scholarly journals The rules of implicit evaluation by race, religion, and age

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt
Keyword(s):  
Older Adult ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social World ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Social

The social world is stratified. Social hierarchies are known but oftendisavowed as anachronisms or unjust. Nonetheless, hierarchies may persistin social memory. In three studies (total *N* > 200,000), we foundevidence of social hierarchies in implicit evaluation by race, religion,and age. Across racial groups, implicit positive associations followedthis rule: *my racial group* > *Whites* > *Asians* > *Blacks *> *Hispanics*.Each racial group evaluated its own group most positively, with theremaining three groups ordered identically following it. Across religions,implicit positive associations followed this rule: *my religion* > *Christians> Jews > Hindus/Buddhists > Muslims*. A final task investigating positiveassociations with various age groups found this rule: *children > youngadult > middle-age adult > older adult *across all participant ages. Theseresults suggest that the rules of social evaluation are pervasivelyembedded in culture and mind.

Identity Choice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Masuoka
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Cultural Shift ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Choice ◽  
Development Of Identity

This chapter outlines the new theoretical approach developed in this book: identity choice or the practice of race as a form of personal identification. The book contends that identity choice is a distinct cultural shift in how Americans define race. Historically race has been defined as a product of assigned classification in which an individual is categorized into a racial group based on the social definitions of that given time. Multiracial Americans are highlighted as an important case of identity choice given that they promote race as a form of identity but reveal the continued importance of assigned classification given that multiracial individuals are often categorized into racial groups by others. This chapter offers a historical analysis contrasting the reliance on assigned classification with the development of identity choice. The final sections of the chapter offer an overview of each chapter of the book.

Age norms for older adults among Koreans: perceptions and influencing factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1335-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOONDOOL CHUNG ◽  
YUNKYUNG JUNG
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Norms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

ABSTRACTDespite rapid social change that has influenced the social status of older adults, expectations about their behaviour and whether such expectations differ across generations remain unexplored in Korea. Based on ageing theories of activity, disengagement and modernisation, this study investigated age norms among Koreans conceptualised as shared expectations of appropriate behaviours of older adults. Competing perspectives in intergenerational relations and prejudice toward older adults were examined to test if they influenced age norms and if such associations varied across different age groups. Data were analysed from a survey of 1,445 individuals aged 20 and above who resided in 16 administrative districts of Korea. Comparisons of age norms across age groups indicated that the older adult group (age 65+) held more restrictive attitudes about social participation and engagement in various behaviours in old age than the middle-aged adults (ages 45–64) and younger adults (ages 20–44). Respondents with more prejudice towards older adults tended to place more restrictions on the behaviour of older adults. A significant interaction indicated that respondents whose views were in line with a generational conflictive perspective, assessed as reporting more competitive perspectives between young and old people and being less supportive of intergenerational programmes, had a more restrictive view about older adults' behaviours among the middle-aged group but less restrictive attitudes in determining acceptable behaviour in later life among the older adult group.

Glimpses into the Social World of Middle Age

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Social World ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
The Social

This paper describes briefly the two cohorts recently followed up in the long term longitudinal research program at the Institute of Human Development at Berkeley, and notes the characteristics of those members who remain under study. It then presents a few findings on the occupational careers and work orientations of both men and women, notes certain personality correlates of career patterns in the middle years, and briefly touches on marital satisfaction as related to work status.

Race, class, and gender: Debates over the character of social hierarchies in the Netherlands Indies, circa 1600–1942

2011 ◽  
Vol 167 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Protschky
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Ohio University ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
The Social ◽  
Netherlands Indies ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Review of: Ulbe Bosma, Indiëgangers: Verhalen van Nederlanders die naar Indië trokken. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2010, 333 pp. ISBN 9789035135017. Price: EUR 26.50 (paperback). Ulbe Bosma and Remco Raben, Being ‘Dutch’ in the Indies: A history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920. Translated from the Dutch by Wendie Shaffer. Athens and Singapore: Ohio University Press, NUS Press, 2008, xx + 439 pp. [Ohio University Research in International Studies Southeast Asia Series No. 116.] ISBN 9780896802612. Price: USD 22.40 (paperback). Eric Jones, Wives, slaves, and concubines: A history of the female underclass in Dutch Asia. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010, xi + 186 pp. ISBN 9780875802101. Price: USD 38.00 (hardback). Jean Gelman Taylor, The social world of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in colonial Indonesia. Second Edition. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009, xxv + 279 pp. [First edition 1983.] ISBN 9780299232146. Price: USD 29.95 (paperback). Ann Laura Stoler, Along the archival grain: Epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009, xiii + 314 pp. ISBN 9780691015774. Price USD 23.95 (paperback).

scholarly journals "You're just envious": Inferring benign and malicious envy from facial expressions and contextual information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Agneta Fischer ◽  
Gerben van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Total N ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Benign Envy ◽  
Independent Effects

Envy shapes social hierarchies. To protect their rank, envied persons react to the threat posed by enviers. Doing so requires that envied persons initially perceive who envies them. However, a common perspective is that envy lacks a unique expression and that enviers disguise their experience, preventing the social perception of envy. In contrast to this perspective, recent evidence indicates that observers perceive benign and malicious forms of envy accurately when they can integrate information about targets. These findings suggest that observers infer envy based on multiple, contextual cues. We hypothesized that observers infer envy from facial and bodily expressions in comparison situations. Specifically, observers should infer benign envy when a target, who encounters an advantaged person, turns with disappointment toward the advantage. Conversely, observers should infer malicious envy when the target turns with anger toward the advantaged person. Three preregistered studies tested these hypotheses (total N = 693). In Studies 1 and 2, targets turned with an emotional or neutral expression either toward a person silhouette or a valuable object, and participants rated targets’ envy. In Study 3, participants performed the same task with more realistic stimuli. Across studies, emotional display and head turning had independent effects on inferences of benign and malicious envy. Furthermore, observers inferred envy more when the target expressed an emotion instead of remaining neutral. We discuss how the results inform research on the social perception of envy.

scholarly journals The influence of social support and social skills on the academic performance of younger individuals and older adult college students

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soniárlei Vieira LEITE ◽  
Lucia Helena de Freitas Pinho FRANÇA ◽  
Shirley Bezerra Feitosa LEITE
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
College Students ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Adult Students ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adult College Students

Abstract The ageing process has provoked a visible increase of older adult students in Brazilian universities. Several studies have been conducted on the development of this older adult student, but few have tested the influence of social skills and perceived social support on academic performance by comparing different age groups. The goal of this longitudinal study was to investigate the influence of social support and social skills on the academic performance of older adult college students compared to younger individuals. The sample was composed of 326 college students (200 younger individuals and 126 older adults), from 13 universities in the metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Multiple hierarchical regression confirmed the predictive power of the social support (but not the social skills) over academic performance. The evolution of academic performance (performance coefficient) was observed for two years. New studies with larger samples in other regional contexts are recommended.

Seeing Similarity or Distance?

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Wilton ◽  
Diana T. Sanchez ◽  
Lisa Giamo
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergroup Perception ◽  
Intergroup Perceptions ◽  
Racially Ambiguous ◽  
Ambiguous Faces

Biracial individuals threaten the distinctiveness of racial groups because they have mixed-race ancestry, but recent findings suggest that exposure to biracial-labeled, racially ambiguous faces may positively influence intergroup perception by reducing essentialist thinking among Whites ( Young, Sanchez, & Wilton, 2013 ). However, biracial exposure may not lead to positive intergroup perceptions for Whites who are highly racially identified and thus motivated to preserve the social distance between racial groups. We exposed Whites to racially ambiguous Asian/White biracial faces and measured the perceived similarity between Asians and Whites. We found that exposure to racially ambiguous, biracial-labeled targets may improve perceptions of intergroup similarity, but only for Whites who are less racially identified. Results are discussed in terms of motivated intergroup perception.

The Contribution of Enrique Pichon-Rivière: Comparisons with His European Contemporaries and with Modern Theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Scharff
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
George Herbert ◽  
George Herbert Mead ◽  
Analytic Thinking ◽  
Family Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Original Family ◽  
Kurt Lewin ◽  
Social Applications

Enrique Pichon-Rivière, a pioneer of psychoanalysis, worked and wrote in Argentina in the mid-twentieth century, but his work has not so far been translated into English. From the beginning, Pichon-Rivière understood the social applications of analytic thinking, centring his ideas on "el vinculo", which is generally translated as "the link", but could equally be translated as "the bond". The concept that each individual is born into human social links, is shaped by them, and simultaneously contributes to them inextricably ties people's inner worlds to the social world of family and society in which they live. Pichon-Rivière believed, therefore, that family analysis and group and institutional applications of analysis were as important as individual psychoanalysis. Many of the original family and couple therapists from whom our field learned trained with him. Because his work was centred in the analytic writings of Fairbairn and Klein, as well as those of the anthropologist George Herbert Mead and the field theory of Kurt Lewin, his original ideas have important things to teach us today. This article summarises some of his central ideas such as the link, spiral process, the single determinate illness, and the process of therapy.

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