State Reporting of Live Births of Newborns Weighing Less Than 500 Grams: Impact on Neonatal Mortality Rates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-854
Author(s):  
Ann L. Wilson ◽  
Lawrence J. Fenton ◽  
David P. Munson
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that in 1983 65% of all infant deaths in the United States occurred in the neonatal period. Of these reported neonatal deaths, 17% were of infants weighing less than 500 g at birth. There was, however, variation in state-reported incidence of live births of newborns in this weight cohort (0.2 to 2.2 per 1,000 live births). Thé states with the lowest neonatal mortality rate have the lowest incidence of birth weights less than 500 g (ρ = .77). If it is assumed that mortality for this weight category is nearly 100%, there is marked variation (5% to 32%) in the contribution of this weight cohort to a state's total neonatal mortality rate. Contributing to this variation may be definitions of live birth used by states. The World Health Organization defines a live birth as the product of conception showing signs of life "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy" and this definition is used by 33 states. Only one state (Ohio) includes the gestational criteria of "at least 20 weeks" in its definition of live birth. There is evidence to suggest that definitions are not uniformly used within individual states. For example, in 1983, 20 states did not report any live births with weights less than 500 g among their "other" populations of nonwhite, nonblack residents. Half of these states, however, use the World Health Organization definition of live birth. Despite the exclusionary wording in Ohio's definition of live birth, 16% of newborns who died in that state had birth weights less than 500 g. Inconsistency in state definitions and possible variations in reporting live births less than 500 g affect state comparisons of infant and neonatal mortality rates.

scholarly journals Literature Review The Relationship Of Antenatal Class Towards Mothers’ Knowledge Of DangerousSign During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Kurniati ◽  
Enny Fitriahadi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Complication Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

IN 2013, the World Health Organization, released data in the form of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) worldwide, and the number reached 289,000 per 100, 000 live births, which 99% of cases occurred in developing countries. Research aims to discover the relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of the dangerous sign during pregnancy. The result showed that there is a relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy, From this result, the researcher concludes that antenatal class could increase mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy and may decrease the complication risk during the childbirth.

Retrospective analysis of neonatal deaths secondary to infections in England and Wales, 2013–2015

2020 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-319093
Author(s):  
Godwin Oligbu ◽  
Leila Ahmed ◽  
Laura Ferraras-Antolin ◽  
Shamez Ladhani
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Related Mortality

ObjectiveTo estimate the overall and infection-related neonatal mortality rate and the pathogens responsible using electronic death registrations.DesignRetrospective analysis of national electronic death registrations data.SettingEngland and Wales.PatientsNeonates aged <28 days.Main outcome measuresOverall and infection-related mortality rate per 1000 live births in term, preterm (28–36 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks) neonates; the contribution of infections and specific pathogens; comparison with mortality rates in 2003–2005.ResultsThe neonatal mortality rate during 2013–2015 (2.4/1000 live births; 5095 deaths) was 31% lower than in 2003–2005 (3.5/1000; 6700 deaths). Infection-related neonatal mortality rate in 2013–2015 (0.32/1000; n=669) was 20% lower compared with 2003–2015 (0.40/1000; n=768), respectively. Infections were responsible for 13.1% (669/5095) of neonatal deaths during 2013–2015 and 11.5% (768/6700) during 2003–2005. Of the infection-related deaths, 44.2% (296/669) were in term, 19.9% (133/669) preterm and 35.9% (240/669) extremely preterm neonates. Compared with term infants (0.15/1000 live births), infection-related mortality rate was 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.7 to 7.2) higher in preterm (0.90/1000) and 188-fold (95% CI 157 to 223) higher in extremely preterm infants (28.7/1000) during 2013–2015. A pathogen was recorded in 448 (67%) registrations: 400 (89.3%) were bacterial, 37 (8.3%) viral and 11 (2.4%) fungal. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was reported in 30.4% (49/161) of records that specified a bacterial infection and 7.3% (49/669) of infection-related deaths.ConclusionsOverall and infection-related neonatal mortality rates have declined, but the contribution of infection and of specific pathogens has not changed. Further preventive measures, including antenatal GBS vaccine may be required to prevent the single most common cause of infection-related deaths in neonates.

scholarly journals The Mystery of low COVID-19 Mortality rate in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1180-1182
Author(s):  
Archana Sonone ◽  
Alka Hande ◽  
Madhuri Gawande ◽  
Swati Patil
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
Global Population

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization.  It has  ruined the global population by striking the health of individuals. It is an extremely contagious disease and has caused a high rate of mortality, specifically in high-risk individuals. The pattern of infection and mortality rates has been diverse considerably among countries. Unexpectedly, more affluent countries with greater healthcare facilities have been more affected by it and have seen higher mortality rates, compared to less affluent countries like India and other Southeast Asian nations. In India, the mortality rate due to COVID -19 is comparatively less (2.87%) as compared to the rest part of the world. (6.45%) There are various factors which are related to mortality in COVID-19 pandemics, such as age and immune status of the patient, food culture, geographical condition and status of vaccination.  India’s health system has also come up with evidence-based guidelines that assisted in bringing in a resemblance of consistency in-patient care across the country. Association with private providers and improvement of testing modalities and guidance on isolation and quarantine, All these factors to be studied in detail which further may be used as therapeutics modalities to fight against the severity of COVID-19 from which we can save millions of life.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pediatric mortality rates are heterogenous between countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Gonzalez-Garcia ◽  
America Liliana Miranda-Lora ◽  
Jorge Mendez-Galvan ◽  
Javier T Granados-Riveron ◽  
Jaime Nieto-Zermeno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Mortality Disparities ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Severe COVID-19 is infrequent in children, with a lethality rate of about 0.08%. This study aims to explore differences in the pediatric mortality rate between countries. Methods: Countries with populations over 5 million that report COVID-19 deaths disaggregated data by quinquennial or decennial age groups were analyzed. Data were extracted from COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Age Database, national ministries of health, and the World Health Organization. Results: 23 countries were included in the analysis. Pediatric mortality varied from 0 to 12.1 deaths per million people of the corresponding age group, with the highest rate in Peru. In most countries, deaths were more frequent in the 0-4 years old age group, except for Brazil. The pediatric/ general COVID-19 mortality showed a great variation between countries and ranged from 0 (Republic of Korea) to 10.4% (India). Pediatric and Pediatric/general COVID mortality have a strong correlation with 2018 neonatal mortality (r=0.77, p<0.001 and r= 0.88, p<0.001 respectively), while it has a moderate or absent (r=0.47, p=0.02 and r=0.19, p=0.38, respectively) correlation with COVID-19 mortality in the general population. Conclusions: There is an important heterogenicity in pediatric COVI-19 mortality between countries that parallels historical neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is a known index of the quality of a country s Health System which points to the importance of social determinants of health in pediatric COVID-19 mortality disparities, an issue which should be further explored.

scholarly journals MATERNAL COMPLIANCE IN POSTPARTUM VISITS IN PULAU BULUH VILLAGE BULANG DISTRICT, BATAM CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Efilona Setri ◽  
Mohd. Faisyal Reza
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background : According to the World Health Organization (WHO), maternal mortality is still quite high, every day around the world around 800 women die from complications during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. In 2013, 289,000 women died during and after pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium. Between 1990 and 2013, the global maternal mortality rate (i.e. the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) decreased by only 2.6% per year. This figure is still far from the target of reducing the annual MMR (5.5%) needed to achieve the 5th MDG target (Andiani, and Retno, 2014). Method : The research objective was to determine the compliance of mothers in conducting postpartum visits. Result : Results of the Research on Maternal Compliance in Postpartum Visits Postpartum Visits in Pulau Buluh Village, Bulang District, Batam City It was found that maternal post-partum visits in Pulau Buluh Village consisted of 35 respondents, namely 19 respondents (54%) postnatal visits were obedient, and 16 respondents (46 %) postpartum visits are non-compliant Conclusion : It is known that 19 (54%) of the respondent's frequency distribution of Compliance Postpartum visits are complete and 16 (46%) respondents who are incomplete during postpartum visits

Infant Mortality: Some International Comparisons

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

Comparison of infant mortality rates (IMRs) among the world's countries requires assessment of completeness and accuracy of data. The United Nations Statistical Office classifies as "C", complete, meaning at least 90% of events are actually recorded, 1994 data supplied by 80 governments, comprising one fourth of the world's population, ie, 1 450 000 000 people, and as incomplete the other three fourths, 4 180 000 000. All the "C" countries officially accept the World Health Organization definition of a live birth (any product of gestation showing any sign of life), but it has been argued that some countries routinely report as stillbirths infants counted as live births in the United States (US), thus understating their IMRs. In 1994, 22 countries had IMRs varying from 4.2 for Japan to 8.0 for the US, a remarkable achievement in the light of IMRs of 124.0 and 60.0 for these two countries in 1930. Compensating for possible underreporting of live births by excluding all deaths in the first hour of life would reduce the US IMR to about 7, still higher than 17 other countries. Between 1930 and 1994 the IMR in the US declined more slowly than several other countries, particularly during the time period 1951 through 1965, when the US rate declined by 16% and the Japanese rate, for instance, declined by 68%. Between 1983 and 1994, decline in Puerto Rico was slower than in Chile, Cuba, and the US. IMRs in all the "C" countries are lower than the US rate was in 1930. IMRs in most of the world, estimated from surveys and special studies, vary from 27 to 190. Correlation studies suggest that a high rate of teenage pregnancies has relatively little effect on IMRs but that high total fertility rates are accompanied by high infant mortality.

scholarly journals The Trend of Children Mortality Rates in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Sani Rachman Soleman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Children mortality rates describe the health services’ quality as indicators of each countries’ welfare, particularly in Indonesia. Several factors were determined as the main contributors of mortality, such as neonatal factors, maternal, environment and health services. The important of this research is to give recommendation to the government of Indonesia to propose some policies in handling of the increasing children mortality and modifying underlying disease as contributor mortality among children in Indonesia. The design of this study is cross sectional. The data was taken from World Health Organization Maternal Child Epidemiology Estimation from 2000 to 2017. There were three main categories : neonatal mortality rate (NND), post neonatal mortality rate (PND) and under five mortality rate (UFIVE). The leading causes of mortality were searched according to those categories and followed by descriptive analysis by line graphs. According to the data that had been found, there was declining on  NND (102.700 to 60.986), PND (138.553 to 63.471), UFIVE (241.253 to 124.457). The children mortality tend to decline at the range of 17 years, meanwhile the highest mortality among the three of groups are : premature birth in neonates, ARI in post neonates and premature birth in under five children.  In conclusion, the trend of three parameters of children mortality declined within 17 years. On several cases, there were outbreak of injury on 2004 and fluctuation of measles incident among infant and under five children. Premature birth and ARI have the highest prevalence among children in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Infant mortality: comparison between two birth cohorts from Southeast and Northeast, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdinar S Ribeiro ◽  
Antônio A M Silva ◽  
Marco A Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Vânia M F Aragão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

Health for All and Primary Health Care, 1978–2018: A Historical Perspective on Policies and Programs Over 40 Years

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Rifkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

In 1978, at an international conference in Kazakhstan, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund put forward a policy proposal entitled “Primary Health Care” (PHC). Adopted by all the World Health Organization member states, the proposal catalyzed ideas and experiences by which governments and people began to change their views about how good health was obtained and sustained. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (as it is known, after the city in which the conference was held) committed member states to take action to achieve the WHO definition of health as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Arguing that good health was not merely the result of biomedical advances, health-services provision, and professional care, the declaration stated that health was a human right, that the inequality of health status among the world’s populations was unacceptable, and that people had a right and duty to become involved in the planning and implementation of their own healthcare. It proposed that this policy be supported through collaboration with other government sectors to ensure that health was recognized as a key to development planning. Under the banner call “Health for All by the Year 2000,” WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund set out to turn their vision for improving health into practice. They confronted a number of critical challenges. These included defining PHC and translating PHC into practice, developing frameworks to translate equity into action, experiencing both the potential and the limitations of community participation in helping to achieve the WHO definition of health, and seeking the necessary financing to support the transformation of health systems. These challenges were taken up by global, national, and nongovernmental organization programs in efforts to balance the PHC vision with the realities of health-service delivery. The implementation of these programs had varying degrees of success and failure. In the future, PHC will need to address to critical concerns, the first of which is how to address the pressing health issues of the early 21st century, including climate change, control of noncommunicable diseases, global health emergencies, and the cost and effectiveness of humanitarian aid in the light of increasing violent disturbances and issues around global governance. The second is how PHC will influence policies emerging from the increasing understanding that health interventions should be implemented in the context of complexity rather than as linear, predictable solutions.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC DEFINITIONS OF STUDYING VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE JUNIOR SPECIALISTS IN NURSING IN COLLEGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
М. R. Demianchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
World Health ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The article argues that nowadays a well-established conceptual and terminological apparatus, whose origins have deep historical roots, in modern vocational training of future specialists in nursing of different qualification levels, is used. On the basis of theoretical analysis of scientific literary sources and conceptual and terminological synthesis has been established that definition of “nurse” comes from Latin “nutricius”,which means caring for those who suffer. On the basis of comparative analysis the comparative-historical way of becoming nurse profession has been reflected.The basis is a five-stage periodization of the formation and development of nursing (by M. Shehedyn). It has been concretized that in the prehistoric period, which lasted from ancient times to the V century AD, work that reflected some of the functions of modern nurse was regarded as a spontaneous care, not as a profession; the period of the Middle Ages was marked by the functioning of specialized institutions for the care of sick people; during the Classical period the nursing and Sisters of Charity were born; the Neoclassical period was marked by the development of scientific concepts for the organization of the system of training nurses; in the Modern period the degree nursing education was introduced. In different historical periods, to indicate the functional characteristics of persons who determine the modern professional activity of nurse, the following terms were used: “deaconess”, “caregiver”, “Sister of Mercy”, “Daughter of Charity”, “nurse”. The recognition of nursing staff by the World Health Organization in 1983 as independent and equal in the health care system, as well as the official definition of “nursing”, which was considered as an activity aimed at addressing individual and public health problems in a changing environmental conditions, became an extremely important event in development of the world nursing.

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