Inflammation Mediates Longitudinal Relations Between Common Psychiatric Disorder Severity and Future Executive Function Impairment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hani Hani Zainal ◽  
Michelle G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Scar models propose that elevated psychiatric disorder severity predisposes people to future decreased executive function (EF) through heightened inflammation. However, most prior research on this topic has been cross-sectional. We thus investigated if increased Time 1 (T1) common psychiatric disorder severity predicted Time 3 (T3) EF decrement via Time 2 (T2) inflammation in two unique samples. Methods: Community- dwelling adults participated in Study 1 (n = 614) and Study 2 (n = 945). Both studies measured T1 common psychiatric disorder severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder severity scales), T2 inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen blood concentration), and T3 EF (Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone). Structural equation modeling was conducted. Results: Greater T1 diagnostic severity predicted higher T2 inflammation (after 2 months in Study 1: Cohen’s d = 0.84; following 9 years in Study 2: d = 0.82). Moreover, higher T2 inflammation predicted lower T3 EF (after 18 months in Study 1: d = -1.30; following 9 years in Study 2: d = -1.18), with large effect sizes. Further, the mediation paths were significantly moderate-to-large in Study 1 (d = 0.76) and Study 2 (d = 0.69). Socio-demographic, lifestyle, medication use, and physical health variables did not moderate these mediation models. Conclusions: Inflammation may be a mechanism explaining the T1 common psychiatric disorder severity–T3 EF relation. Treatments that target inflammation and/or anxiety or depressive disorders may prevent some individuals from experiencing EF decline.

Depression and worry symptoms predict future executive functioning impairment via inflammation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Nur Hani Zainal ◽  
Michelle G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reactive Protein

Abstract Background Scar models posit that heightened anxiety and depression can increase the risk for subsequent reduced executive function (EF) through increased inflammation across months. However, the majority of past research on this subject used cross-sectional designs. We therefore examined if elevated generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and panic disorder (PD) symptoms forecasted lower EF after 20 months through heightened inflammation. Methods Community-dwelling adults partook in this study (n = 614; MAGE = 51.80 years, 50% females). Time 1 (T1) symptom severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Short Form), T2 (2 months after T1) inflammation serum levels (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6), and T3 (20 months after T1) EF (Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone) were assessed. Structural equation mediation modeling was performed. Results Greater T1 MDD and GAD (but not PD) severity predicted increased T2 inflammation (Cohen's d = 0.21–1.92). Moreover, heightened T2 inflammation forecasted lower T3 EF (d = −1.98 to −1.87). T2 inflammation explained 25–32% of the negative relations between T1 MDD or GAD and T3 EF. T1 GAD severity predicting T3 EF via T2 inflammation path was stronger among younger (v. older) adults. Direct effects of T1 MDD, GAD, and PD forecasting decreased T3 EF were found (d = −2.02 to −1.92). Results remained when controlling for socio-demographic, physical health, and lifestyle factors. Conclusions Inflammation can function as a mechanism of the T1 MDD or GAD–T3 EF associations. Interventions that successfully treat depression, anxiety, and inflammation-linked disorders may avert EF decrements.

Validating the Factor Structure of the Stigma of Suicide Scale–Short Form Spanish Version Among Healthcare Students

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ruthmarie Hernández-Torres ◽  
Paola Carminelli-Corretjer ◽  
Nelmit Tollinchi-Natali ◽  
Ernesto Rosario-Hernández ◽  
Yovanska Duarté-Vélez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Students ◽  
Spanish Speaking

Abstract. Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death among Spanish-speaking individuals. Suicide stigma can be a risk factor for suicide. A widely used measure is the Stigma of Suicide Scale-Short Form (SOSS-SF; Batterham, Calear, & Christensen, 2013 ). Although the SOSS-SF has established psychometric properties and factor structure in other languages and cultural contexts, no evidence is available from Spanish-speaking populations. Aim: This study aims to validate a Spanish translation of the SOSS-SF among a sample of Spanish-speaking healthcare students ( N = 277). Method: We implemented a cross-sectional design with quantitative techniques. Results: Following a structural equation modeling approach, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the three-factor model proposed by Batterham and colleagues (2013) . Limitations: The study was limited by the small sample size and recruitment by availability. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the Spanish version of the SOSS-SF is a valid and reliable tool with which to examine suicide stigma among Spanish-speaking populations.

scholarly journals Using structural equation modeling in the understanding of functional disability in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Mara dos Santos Tavares ◽  
Nayara Gomes Nunes Oliveira ◽  
Flavia Aparecida Dias Marmo ◽  
Joilson Meneguci
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: to analyze functional disability and its associated factors among community-dwelling older adults. Method: a cross-sectional study, conducted with 1,635 older adults distributed in the following age groups: 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80 years old or more, living in a health macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais. Descriptive and trajectory analysis was carried out (p<0.05). The parameters were estimated by the Maximum Likelihood method. Results: the highest percentage was female, with a monthly income of 1 minimum wage and living with a companion. In the age groups from 60 to 69 and from 70 to 79 years old, older adults with a partner predominated; and, among those aged 80 years old or more, widowed individuals prevailed. In the three groups, functional disability occurred hierarchically. Lower schooling, frailty and depressive symptomatology were factors directly associated with functional disability in the advanced activities; frailty and sedentary behavior were directly associated with functional disability in the instrumental activities. In the older adults aged between 60 and 69 years old and from 70 to 79 years old, sedentary behavior was associated with greater dependence on the basic activities. Conclusion: the expanded understanding of the factors in the functional disability of the older adults, according to age group, helps the health professional in the development of preventive measures for this disease.

The Mediating Effect of Stress Reactivity in the 18-Year Bidirectional Relationship Between Generalized Anxiety and Depression Severity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Barber ◽  
Nur Hani Zainal ◽  
Michelle G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) often precede and predict one another. Stress reactivity theories of psychopathology posit that patterns of heightened emotional reactions to stressors can result in increased vulnerability to the development of anxiety and depression. However, cross-sectional studies on this topic have hindered causal inferences. Method: The present study examined stress reactivity as a potential mediator of the sequential associations between GAD and MDD symptoms in a sample of 3,294 community-dwelling adults. GAD and MDD symptom severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form) was assessed at two time points (T1 and T3), approximately 18 years apart. Stress reactivity (Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire) was measured at T2. Results: Structural equation mediation modeling demonstrated that higher T1 GAD severity positively predicted more severe T3 MDD symptoms via T2 stress reactivity (d = 0.45–0.50). After controlling for T1 GAD, T2 stress reactivity was not a significant mediator in the relationship between higher T1 MDD symptoms and worse T3 GAD symptoms. Direct effects indicated that T1 GAD positively predicted T3 MDD 18 years later, and vice versa (d = 1.29–1.65). Limitations: Stress reactivity was assessed using a self-report measure, limiting conclusions to perceived (vs. behaviorally indexed) stress reactivity. Conclusions: These findings indicate that stress reactivity may be one mechanism through which GAD leads to later MDD over prolonged durations. Overall, our results suggest that targeting stress reactivity in treatments for GAD may reduce the risk of developing subsequent MDD.

scholarly journals The Moderating Effects of Coping Strategies on Major Depression in the General Population

2002 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
JianLi Wang ◽  
Scott B Pat ten
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
General Population ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
World Health ◽  
Moderating Effects

Objectives: To evaluate the moderating effects of various coping strategies on the as sociation between stressors and the prevalence of major depression in the general population. Methods: Subjects from the Alberta buy- incomponent of the 1994 –1995 National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were included in the analysis ( n = 1039). Each subject was asked 8 questions about coping strategies that dealt with unexpected stress from family problems and personal crises. Major depression was measured using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form (CIDI- SF) for major depression. The im pacts of coping strategies in relation to psychological stres sors on the prevalence of major depression were de ter mined by examining interactions between coping and life stress on major depression using logistic regression modelling. Results: No robust impact of coping strategies in relation to various categories of stress evaluated in the NPHS was observed. There was evidence that the use of “pray and seek religious help” and “talks to others about the situations” as coping strategies by women moderated the risk of major depression in the presence of financial stress and relation ship stress (with a partner). Using emotional expression as a coping strategy by women might de crease the risk of major depression in the presence of 1 or more re cent life events, personal stress, relationship stress (with a partner), and environmental stress. Conclusion: Different coping strategies may have a differential impact on the prevalence of major depression in specific circumstances. These findings may be important both to prevent and to treat depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Stress among medical students: factor structure of the University Stress Scale among Italian students

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e035255
Author(s):  
Igor Portoghese ◽  
Fabio Porru ◽  
Maura Galletta ◽  
Marcello Campagna ◽  
Alex Burdorf
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
The University

ObjectivesThe main purpose of the current study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the University Stress Scale (USS) among Italian medical students.Design, setting and participantsA cross-sectional observational study based on data from an online cross-sectional survey from 11 to 23 December 2018. A total of 1858 Italian medical students participated in the study.Outcome measuresWe measured perceived stress among medical students using the USS, the Effort-Reward Imbalance Student Questionnaire (ERI-SQ) and the Kessler-10 (K10).ResultsResults showed that a bifactor-Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling solution provided excellent levels of fit to the data. Our results suggest that the modified version of 19 items of the Italian version of the USS does not have a simple unidimensional structure. Overall, an inspection of ancillary indices (omega indices, ECV and percentage of uncontaminated correlations) revealed that these were too low to suggest the use of the USS as a composite measure of university stress. We tested an alternative unidimensional short form (eight items; USS-S) that assessed all the five sources of stress. This version provided a good fit to the data. Evidence of convergent validity of the USS-S was observed by analysing the correlations between the USS and ERI-SQ (ranging from −0.34 to 0.37, all p<0.01). Finally, based on the clinical cut-off recommended on the K10, results from receiver operating characteristic showed that considering the clinical cut-off of the USS is 7.5 and that 59.70% of medical students reported stress levels in the clinical range.ConclusionFinally, our results showed a lack of support for using the USS to measure a general university stress factor, as the general USS factor accounted for little variance in our sample. In this sense, stress scores among Italian students can be better assessed by the use of the USS-S.

Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey: Methodology

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 549-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H Boyle ◽  
David R Offord ◽  
Dugal Campbell ◽  
Gary Catlin ◽  
Paula Goering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Data File ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Careful Measurement

Objective: To describe the methodology of a province-wide, cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of psychiatric disorder among those aged 15 years and over living in household dwellings in Ontario. Method: Respondents for the survey were drawn from households (N = 13 002) participating in a province-wide health survey. One person per household was selected, and 9953 (76.5%) participated. Results: Participants and nonparticipants were similar to each other. An extensive array of data, including measures of psychiatric disorder classified using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), are available for all respondents. Conclusions: The Ontario Health Supplement is contained in a public-use data file at the Ontario Ministry of Health and is available to investigators for study. A strong survey design, careful measurement, and acceptable levels of response provide the rationale for our inviting researchers to access and use the Ontario Health Supplement data base.

Biopsychosocial correlates of lifetime major depression in a multiple sclerosis population

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B Patten ◽  
Luanne M Metz ◽  
Marlene A Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Population ◽  
Additional Data Collection

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the lifetime and point prevalence of major depression in a population-based Multiple Sclerosis (MS) clinic sample, and to describe associations between selected biopsychosocial variables and the prevalence of lifetime major depression in this sample. Subjects who had participated in an earlier study were re-contacted for additional data collection. Eighty-three per cent (n=136) of those eligible consented to participate. Each subject completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and an interviewer-administered questionnaire evaluating a series of biopsychosocial variables. The lifetime prevalence of major depression in this sample was 22.8%, somewhat lower than previous estimates in MS clinic populations. Women, those under 35, and those with a family history of major depression had a higher prevalence. Also, subject reporting high levels of stress and heavy ingestion of caffeine (>400 mg) had a higher prevalence of major depression. As this was a cross-sectional analysis, the direction of causal effect for the observed associations could not be determined. By identifying variables that are associated with lifetime major depression, these data generate hypotheses for future prospective studies. Such studies will be needed to further understand the etiology of depressive disorders in MS.

Sleep Mediates Age-Related Executive Function for Older Adults with Limited Cognitive Reserve

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Denise Parker ◽  
Romola S. Bucks ◽  
Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith ◽  
Erica Hodgson ◽  
Lara Fine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sleep Quantity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: Sleep quantity and quality are associated with executive function (EF) in experimental studies, and in individuals with sleep disorders. With advancing age, sleep quantity and quality decline, as does the ability to perform EF tasks, suggesting that sleep disruption may contribute to age-related EF declines. This cross-sectional cohort study tested the hypothesis that poorer sleep quality (i.e., the frequency and duration of awakenings) and/or quantity may partly account for age-related EF deficits. Method: Community-dwelling older adults (N = 184) completed actigraphic sleep monitoring then a range of EF tasks. Two EF factors were extracted using exploratory structural equation modeling. Sleep variables did not mediate the relationship between age and EF factors. Post hoc moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test whether cognitive reserve compensates for sleep-related EF deficits, using years of education as a proxy measure of cognitive reserve. Results: We found a significant interaction between cognitive reserve and the number and frequency of awakenings, explaining a small (approximately 3%), but significant amount of variance in EF. Specifically, in individuals with fewer than 11 years of education, greater sleep disturbance was associated with poorer EF, but sleep did not impact EF in those with more education. There was no association between age and sleep quantity. Conclusions: This study highlights the role of cognitive reserve in the sleep–EF relationship, suggesting individuals with greater cognitive reserve may be able to counter the impact of disturbed sleep on EF. Therefore, improving sleep may confer some protection against EF deficits in vulnerable older adults.

scholarly journals Major Depression Prevalence Increases with Latitude in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Patten ◽  
Jeanne V. A. Williams ◽  
Dina H. Lavorato ◽  
Jian Li Wang ◽  
Andrew G. M. Bulloch
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Postal Code ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level

Objective: To determine whether there is an association between latitude and annual major depressive episode (MDE) prevalence in Canada. Methods: Data from 2 national survey programs (the National Population Health Survey and the Canadian Community Health Survey) were used, providing 10 data sets collected between 1996 and 2013, together including 922,260 respondents, of whom 495,739 were assessed for MDE using 1 of 2 versions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, a short-form version (8 studies), and a Canadian adaptation of the World Mental Health version (2 studies). Approximate latitude was determined by linkage to postal code data. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and pooled across surveys using individual-level meta-analytic methods. Results: In models including latitude as a continuous variable, a statistically significant association was observed, with prevalence increasing with increasing latitude. This association persisted after adjustment for a set of known risk factors. The latitude gradient was modest in magnitude, a 1% to 2% increase in the prevalence odds of MDE per degree of latitude was observed. Due to sparse data, this gradient cannot be confidently generalized beyond major population centres, which tend to occur at less than 55° latitude in Canada. Conclusion: A latitude gradient has not previously been reported. If replicated, the gradient may have implications for the planning of services and generation of aetiological hypotheses. However, this cross-sectional analysis cannot confirm aetiology and could not evaluate the potential contributions of variables such as light exposure, weather patterns, or social determinants.

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