scholarly journals The effect of group membership and individuating information on automatic and deliberate evaluation of well-known people

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayan Navon ◽  
Anat Hoss ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Automatic Evaluation ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Group Preference ◽  
Total N ◽  
Group Evaluation ◽  
Information Studies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Characteristics ◽  
Individuating Information

eople’s automatic preference between groups often determines their automatic preference between unknown individual members of these groups, a prominent example for automatic prejudice. What happens when the person making the judgment has long known the target individuals? Practice might automatize the deliberate judgment of the individuals. Then, if deliberate judgment is non-prejudiced, automatic prejudice might decrease. In 29 studies (total N = 4,907), we compared automatic and deliberate preferences between a famous member of a dominant social group and a famous member of a stigmatized social group. In most studies, we chose pairs based on prior self-reported preference for the member of the stigmatized group. Across all studies, automatic preference was discrepant from deliberate preference, often favoring the member of the dominant group. We replicated these results with various target individuals, two pairs of social groups (Black/White, Old/Young), two automatic evaluation measures, and in two countries (Studies 1-23). The automatic pro-dominant preference was stronger when visual characteristics of the group were present rather than absent (Studies 24-25), suggesting a stronger effect of group characteristics on automatic than on deliberate preference between the individuals. The automatic preference between the individuals was related more strongly to automatic than to deliberate group preference (Studies 26-27), yet it was still moderated by individuating information (Studies 28-29). Our results suggest that familiarity with members of a stigmatized group does not automatize the positive deliberate evaluation of these individuals, and does not dethrone group evaluation from its central role in the automatic evaluation of the individual.

scholarly journals Automatische Evaluation der Humanübersetzung: BLEU vs. METEOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-205
Author(s):  
Hye-Yeon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Evaluation ◽  
Human Evaluation ◽  
The Individual

AbstractHuman evaluation (HE) of translation is generally considered to be valid, but it requires a lot of effort. Automatic evaluation (AE) which assesses the quality of machine translations can be done easily, but it still requires validation. This study addresses the questions of whether and how AE can be used for human translations. For this purpose AE formulas and HE criteria were compared to each other in order to examine the validity of AE. In the empirical part of the study, 120 translations were evaluated by professional translators as well as by two representative AE-systems, BLEU/ METEOR, respectively. The correlations between AE and HE were relatively high at 0.849** (BLEU) and 0.862** (METEOR) in the overall analysis, but in the ratings of the individual texts, AE and ME exhibited a substantial difference. The AE-ME correlations were often below 0.3 or even in the negative range. Ultimately, the results indicate that neither METEOR nor BLEU can be used to assess human translation at this stage. But this paper suggests three possibilities to apply AE to compromise the weakness of HE.

On the Outside Looking In: Distress and Sympathy for Ethnic Victims of Violence by Out-Group Members

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 199-217
Author(s):  
Nakia S. Gordon ◽  
Samantha A. Chesney
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Suppression ◽  
Group Evaluation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Abu Ghraib Prison

Abstract It is well documented that individuals respond with negative emotions to racial and ethnic out-groups. Yet, it is unknown whether the responses are a measure of simple emotional reactivity or if they are also influenced by emotion regulation. Given the importance of emotions in out-group evaluation (see Intergroup Emotion Theory; Smith and Mackie, 2008), we investigated emotional reactivity and regulation in response to out-group victimization. Forty-one undergraduates completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and viewed three sets of images: lynching of African-Americans, torture of Abu Ghraib prison detainees, and iaps images depicting graphic violence. Participants rated 13 emotions before and after viewing the images. A factor analysis identified four emotional response categories: Distress, Sympathy, Arousal and Avoidance. Analyses at both the individual emotion level and factor level indicated that negative emotions (e.g., anger, disgust, and guilt) were greater in response to violence against ethnic groups relative to violence depicted in the iaps images. Emotional suppression predicted blunted distress and arousal to ethnic victimization. These findings highlight that emotional responses to out-group victimization are complex and tempered by emotional suppression. Individuals’ emotion regulation may provide further insight into responses to ethnic and racial out-groups.

scholarly journals The Heart as a Compass: Preaching Self-worth and Success to Single Young Women in a Nigerian Pentecostal Church

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 307-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Individual Project ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
The Individual

The quiet city of Calabar in southeastern Nigeria is famed for its burgeoning church scene offering various spiritual services. In this religious marketplace, The Brook Church stands out due to its beautiful building, well-dressed congregation, clever branding, and its ‘unique’ preaching. Focusing on young women’s engagement with The Brook Church, this article builds on recent analyses seeking to understand the attraction of Pentecostalism for this often marginalised and disenfranchised social group. Examining The Brook Church’s life-affirming doctrine of Zoe, in which individual aspirations are realised through careful and timely management of the religious self, the article explores how religious action and rhetoric mould new subjectivities aimed for success. Illustrating how Pentecostal practice gives young women a newfound sense of self-worth and confidence, the article’s emphasis on the individual project suggests we should broaden debates that solely equate young women’s engagement with Pentecostalism with sexuality and marriage opportunities.

The social group and status of the individual

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
V.C. Wynne-Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The Significance of Psychiatric Symptomatology for Social Adaptation

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (467) ◽  
pp. 544-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Walton ◽  
R. Bennett ◽  
L. Nahemow
Keyword(s):  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social System ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Psychiatric Symptomatology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Reference ◽  
The Individual

The social adjustment of individuals is studied from different viewpoints by psychiatrists and sociologists. The psychiatrist is concerned with the malfunctioning personality (and with normal function toward which patients must be assisted); the sociologist is concerned with the functioning social system. The basic reference of both disciplines is to the individual and the individual's adaptation in his social group.

Male Honor and Female Chastity in Early China

NAN Nü ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bret Hinsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Early China ◽  
Honor Culture ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Chinese Masculinity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Male Honor

AbstractIn many respects, masculinity in early China resembled practices which have been described by anthropologists researching the Mediterranean region. Maintaining a reputation for honor was particularly important to Chinese manhood. As the individual was tightly integrated into a social group, men had to control the behavior of those around them to defend themselves against possible shame. For this reason, men found it useful to regulate the sexual practices of female kin to defend their own honor. The emergence of female chastity was thus closely tied to the honor culture of early Chinese masculinity.

scholarly journals The Ethical Value of Oriental Religions under the Roman Empire

1915 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181
Author(s):  
Clifford Herschel Moore
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Western Half

To estimate with any considerable degree of accuracy the moral value of the Oriental religions under the Roman Empire is a hard and perhaps an impossible task. The difficulties arise in part from the fact that these religions, like most others, did not aim primarily at developing what we understand by morality in the individual, but rather at establishing such relations with the gods as to give men security and prosperity here and hereafter; and in part the difficulties are due to the paucity of our data and our liability to error in the interpretation thereof. Yet a religion, like any other form of human expression, inevitably influences as well as reflects the conduct of the social group which cultivates it; that is to say, it cannot exist apart by itself. Therefore it is not an unprofitable thing to attempt to determine with such accuracy as may be attainable the relation to morality of the imported Oriental cults which were widely cultivated in the Occidental part of the Roman Empire between the first and the fourth centuries of our era. We confine our consideration to the Western half of the Empire, for there the evidence as to these exotic religions is most plentiful and it is possible to see them isolated, so to speak, from their native environment. It will be necessary, however, first to consider the moral and religious environment into which these cults entered.

scholarly journals Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: An integrated analysis across multiple tasks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne J. Chauvin ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Emma Sprooten ◽  
Marianne Oldehinkel ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n=93) and controls (n=84; total N=266; age range=8-27 years).Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings.The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of individual awareness of diabetes, related risk factors and complications in urban and rural people of Noakhali region, Bangladesh: a population-based study

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Md Khorshed Alam ◽  
Md Ariful Islam ◽  
Abhijit Das ◽  
Palash Karmakar ◽  
Pankaj Chandra Debnath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Secondary Study ◽  
The Individual

This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the individual awareness, related risk factors and complications of diabetes with socio-demographic profiles of the study individuals in Noakhali region, Bangladesh during June to December, 2013. A total 250 participants were selected randomly and data were collected using structured questionnaire. Among the respondents 47.20% were found male and 52.80% were female and majorities (52.00%) of the respondents were urban people. Respondents completed secondary study level or below were the dominant group. 9.20%, 27.20%, 12.80% and 34.40% respondents were agriculturist, businessman and housewives respectively. Women showed better knowledge about overall diabetes (20.00%) and blood glucose level (9.60%), in case of causes, symptoms and management men (12.80%, 23.20% and 18.40% respectively) were found dominant than women (10.00%, 16.00% and 12.00% respectively). It was found that 13.20% respondents were suffering from impaired glucose tolerance and 79.20% had diabetes mellitus where female were more vulnerable than male. Family history was found the significant risk factor (p= 0.016; Ç2 = 5.849) for diabetes (total 62%, male 40.65% and female 59.35%), Other risk factors like age (67.20%), obesity (46.40%), hypercholesterolemia (82.00%), excess triglyceride (78.00%) and hypertension (29.60%) remained insignificant respectively and in every cases female were found more vulnerable than men. Study revealed that knowledge regarding diabetes was not up to the mark to the respondents though it is now one of the most pandemic diseases in the world.Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2016; 27(1) : 8-15

scholarly journals Relationships between Psychological Factors and Experimental Pain Outcomes in Healthy Individuals: Results from 8 Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Nahman-Averbuch ◽  
Ian A. Boggero ◽  
Benjamin M. Hunter ◽  
Hannah Pickerill ◽  
James L. Peugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Total N ◽  
Pain Outcomes ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing, may affect how healthy individuals experience experimental pain. However, current literature puts forth contradictory results, possibly due to differing study methodologies, such as the type of psychophysical measure or survey. To better understand such results, this paper analyzed the relationships between psychological factors and experimental pain outcomes across eight different studies (total n= 595) conducted in different populations of healthy adult and adolescent participants. Analyses were conducted with and without controlling for sex, age, and race. Each study was analyzed separately and as part of an aggregate analysis. Even without correction for multiple comparisons, only a few significant relationships were found for the individual studies. Controlling for demographic factors had minimal effect on the results. Importantly, even the few statistically significant models showed relatively small effect sizes; psychological factors explained no more than 20% of the variability in experimental pain sensitivity of healthy individuals. The aggregate analyses revealed relationships between anxiety and PPT / cold pain ratings and between pain catastrophizing and PPT. Sample size calculations based on the aggregate analyses indicated that several hundred participants would be required to correctly detect relationships between these psychological factors and pain measures. These overall negative findings suggest that anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing in healthy individuals may not be meaningfully related to experimental pain outcomes. Furthermore, positive findings in the literature may be subject to small group effects and publication bias towards positive findings.

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