prevalence rate of 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8-1.5) for the 65-69 years group and 39.9% (95% CI: 34.4-45.3) for the 90-94 year group, but showing less pronounced influence in the very elderly age group. The urban samples had higher rates, where no significant gender difference was evidenced. Conclusion: The age influence over dementia rates apparently leveled off in the very elderly group while a trend toward similar dementia prevalence rates around the world was probably influenced by greater homogeneity in diagnostic criteria.

scholarly journals Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neglected Issue in the Developing World

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Chinawa ◽  
O. I. Odetunde ◽  
Herbert A. Obu ◽  
A. T. Chinawa ◽  
Muideen O. Bakare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Background. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neglected illness in a developing country.Objectives. The objectives of this study are to investigate the prevalence and pattern of ADHD among children in a Nigeria.Methods. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the parents of children (and older children) who attended children outpatients’ clinic during the study period. The DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were used.Results. Two hundred and seventy-three (273) out of 282 questionnaires were filled completely, giving a response rate of 96.8%. Nine (9) children fulfilled the stated criteria for ADHD giving a prevalence rate of 3.2%. There is no association between gender and ADHD (P=0.784).Conclusions. The prevalence of ADHD in our setting is 3.2%, which is similar to that obtained elsewhere in the world.

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