scholarly journals Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: An integrated analysis across multiple tasks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne J. Chauvin ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Emma Sprooten ◽  
Marianne Oldehinkel ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n=93) and controls (n=84; total N=266; age range=8-27 years).Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings.The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.

scholarly journals Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: an integrated analysis across multiple tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne J. Chauvin ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Emma Sprooten ◽  
Marianne Oldehinkel ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age Range

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n = 93) and controls (n = 84; total N = 266; age range = 8–27 years). Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings. The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.

scholarly journals Real-time functional connectivity-based neurofeedback of amygdala-frontal pathways reduces anxiety

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiying Zhao ◽  
Shuxia Yao ◽  
Keshuang Li ◽  
Cornelia Sindermann ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDeficient emotion regulation and exaggerated anxiety represent a major transdiagnostic psychopathological marker. On the neural level these deficits have been closely linked to impaired, yet treatment-sensitive, prefrontal regulatory control over the amygdala. Gaining direct control over these pathways could therefore provide an innovative and promising strategy to regulate exaggerated anxiety. To this end the current proof-of-concept study evaluated the feasibility, functional relevance and maintenance of a novel connectivity-informed real-time fMRI neurofeedback training. In a randomized within-subject sham-controlled design high anxious subjects (n = 26) underwent real-time fMRI-guided training to enhance connectivity between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and the amygdala (target pathway) during threat exposure. Maintenance of regulatory control was assessed after three days and in the absence of feedback. Training-induced changes in functional connectivity of the target pathway and anxiety ratings served as primary outcomes. Training of the target, yet not the sham-control, pathway significantly increased amygdala-vlPFC connectivity and decreased subjective anxiety levels. On the individual level stronger connectivity increases were significantly associated with anxiety reduction. At follow-up, volitional control over the target pathway and decreased anxiety level were maintained in the absence of feedback. The present results demonstrate for the first time that successful self-regulation of amygdala-prefrontal top-down regulatory circuits may represent a novel strategy to control anxiety. As such, the present findings underscore both the critical contribution of amygdala-prefrontal circuits to emotion regulation and the therapeutic potential of connectivity-informed real-time neurofeedback.

scholarly journals Distribution of litigation claims across a generalised psychiatric patient journey

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Mark Mordue ◽  
Marcus Weatherby ◽  
Stuart Weatherby ◽  
Stephen Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
National Health Service ◽  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Patient Journey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Improve Patient

Aims and methodWe analysed all 1213 negligence claims made against contributing psychiatric services since the inception of the National Health Service Litigation Authority (NHSLA) in 1995 and until 1 June 2009. More than half (55%) were settled, at a cost of £47.2 million, 26% were closed without penalty and 19% were still in progress at the time of review. Five individual claims exceeded £1 million.ResultsBy allocating 43 NHSLA-assigned causes for a claim to the 11 stages of a generalised patient journey, we noted that assessment of patient risks was the single largest cause of claims (32%) and the single largest cost of settlements (£16.2 million, 34%).Clinical implicationsAt the individual level it is difficult to see patterns of errors, whereas increased volumes reveal systemic trends. This analysis presents a new perspective from which to improve patient safety.

scholarly journals Dropping the Curtain: The Religious-Secular Party Cleavage in German Morality Politics

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Euchner ◽  
Caroline Preidel
Keyword(s):  
Party Competition ◽  
Christian Democracy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
German Politics ◽  
Morality Politics ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
German Bundestag ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Issue Competition

AbstractThis study examines the religious-secular party cleavage in German morality politics from a new perspective by tracing politicization patterns at the individual level. It builds on the idea of issue competition and explores whether conflicts between Christian Democrats and secular parties align with the traditional denominational divide between Catholics and non-Catholics or with religiosity. By means of logistic regressions of Member of Parliaments’ politicization behavior in the German Bundestag (1998–2002) with regard to three morality policies, the study provides evidence that German politics is still structured by a conflict between Catholics and non-Catholics, whereas the influence of religiosity is secondary. If party competition is at work, non-Catholics draw attention to morality policies, while Catholics refrain from doing so. This finding contradicts research pointing to a decreasing significance of Catholicism for Christian Democracy. Moreover, the study proposes an innovative way to re-examine party cleavages at the individual level and in between elections.

scholarly journals Soundtracking the Public Space: Outcomes of the Musikiosk Soundscape Intervention

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Steele ◽  
Edda Bild ◽  
Cynthia Tarlao ◽  
Catherine Guastavino
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
The Individual

Decades of research support the idea that striving for lower sound levels is the cornerstone of protecting urban public health. Growing insight on urban soundscapes, however, highlights a more complex role of sound in public spaces, mediated by context, and the potential of soundscape interventions to contribute to the urban experience. We discuss Musikiosk, an unsupervised installation allowing users to play audio content from their own devices over publicly provided speakers. Deployed in the gazebo of a pocket park in Montreal (Parc du Portugal), in the summer of 2015, its effects over the quality of the public urban experience of park users were researched using a mixed methods approach, combining questionnaires, interviews, behavioral observations, and acoustic monitoring, as well as public outreach activities. An integrated analysis of results revealed positive outcomes both at the individual level (in terms of soundscape evaluations and mood benefits) and at the social level (in terms of increased interaction and lingering behaviors). The park was perceived as more pleasant and convivial for both users and non-users, and the perceived soundscape calmness and appropriateness were not affected. Musikiosk animated an underused section of the park without displacing existing users while promoting increased interaction and sharing, particularly of music. It also led to a strategy for interacting with both residents and city decision-makers on matters related to urban sound.

scholarly journals A new perspective for mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection: priming the innate immune system for viral attack

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 200138
Author(s):  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Michael Berger ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman ◽  
Yoav Ram
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The course of infection by SARS-CoV-2 frequently includes a long asymptomatic period, followed in some individuals by an immune dysregulation period that may lead to complications and immunopathology-induced death. This course of disease suggests that the virus often evades detection by the innate immune system. We suggest a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate the infection's severity, probability of complications and duration. We propose that priming an individual's innate immune system for viral attack shortly before it is expected to occur may allow pre-activation of the preferable trajectory of immune response, leading to early detection of the virus. Priming can be carried out, for example, by administering a standard vaccine or another reagent that elicits a broad anti-viral innate immune response. By the time that the expected SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs, activation cascades will have been put in motion and levels of immune factors needed to combat the infection will have been elevated. The infection would thus be cleared faster and with less complication than otherwise, alleviating adverse clinical outcomes at the individual level. Moreover, priming may also mitigate population-level risk by reducing need for hospitalizations and decreasing the infectious period of individuals, thus slowing the spread and reducing the impact of the epidemic. In view of the latter consideration, our proposal may have a significant epidemiological impact even if applied primarily to low-risk individuals, such as young adults, who often show mild symptoms or none, by shortening the period during which they unknowingly infect others. The proposed view is, at this time, an unproven hypothesis. Although supported by robust bio-medical reasoning and multiple lines of evidence, carefully designed clinical trials are necessary.

scholarly journals Bayes Factors show evidence against systematic relationships between the anchoring effect and the Big Five personality traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Jan Querengässer ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Nele Johanna Bögemann ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
The Individual

AbstractExamining personality traits as predictors of human behaviour is of high interest. There are several but inconclusive reported relationships of personality and the susceptibility to the “anchoring effect”, a tendency to adjust estimates towards a given anchor. To provide an answer to variably reported links between personality traits and the anchoring effect, we collected data from 1000 participants in the lab and validated typical anchoring effects and representative personality scores of the sample. Using Bayesian statistical data analyses, we found evidence for the absence of a relationship between anchoring effects and personality scores. We, therefore, conclude that there are no specific personality traits that relate to a higher susceptibility to the anchoring effect. The lack of a relationship between personality and the susceptibility to the anchoring effect might be due to the specific anchoring design, be limited to specific cognitive domains, or the susceptibility to anchors might reflect no reliable individual cognitive phenomena. In the next step, studies should examine the reliability of anchoring effects on the individual level, and testing relationships of individual traits and anchoring effects for other types of anchors, anchoring designs, or cognitive domains.

scholarly journals A New Perspective on Individual Reliability beyond Group Effects for Event-related Potentials: A Multisensory Investigation and Computational Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Hu ◽  
Zhiguo Zhang ◽  
Zhen Liang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Linling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Latency Jitter ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Group Effects

AbstractThe dominant approach in investigating the individual reliability for event-related potentials (ERPs) is to extract peak-related features at electrodes showing the strongest group effects. Such a peak-based approach implicitly assumes ERP components showing a stronger group effect are also more reliable, but this assumption has not been substantially validated and few studies have investigated the reliability of ERPs beyond peaks. In this study, we performed a rigorous evaluation of the test-retest reliability of ERPs collected in a multisensory and cognitive experiment from 82 healthy adolescents, each having two sessions. By comparing group effects and individual reliability, we found that a stronger group-level response in ERPs did not guarantee a higher reliability. Further, by simulating ERPs with a computational model, we found that the consistency between group-level ERP responses and individual reliability was modulated by inter-subject latency jitter and inter-trial variability. The current findings suggest that the conventional peak-based approach may underestimate the individual reliability in ERPs. Hence, a comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of ERP measurements should be considered in individual-level neurophysiological trait evaluation and psychiatric disorder diagnosis.

The Covid-19 Pandemic and Climate Change: Some Lessons Learned on Individual Ethics and Social Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 691-714
Author(s):  
Fausto Corvino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Control Climate ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Ethics

The Covid-19 pandemic has confronted humanity with a complex and unexpected challenge. One part of this challenge concerned individual ethics, i.e., the behaviour of individuals with respect to the rules and restrictions that have been imposed by health authorities in the collective interest. Another part concerned, instead, the social organisation of immunisation campaigns. In this article I wonder whether the lessons we have learned in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic can be applied to climate change mitigation. My first argument is that at least some of the ethical successes obtained at the individual level can be repeated with respect to climate change, but only if we stop focusing solely on the risks of climate change and offer a convincing picture of the benefits and opportunities of a more sustainable world. The second argument is that the Covid-19 pandemic offered us a new perspective on the relationship between global systemic threats and social justice: no one can adapt in isolation, neither medically nor economically. An out-of-control climate will lead to the same situation, so the asymmetry of vulnerability between developed and developing countries (and also between wealthy and poor people within the same country) is only a short-term illusion.

scholarly journals Selfishness driving reductive evolution shapes interdependent patterns in spatially structured microbial communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaoxiao Wang ◽  
Xiaonan Liu ◽  
Yong Nie ◽  
Xiao-Lei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Reductive Evolution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Evolution Dynamics ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Public Production ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
And Function

AbstractMicrobes release a wide variety of metabolites to the environment that benefit the whole population, called public goods. Public goods sharing drives adaptive function loss, and allows the rise of metabolic cross-feeding. However, how public goods sharing governs the succession of communities over evolutionary time scales remains unclear. To resolve this issue, we constructed an individual-based model, where an autonomous population that possessed functions to produce three essential public goods, was allowed to randomly lose functions. Simulations revealed that function loss genotypes could evolve from the autonomous ancestor, driven by the selfish public production trade-off at the individual level. These genotypes could then automatically develop to three possible types of interdependent patterns: complete functional division, one-way dependency, and asymmetric functional complementation, which were influenced by function cost and function redundancy. In addition, we found random evolutionary events, i.e., the priority and the relative spatial positioning of genotype emergence, are also important in governing community assembly. Moreover, communities occupied by interdependent patterns exhibited better resistance to environmental perturbation, suggesting such patterns are selectively favored. Our work integrates ecological interactions with evolution dynamics, providing a new perspective to explain how reductive evolution shapes microbial interdependencies and governs the succession of communities.

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