scholarly journals International financial organisations and global child mortality rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Nosrati
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
The World ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

This paper makes a contribution to the sociology and political economy of "successful societies" by investigating how children’s health across the world is impacted by multilateral financial organisations. In particular, I assess the causal effect of domestic policy reforms mandated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on child mortality rates across 176 countries between 1990 and 2017 using instrumental variables. I find that IMF programmes cause up to 90 excess under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births (95% CI: 50–130). This aggregate effect appears to be driven by large-scale privatisation reforms, which cause up to 132 excess child deaths per 1,000 live births (95% CI: 72–191).

scholarly journals Maintaining progress for the most beautiful chart in the world

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon I Hay
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
The World ◽  
Remarkable Progress

Abstract The decline in child mortality over the past two decades has been described as the greatest story in global public health. Indeed, using modern tools and interventions, there has been remarkable progress, reducing deaths in children <5 y of age by nearly half from 2000 to 2017. However, as a consequence of persistent geographic inequalities, we fall short of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to end all preventable child deaths by 2030, with an estimated 44.6 million preventable deaths expected to occur by the target year. This article discusses how we might further improve the downward trend in child mortality over the next decade to end preventable child deaths.

State Reporting of Live Births of Newborns Weighing Less Than 500 Grams: Impact on Neonatal Mortality Rates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-854
Author(s):  
Ann L. Wilson ◽  
Lawrence J. Fenton ◽  
David P. Munson
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that in 1983 65% of all infant deaths in the United States occurred in the neonatal period. Of these reported neonatal deaths, 17% were of infants weighing less than 500 g at birth. There was, however, variation in state-reported incidence of live births of newborns in this weight cohort (0.2 to 2.2 per 1,000 live births). Thé states with the lowest neonatal mortality rate have the lowest incidence of birth weights less than 500 g (ρ = .77). If it is assumed that mortality for this weight category is nearly 100%, there is marked variation (5% to 32%) in the contribution of this weight cohort to a state's total neonatal mortality rate. Contributing to this variation may be definitions of live birth used by states. The World Health Organization defines a live birth as the product of conception showing signs of life "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy" and this definition is used by 33 states. Only one state (Ohio) includes the gestational criteria of "at least 20 weeks" in its definition of live birth. There is evidence to suggest that definitions are not uniformly used within individual states. For example, in 1983, 20 states did not report any live births with weights less than 500 g among their "other" populations of nonwhite, nonblack residents. Half of these states, however, use the World Health Organization definition of live birth. Despite the exclusionary wording in Ohio's definition of live birth, 16% of newborns who died in that state had birth weights less than 500 g. Inconsistency in state definitions and possible variations in reporting live births less than 500 g affect state comparisons of infant and neonatal mortality rates.

Changing Childbirth in Twenty-First-Century South Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-39
Author(s):  
Clémence Jullien ◽  
Roger Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
State Policies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Timely Issue

This introduction sets out why childbirth is a salient and timely issue for South Asia—for example, continuing, relatively high maternal and child mortality rates; growing health inequities within the countries; and new and unprecedented government schemes. It discusses the old challenges and new paradoxes of childbirth in South Asia in a global context, by reviewing the main turning points of state policies of four South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) over the last century. After offering an overview of some main policy reforms, the introduction explores the ambivalent effects of the introduction of new obstetrical technologies (including institutional practices) and the medicalization of childbirth. A third section reflects on the scope and the importance of rights-based approaches in maternal healthcare. The chapter concludes by explaining the structure of the book and briefly introducing each chapter.

scholarly journals Child mortality associated with maternal HIV status: a retrospective analysis in Rwanda, 2005-2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e004398
Author(s):  
Eric Remera ◽  
Frédérique Chammartin ◽  
Sabin Nsanzimana ◽  
Jamie Ian Forrest ◽  
Gerald E Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

IntroductionChild mortality remains highest in regions of the world most affected by HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to assess child mortality rates in relation to maternal HIV status from 2005 to 2015, the period of rapid HIV treatment scale-up in Rwanda.MethodsWe used data from the 2005, 2010 and 2015 Rwanda Demographic Health Surveys to derive under-2 mortality rates by survey year and mother’s HIV status and to build a multivariable logistic regression model to establish the association of independent predictors of under-2 mortality stratified by mother’s HIV status.ResultsIn total, 12 010 live births were reported by mothers in the study period. Our findings show a higher mortality among children born to mothers with HIV compared with HIV negative mothers in 2005 (216.9 vs 100.7 per 1000 live births) and a significant reduction in mortality for both groups in 2015 (72.0 and 42.4 per 1000 live births, respectively). In the pooled reduced multivariable model, the odds of child mortality was higher among children born to mothers with HIV, (adjusted OR, AOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.78). The odds of child mortality were reduced in 2010 (AOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.81) and 2015 (AOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.44) compared with 2005. Other independent predictors of under-2 mortality included living in smaller families of 1–2 members (AOR 5.25; 95% CI 3.59 to 7.68), being twin (AOR 4.93; 95% CI 3.51 to 6.92) and being offspring from mothers not using contraceptives at the time of the survey (AOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.38 to 1.99). Higher education of mothers (completed primary school: (AOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.87) and secondary or higher education: (AOR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.74)) was also associated with reduced child mortality.ConclusionsThis study shows an important decline in under-2 child mortality among children born to both mothers with and without HIV in Rwanda over a 10-year span.

scholarly journals Comparison of child mortality by characteristics at birth in England and in Sweden using linked administrative data

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Zylbersztejn ◽  
Ruth Gilbert ◽  
Anders Hjern ◽  
Pia Hardelid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Administrative Health Databases

ABSTRACT ObjectivesEngland has one of the highest child mortality rates in Western Europe, while Sweden has one of the lowest. These differences suggest that improvements in early life mortality should be achievable in England. However, policy makers need to know when in the life course to target interventions to prevent the largest number of deaths in early life, e.g. by addressing the prevalence of risk factors at birth (such as preterm birth or low birthweight), or improving the care of babies after birth. This study aims to compare child mortality in England and in Sweden using whole country birth cohorts based on linked administrative health databases in order to determine whether the disparities are driven by risk factors operating before or after birth. ApproachWe created birth cohorts from a national birth register (Sweden) and a hospital admission database (England). These were linked to longitudinal hospital data and death registration data. All singleton live births for 2003-2012 were included and followed from birth up to five years. We compared mortality in England and in Sweden using Cox proportional hazard model with characteristics at birth (gestation, birthweight, gender, maternal age, congenital malformations), socio-economic status and country as covariates. ResultsThe study cohort comprised 1,047,192 children in Sweden and 6,117,693 children in England. 2,820 of cohort children died in Sweden (0.3%) and 28,434 in England (0.5%). Preliminary results showed that under-5 mortality was almost twice as high in England as in Sweden (5.1 deaths per 1000 live births, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.0/1000-5.2/1000 vs 3.0/1000, 95% CI: 2.9/1000-3.2/1000). Mortality rates were 45% higher in England during infancy, but only 15% higher in early-childhood (1-4 years). Children with congenital malformations were at similar risk of death in England (33.9/1000, 95% CI: 32.9/1000-34.8/1000) as in Sweden (32.7/1000, 95% CI: 29.5/1000-35.8/1000). The prevalence of congenital malformations, however, was twice as high in England (5.1% vs 2.6%). ConclusionsOur preliminary results suggest that the disparities in early-childhood mortality were partly driven by increased prevalence of congenital malformations in England relative to Sweden, as mortality rates within this group were comparable. Individual-level data from birth cohorts constructed using linked administrative health databases enable comparing mortality among children with the same combinations of risk factors at birth. Such analyses can inform policy makers whether resources to prevent early-life mortality are most effectively targeted at improving the health of pregnant women, neonatal care, or supporting families with young children.

scholarly journals The proliferation of informal sector activities in Congo: Case of the city of Brazzaville

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2322-2328
Author(s):  
NZOUSSI KEVIN ◽  
Li Jiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions ◽  
Everyday Problems ◽  
The City ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The underground of the countries of Africa south of the Sahara is full of enormous potentialities and raw materials of all kinds. But the population of Africa in general and of Africa south of the Sahara, in particular, remains the poorest in the world. A contrast which can be justified by the political and economic instability, the corollary of which is poor management, the drop in the standard of living. The economic potential of these countries does not reflect the level of populations that generally languish in enormous poverty without real livelihoods. Beginning in the 1980s, a large-scale economic crisis shook virtually all African countries because of the stringent restrictions and measures imposed by the Bretton Woods institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In order to cope with the increasingly difficult living conditions, the populations of which were the main victims, that is to say, the populations will gradually organize themselves and several activities will emerge. These activities are part of the informal sector. It is, therefore, a sector that brings together unemployed people looking for employment and societal well-being who organize themselves to face everyday problems. This means that it is a lucrative sector that is constantly absorbing unemployment in Congo in general and Brazzaville in particular.

scholarly journals Child mortality in England during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-320899
Author(s):  
David Odd ◽  
Sylvia Stoianova ◽  
Tom Williams ◽  
Vicky Sleap ◽  
Peter Blair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Preceding Period ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

ObjectivesUsing the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD), this work aims to investigate and quantify the characteristics of children dying of COVID-19, and to identify any changes in rate of childhood mortality during the pandemic.DesignWe compared the characteristics of the children who died in 2020, split by SARS-CoV-2 status. A negative binomial regression model was used to compare mortality rates in lockdown (23 March–28 June), with those children who died in the preceding period (6 January–22 March), as well as a comparable period in 2019.SettingEngland.ParticipantsChildren (0–17 years).Main outcome measuresCharacteristics and number of the children who died in 2020, split by SARS-CoV-2 status.Results1550 deaths of children between 6th of January and 28 June 2020 were notified to the NCMD; 437 of the deaths were linked to SARS-CoV-2 virology records, 25 (5.7%) had a positive PCR result. PCR-positive children were less likely to be white (37.5% vs 69.4%, p=0.003) and were older (12.2 vs 0.7 years, p<0.0006) compared with child deaths without evidence of the virus. All-cause mortality rates were similar during lockdown compared with both the period before lockdown in 2020 (rate ratio (RR) 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02)) and a similar period in 2019 (RR 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13)).ConclusionsThere is little to suggest that there has been excess mortality during the period of lockdown. The apparent higher frequency of SARS-CoV-2-positive tests among children from black, Asian and minority ethnic groups is consistent with findings in adults. Ongoing surveillance is essential as the pandemic continues.

scholarly journals Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Nature ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 574 (7778) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Burstein ◽  
Nathaniel J. Henry ◽  
Michael L. Collison ◽  
Laurie B. Marczak ◽  
Amber Sligar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Survival ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Considerable Success ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.

scholarly journals Baseline Socio-Demographic and Mortality Profile of a Peri-urban Coastal Community in Karachi, Pakistan Before the Introduction of a Comprehensive Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Intervention Package

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas ◽  
Kanwal Nayani ◽  
Ameer Muhammad ◽  
Yasir Shafiq ◽  
Benazir Baloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Intervention Package ◽  
Newborn And Child Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
And Child Health

Abstract Objective Pakistan has the highest neonatal mortality rate and one of the highest under-5 mortality rates in the world, at 42 deaths and 74 deaths per thousand live births respectively. We undertook implementation of an evidence-based maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) intervention package to reduce under-five mortality in Rehri Goth, a peri-urban coastal community on the outskirts of Karachi, Pakistan. This paper aims to present the socio-demographic and under-5 mortality profile of Rehri Goth prior to implementation of the intervention package. We conducted a detailed census of all households on socio-demographic variables. ResultsOver the course of the census period, 6,962 households were visited. The total population of Rehri Goth was found to be 42,980. The male to female ratio was 52:48. Among adults aged 15 years and above, 67.1% had no formal education. The neonatal mortality and under-five mortality rates were 59 and 109 deaths per 1,000 live births respectively. Rehri Goth has a baseline child mortality rate that is higher than the national average in Pakistan. This provides an opportunity to deliver an evidence-based, targeted MNCH package to reduce child mortality.

Infant and child mortality in Kuwait

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kohli ◽  
Musa'ad Al-Omaim
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Scale Reduction ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Accessibility Of Health Services ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

SummaryThis paper examines the levels, trends and Kuwaiti–non-Kuwaiti differentials in stillbirth, infant and child mortality rates during the 1957–79 period. The present infant mortality rate (33 per 1000) and its component parts are high in contrast to those in more developed countries. But during the last few decades, the rates showed definite decline. The decline in infant and child mortality was rapid between 1955 and 1970 when the infant death rate was about 100 or more per thousand livebirths, but slowed after the infant mortality rates were brought down to around 50 in 1970. The large scale reduction in mortality since 1950 is closely associated with socioeconomic progress and improvements in standards of living as well as wider availability and better accessibility of health services. Kuwait is still in a position where mortality can be reduced further, provided that investment in health and education continues.

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