scholarly journals The proliferation of informal sector activities in Congo: Case of the city of Brazzaville

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2322-2328
Author(s):  
NZOUSSI KEVIN ◽  
Li Jiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions ◽  
Everyday Problems ◽  
The City ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The underground of the countries of Africa south of the Sahara is full of enormous potentialities and raw materials of all kinds. But the population of Africa in general and of Africa south of the Sahara, in particular, remains the poorest in the world. A contrast which can be justified by the political and economic instability, the corollary of which is poor management, the drop in the standard of living. The economic potential of these countries does not reflect the level of populations that generally languish in enormous poverty without real livelihoods. Beginning in the 1980s, a large-scale economic crisis shook virtually all African countries because of the stringent restrictions and measures imposed by the Bretton Woods institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In order to cope with the increasingly difficult living conditions, the populations of which were the main victims, that is to say, the populations will gradually organize themselves and several activities will emerge. These activities are part of the informal sector. It is, therefore, a sector that brings together unemployed people looking for employment and societal well-being who organize themselves to face everyday problems. This means that it is a lucrative sector that is constantly absorbing unemployment in Congo in general and Brazzaville in particular.

Sex in the City that Peter Built: The Demimonde and Sociability in Mid-Eighteenth Century St. Petersburg

Slavic Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-930
Author(s):  
Igor Fedyukin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Associational Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The City

This article uses the materials of the Drezdensha affair, a large-scale investigation of “indecency” in St. Petersburg in 1750, to explore unofficial sociability among the Imperial elite, and to map out the institutional, social, and economic dimensions of the post-Petrine “sexual underworld.” Sociability and, ultimately, the public sphere in eighteenth century Russia are usually associated with loftier practices, with joining the ranks of the reading public, reflecting on the public good, and generally, becoming more civil and polite. Yet, it is the privately-run, commercially-oriented, and sexually-charged “parties” at the focus of this article that arguably served as a “training ground” for developing the habits of sociability. The world of these “parties” provides a missing link between the debauchery and carousing of Peter I's era and the more polite formats of associational life in the late eighteenth century, as well as the historical context for reflections on morality, sexual licentiousness, foppery, and the excesses of “westernization.”

scholarly journals Impact of Globalisation on African and Its Implications to Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. p81
Author(s):  
Titus Ogalo Pacho
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Global Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Globalisation is one of the most powerful worldwide forces transforming society. It dominates today’s world as a major driver of change. Globalisation has brought about an agglomeration of cultures, where diverse cultures not only interact but also sometimes clash. It permeates through all spheres of life including the environment, politics, economy, prosperity, culture, religion, education, and human well-being in societies across the globe. The present “villagization” of the world has greatly affected many African countries in almost all aspects of life. It has done so in both positive and negative ways. With the emergence of a global society, social, cultural, economic, political, technological and environmental events in one part of the world quickly come to be significant for people in other parts of the world. This theoretical paper assesses the impact of globalisation for Africa and its implications to education.

scholarly journals The Method of Cluster Drilling in the Western Ural as the Beginning of the Technical and Economic Revolution in the World Drilling

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Neroslov Alexey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

In 1943, at the height of the Great Patriotic War, the new revolutionary drilling technique with high efficiency was used in Krasnokamsk oilfield of Molotov (Perm) Oblast for the first time in the world – the cluster turbodrilling method. The development of oil industry in Prikamye in the 1940s was associated with certain complications. The main deposits of the Krasnokasmk oilfield discovered before the war turned out to be located due to a number of reasons within the area of industrial and residential construction of the city of Krasnokamsk and under the Kama river and the Paltinskoye swamp close to the city. Conventional drilling methods could not be used for their development. The way out was to use the method of directional drilling that was little known at that moment. The development of the innovative technology in Krasnokamsk oilfield in 1942 was largely due to the involvement of the specialists of the Experimental Turbodrilling Bureau evacuated from Baku. Directional drilling which involved the deviation of the bottom hole (the ultimate lowest point of the well) from the wellhead (the initial uppermost location) by several hundred metres opened up broad opportunities for developing hard-to-recover oil deposits while significantly accelerating and ensuring cost savings of the drilling process. The directional drilling served as the basis for the development in Prikamye of an advanced technology of cluster drilling when several directional wells with different azimuths were drilled from a small well pad. In 1943–1944, cluster drilling was tested and successfully used in Krasnokamsk oilfield. The cluster drilling comprised an entire range of innovative solutions including the movement of assembled drilling rigs without dismantling power equipment. Also, it resulted in the reduction of total labour costs, scope of construction and assembly works, costs of building oilfield roads, power lines and pipelines, and transportation costs. People’s Commissariat of Oil Industry of the USSR initiated a large-scale rollout of the advanced method of cluster drilling in the largest oil-producing regions of the Soviet Union – Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus, and the area of the “second Baku” – Bashkiria, Tatary, and Kuybyshev oblast. The transition to the advanced and cost-saving technology of cluster drilling laid the foundation for the technical and economic revolution of the world drilling practices.

Mediterranean Cropping Systems: The Importance of Their Economic and Environmental Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Maria Pergola ◽  
◽  
Assunta Maria Palese ◽  
Alessandro Persiani ◽  
Pasquale De Francesco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Well Being ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the lives of people, as well as the production and economic systems throughout the world. The flow of raw materials and products, the supply of labor and manpower, and the purchasing power have all been changed to the detriment of individual health and well-being. Such a situation requires placing even more emphasis on the search for virtuous agricultural systems compatible with the goals of economic and environmental development so clearly defined at the world level in the last decades. The present study aimed to assess the environmental and economic performance of some typical Mediterranean crops grown under different agronomical management regimes, such as strawberry, hazelnut, apricot tree, kiwifruit, peach, olive tree, and grapevine, to emphasize the importance of the mentioned issues even in the current pandemic situation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to investigate the environmental profile of the studied crops, while lifecycle costing (LCC) was performed to assess and compare the economic aspects. From the environmental perspective, the hobby-organic olive systems were the most eco-friendly cropping systems, emitting 0.031 to 0.105 kg CO2eq per kg olives, while the organic hazelnut system had the greatest impact (1.001 kg of CO2eq per kg). Apricot, kiwifruit, and peach systems used N and P inputs most effectively, while strawberry systems efficiently used fossil fuels. Olive HO-2, kiwifruit, and peach cropping systems had the lowest budgets, with the costs amounted to 0.12 € kg-1 per fruit for Olive HO-2 and 0.28 € kg-1 per fruit for both kiwifruit and peach. On the contrary, organic strawberry cultivation was the most expensive (4.77 € kg-1). The variability in results due to the large differences between contexts, such as landscape, technical knowledge, and crop management, characterized the studied agricultural systems. To easily identify sustainability classes and to diminish the impact of farming practices, a considerable effort should be expended to combine LCA with LCC, C sequestration estimates, and some other useful indicators for the environmental quality evaluation.

Understanding Homelessness in Neoliberal City: A Study from Delhi

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-297
Author(s):  
Subhamay Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
The Welfare State

‘Homelessness’ is the worst form of urban poverty, and in the wake of neoliberalism it has become more pervasive in cities across the world. Taking the case of Delhi, the study focuses on the making of homelessness, the connotation of being homeless, and the nature of responses from a governing institution to homelessness in the neoliberal city. The study reveals that large scale slum demolition in the last three decades has rendered thousands of people homeless. They are denied of basic human rights and human necessities. They are not even allowed to reside in the open spaces of the city. Governing actors have bypassed their duties by setting up only a ‘few’ night-shelters in the city, most of which remained unoccupied because of several adversities. The study also reveals that homelessness is the outcome of governance failure and the failure of the welfare state. But the structural problem of homelessness is completely overlooked both in policy and by ‘other’ sections of society.

Micro-Dependency: The Cuban Factor in Southern Africa

1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345
Author(s):  
Ali A. Mazrui
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Third World ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
West African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Third World

We accept the proposition that the worst kind of dependency lies in North-South interaction. But emphasizing this dimension should not go to the extent of ignoring other dimensions. It is simply not true that all forms of international dependency concern interactions between the Northern Hemisphere and the South, or between industrialism and sources of raw materials. There are important forms of dependency among industrialized nations themselves. Increasingly, there are also forms of dependency between one country in the Third World and another; or between one region of the Third World and another. Dependency is a form of political castration. For the purposes of this essay, dependency between one country in the Northern Hemisphere and another or between one industrialized state and another, is categorized as macro-dependency. This involves variations in power within the upper stratum of the world system. Macro-dependency is thus upper-horizontal, involving variations in affluence among the affluent, or degree of might among the mighty. Micro-dependency for our purposes here concerns variations of technical development among the under-developed, or relative influence among the weak, or degrees of power among those that are basically exploited. The dependency of some West African countries upon Nigeria, or of some of the Gulf States upon Iran or Saudi Arabia, are cases of micro-dependency. We shall return to this level more fully later, but let us first begin with the phenomenon of macro-dependency.

scholarly journals Gastronomia: cerveja dos sabores amazônicos como elemento atrativo para o turismo em Belém (PA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Almeida Pereira ◽  
Brenda Cristina Moraes Lima ◽  
Diogo Domingos Barata dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Tourism Planning ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Route ◽  
The City ◽  
Craft Beers

O presente trabalho faz reflexões quanto a problemática do entendimento e valorização da gastronomia paraense a partir da apreciação e produção de cervejas artesanais que utilizam insumos regionais, visando destacar a cultura cervejeira e os sabores amazônicos no contexto do turismo. O objetivo é analisar a potencialidade destas bebidas como um produto indutor para o turismo em Belém. Para o alcance dos objetivos, a pesquisa deu-se metodologicamente pelo levantamento bibliográfico documental e pesquisa de campo. A partir da aplicação de questionários tanto para o visitante da cidade de Belém, quanto para população local, à pesquisa de campo também aferiu os empreendimentos de alimentos e bebidas da cidade. Com base nestes procedimentos, contextualiza-se conceitualmente sobre cultura, turismo, gastronomia e cerveja no âmbito mundial, nacional, regional, os quais foram fundamentais para uma reflexão mais abrangente da problemática da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos apontam que as cervejas artesanais dos sabores amazônicos têm um alto potencial atrativo, no entanto, ainda não há planejamento turístico especifico para valorização do produto. Desse modo contribuiu-se com os estudos acerca dessa relação que há entre o turismo e gastronomia na cidade de Belém. Ao final desse trabalho foi sugerida a ampliação da divulgação deste produto para população local, a criação de um roteiro cervejeiro. De modo, a colocar a cidade de Belém na rota mundial das cervejas artesanais. Gastronomy: beer amazonian flavors as attractive element for tourism in Belém (PA, Brazil) ABSTRACT This work entitled “Gastronomy: Beer Amazonian flavors as attractive element for tourism in Belém-Pa” shows how problematic the understanding and valorization of Pará cuisine from the appreciation and production of craft beers using regional raw materials, aiming to highlight the beer culture and the Amazonian flavors. So that aims to analyze the potential of these drinks as an inductor product for tourism in Belém. This work was methodological basis, bibliographic and documentary surveys and field research. From the questionnaires both for the visitor of the city of Belém and for the local population, the field research also gauged the enterprises of food and drinks of the city. Based on these procedures, it is contextualized on culture, tourism, gastronomy and beer in the world, national, regional, which were fundamental for a more comprehensive analysis of the problem of research. The results indicate that the craft beers of Amazonian flavors have an attractive potential, however, there is no specific tourism planning for this product. This research aims to contribute to the studies about the relation between tourism and gastronomy in the city of Belém. At the end of this work it was suggested expanding the dissemination of this product for the local population, creating a Beer route. In order to put Belém in the global route of microbrews. KEYWORDS: Tourism; Gastronomy; Belém; Beer And Flavors Amazon.

scholarly journals YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Oxana Martirosyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Youth Labor Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Mental Well Being

The economic crisis caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to serious long-term consequences for young people around the world, primarily because States have suspended funding for education and a large number of youth projects, and many children and adolescents have not been able to implement their plans for quality education and decent work. The international labour organization conducted a large-scale study on “Youth and COVID-19: impact on jobs, education, rights and mental well-being”, covering 112 countries and 120 thousand respondents. The article presents some results of this study, reflecting the situation in the youth labor market.

scholarly journals Soils in the modern society

2017 ◽  
pp. 304-313
Author(s):  
Stepan Pozniak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
Soil Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Soil

Soils are one of the most important, basic resources that is essential for the creation of a large number of goods and services that are an integral part of the ecosystem and human well-being. Soils, both actively used and others, provide ecosystems services which are important for regulating of the global climate and for large-scale regulation of various natural resources. About 33 % of global soil resources are degraded due to erosion, pollution, compaction, salinization, acidification, dehumidification and other adverse processes associated within appropriate management of ground water resources. About 33 % of global soil resources are degraded due to erosion, pollution, compaction, salinization, acidification, dehumidification and other adverse processes associated with inappropriate management of soil resources. Excessive lowing of the land fund, non-compliance of modern agricultural systems, neglect to agronomic land use norm sand ecology, lack of proper system of soil fertility management contributes to the development of degradation processes. The degradation is almost inevitable companion of humanity for many centuries of its development. Of course there are differences in this process, and they depend on the level of development of society, the understanding of the patterns of soil formation, and the state of the economy. Providing the rational, scientifically grounded use of soil, Ukraine, possessing a huge reserve of soil fertility, may be one of the world leaders in the production of high-quality food products. However, unfortunately, the soil does not occupy a privileged position in society. It is considered exclusively from the utilitarian side as a means of getting of agricultural products. The most important thing for the survival of humanity is the attitude of people to the soil, which is formed by culture, economic and social system of society. In the modern world, when the interconnection of elements in the mechanism of the world economy intensifies and the number of the population is steadily increasing, the management of soil resources plays more important role than ever before. Societies that have almost exhausted their environmental potential are often forced to maximize their crops to feed the population, regardless of the depletion of the soil and the need to protect and preserve it for next generations. Key words: soil, degradation, use of the soils, fertility, ecological crisis, society, soil area.

scholarly journals Perceptions of an Insufficient Government Response at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic are Associated with Lower Mental Well-Being

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiemo Fetzer ◽  
Marc Witte ◽  
Lukas Hensel ◽  
Jon Jachimowicz ◽  
Johannes Haushofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Variation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Mental Well Being

We conducted a large-scale survey covering 58 countries (N = 108,075) at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic—between March 20th and April 7th 2020—to explore how beliefs about citizens’ and government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the actions taken by governments, affected mental well-being. Our analyses reveal three findings. First, many respondents indicate that their country’s citizens and government’s response was insufficient. Second, respondents’ perception of an insufficient public and government response was associated with lower mental well-being. Third, we exploit time variation in country-level lockdown announcements, both around the world and through an event-study in the UK, and find that strong government actions—i.e., announcing a nationwide lockdown—were related to an improvement in respondents’ views of their fellow citizens and government, and to better mental well-being. These findings suggest that policy-makers may not only need to consider how their decisions affect the spread of COVID-19, but also how such choices influence the mental well-being of their population.

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