scholarly journals Four Years of Fake News. A Quantitative Analysis of the Scientific Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Scientific Database ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Introduction: Since 2016, “fake news” has been the main buzzword for online misinformation and disinformation. This term has been widely used and discussed by scholars, leading to hundreds of publications in a few years. This report provides a quantitative analysis of the scientific literature on the topic published up to 2020.Methods: Documents mentioning the keyword “fake news” have been searched in Scopus, a large multidisciplinary scientific database. Frequency analysis of metadata and automated lexical analysis of titles and abstracts have been employed to answer the research questions. Results: 2,368 scientific documents mentioned “fake news” in the title or abstract, published by 5,060 authors and 1,225 sources. Until 2016 the number of documents mentioning the term was less than 10 per year, suddenly rising from 2017 (203 documents), and steadily increasing in the following years (477 in 2018, 694 in 2019, and 951 in 2020). Among the most prolific countries are the USA and European countries such as the UK, but also many non-Western countries such as India and China. Computer Science and Social Sciences are the disciplinary fields with the largest number of documents published. Three main thematic areas emerged: computational methodologies for fake news detection, the social and individual dimension of fake news, and fake news in the public and political sphere. There are 10 documents with more than 200 citations, and two papers with a record number of citations (Alcott & Gentzkow, 2017; Lazer et al., 2018).Conclusions: Research on “fake news” keeps on the rise, with a marked upward trend following the 2016 USA Presidential election. Despite having been the subject of debate and also criticism, the term is still widely used. A strong methodological interest in fake news detection through machine learning algorithms emerged, which – it can be argued – can be profitably balanced by a social science approach able to unpack the phenomenon also from a qualitative and theoretical point of view. Although dominated by the USA and other Western countries, the research landscape includes different countries of the world, thus enabling a wider and more nuanced knowledge of the problem. A constantly growing field of study like the one concerning fake news requires scholars to have a general overview of the scientific productions on the topic, and systematic literature reviews can be of help. The variety of perspectives and topics addressed by scholars also means that future analyses will need to focus on more specific topics.

scholarly journals Four years of fake news: A quantitative analysis of the scientific literature

First Monday ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Scientific Database ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
Individual Dimension ◽  
India And China

Since 2016, “fake news” has been the main buzzword for online misinformation and disinformation. This term has been widely used and discussed by scholars, leading to hundreds of publications in a few years. This report provides a quantitative analysis of the scientific literature on this topic by using frequency analysis of metadata and automated lexical analysis of 2,368 scientific documents retrieved from Scopus, a large scientific database, mentioning “fake news” in the title or abstract. Findings show that until 2016 the number of documents mentioning the term was less than 10 per year, suddenly rising from 2017 and steadily increasing in the following years. Among the most prolific countries are the U.S. and European countries such as the U.K., but also many non-Western countries such as India and China. Computer science and social sciences are the disciplinary fields with the largest number of documents published. Three main thematic areas emerged: computational methodologies for fake news detection, the social and individual dimension of fake news, and fake news in the public and political sphere. There are 10 documents with more than 200 citations, and two papers with a record number of citations.

The cost of consent: why healthcare providers must be compliant with the Montgomery principles

2020 ◽  
Vol 102-B (5) ◽  
pp. 550-555
Author(s):  
Nick Birch ◽  
Nick V. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Malpractice Claim ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

The cost of clinical negligence in the UK has continued to rise despite no increase in claims numbers from 2016 to 2019. In the US, medical malpractice claim rates have fallen each year since 2001 and the payout rate has stabilized. In Germany, malpractice claim rates for spinal surgery fell yearly from 2012 to 2017, despite the number of spinal operations increasing. In Australia, public healthcare claim rates were largely static from 2008 to 2013, but private claims rose marginally. The cost of claims rose during the period. UK and Australian trends are therefore out of alignment with other international comparisons. Many of the claims in orthopaedics occur as a result of “failure to warn”, i.e. lack of adequately documented and appropriate consent. The UK and USA have similar rates (26% and 24% respectively), but in Germany the rate is 14% and in Australia only 2%. This paper considers the drivers for the increased cost of clinical negligence claims in the UK compared to the USA, Germany and Australia, from a spinal and orthopaedic point of view, with a focus on “failure to warn” and lack of compliance with the principles established in February 2015 in the Supreme Court in the case of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board. The article provides a description of the prevailing medicolegal situation in the UK and also calculates, from publicly available data, the cost to the public purse of the failure to comply with the principles established. It shows that compliance with the Montgomery principles would have an immediate and lasting positive impact on the sums paid by NHS Resolution to settle negligence cases in a way that has already been established in the USA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):550–555.

scholarly journals Fake news: emotion, belief and reason in selective sharing in contexts of proximity

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Carlos Correia ◽  
Pedro Jerónimo ◽  
Anabela Gradim
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Online Groups ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Media Ecosystem ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Los Grupos ◽  
Traditional Communities

This text addresses the phenomenon of so-called fake news in the new media ecosystem, namely in contexts of increasing influence of populist discourse and action, such as Brazil, the UK, the USA, Italy, among others. It does so by way of some characteristics already implicit in the limited effects theory: a) fake news involves, in a specific way, the participation of its receivers in disseminating and sharing it; b) producers/consumers (prosumers) are involved in contexts of proximity that facilitate selective exposure, perception, and memorization; c) these phenomena are joined by another (selective sharing): the stakeholders share ideas they agree with more intensely. Information bubbles reinforce existing beliefs and predispositions; d) the phenomenon is increased in contexts of proximity, be it geographical proximity provided by regional media or thematic and ideological proximity shared in online groups. Despite this, there is a difference between contexts of proximity in traditional communities and mechanisms of propaganda that have a significant level of organization and ideological polarization.Este texto aborda o fenômeno das chamadas fake news no novo ecossistema midiático, nomeadamente em contextos de aumento da influência do discurso e das ações populistas, como Brasil, Reino Unido, EUA, Itália entre outros, através de algumas características, já implícitas na teoria dos efeitos limitados: a) as fake news implicam, de um modo especial, a participação dos seus receptores na sua divulgação e dispersão; b) os produtores/consumidores (prosumers) estão envolvidos em contextos de proximidade que facilitam a exposição, percepção, memorização seletivas; c) a estes fenômenos acrescenta-se outro (partilha seletiva): os stakeholders compartilham com mais intensidade as ideias com que estão de acordo. As bolhas de informação reforçam crenças e predisposições já existentes; d) o fenômeno agrava-se em contextos de proximidade, seja esta a proximidade geográfica e temática proporcionada nos media regionais, seja a proximidade temática e ideológica partilhadas nos grupos online. Apesar disso, há uma diferença liminar entre os contextos de proximidade em comunidades tradicionais e os mecanismos de propaganda com forte índice de organização e mobilização ideológica.Este texto aborda el fenómeno de las llamadas fake news en el nuevo ecosistema mediático, a saber, en contextos de creciente influencia del discurso y la acción populistas como Brasil, EE.UU., U.K., Italia, entre otros, mediante algunas características implícitas en la teoria de los efectos limitados: a) las fake news implican, de modo especial, la participación de sus receptores en su divulgación y dispersión; b) los productores / consumidores (prosumers) participan en contextos de proximidad que facilitan la exposición, la percepción y la memorización selectiva; c) a estos fenómenos se añade otro (compartición selectiva): los stakeholders, quienes comparten con más intensidad las ideas con que están de acuerdo. Las burbujas de información refuerzan creencias y predisposiciones ya existentes; d) el fenómeno se agrava en contextos de proximidad, es decir, la proximidad geográfica y temática proporcionada en los medios regionales, sea la proximidad temática y ideológica compartida en los grupos online. Apesar de ello, hay una diferencia entre los contextos de proximidad en comunidades tradicionales y los mecanismos de propaganda con fuerte índice de organización y movilización ideológica.

The Psychoanalytical Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismond Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Treatment ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Clinical Theory ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Modern psychodynamic formulations concerning the sexual dysfunctions stem directly from Freud's Three Essays on Sexuality (1905). Amplification and modification of psychoanalytical views since then have provided a further store of observation and clinical theory of personality development and the working of the unconscious mind, from which both behaviourally-, as well as psychoanalytically-orientated workers continue to draw. However, no single unified psychoanalytic theory of sexual dysfunction exists, nor should it at this stage of our understanding. Psychoanalysis continues to be the major source of psycho-dynamic principles in this field; there are three avenues down which progress is being made. The first, which forms the body of this contribution, is the application of psychoanalysis to the psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual dysfunctions. The second is the amalgamation of certain of the techniques and principles of psychoanalysis together with active behavioural practices based on the discoveries of Masters and Johnson and the behavioural therapists. [Singer (1974) in the USA; Robinson and Creed (1980) in the UK]. The third, no less interesting from a psychodynamic point of view is the way in which some modern behavioural learning theory psychologists are finding themselves facing psychodynamic complexities, such as transference, counter-transference, and a growing reliance on talking rather than manipulative procedures. Some behavioural sex-therapists see themselves as psychotherapists (Mackay, 1976). A knowledge of psychodynamics is therefore invaluable whatever one's final clinical approach.

scholarly journals National citation patterns ofNEJM,The Lancet,JAMAandThe BMJin the lay press: a quantitative content analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e018705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Casino ◽  
Roser Rius ◽  
Erik Cobo
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Western World ◽  
Quantitative Content Analysis ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

ObjectivesTo analyse the total number of newspaper articles citing the four leading general medical journals and to describe national citation patterns.DesignQuantitative content analysis.Setting/sampleFull text of 22 general newspapers in 14 countries over the period 2008–2015, collected from LexisNexis. The 14 countries have been categorised into four regions: the USA, the UK, Western World (European countries other than the UK, and Australia, New Zealand and Canada) and Rest of the World (other countries).Main outcome measurePress citations of four medical journals (two American:NEJMandJAMA; and two British:The LancetandThe BMJ) in 22 newspapers.ResultsBritish and American newspapers cited some of the four analysed medical journals about three times a week in 2008–2015 (weekly mean 3.2 and 2.7 citations, respectively); the newspapers from other Western countries did so about once a week (weekly mean 1.1), and those from the Rest of the World cited them about once a month (monthly mean 1.1). The New York Times cited above all other newspapers (weekly mean 4.7). The analysis showed the existence of three national citation patterns in the daily press: American newspapers cited mostly American journals (70.0% of citations), British newspapers cited mostly British journals (86.5%) and the rest of the analysed press cited more British journals than American ones.The Lancetwas the most cited journal in the press of almost all Western countries outside the USA and the UK. Multivariate correspondence analysis confirmed the national patterns and showed that over 85% of the citation data variability is retained in just one single new variable: the national dimension.ConclusionBritish and American newspapers are the ones that cite the four analysed medical journals more often, showing a domestic preference for their respective national journals; non-British and non-American newspapers show a common international citation pattern.

scholarly journals Editorial: An international outlook of corporate governance research

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
Raef Gouiaa ◽  
Alexander Kostyuk
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Research ◽  
And Control

This issue of the journal “Corporate Ownership and Control” is absolutely unique from the point of view of the geodiversity of the research. Thus, having published 16 papers in this issue of the journal we can count the research on corporate governance in the USA, the UK, Norway, Australia, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Greece, Ireland, Poland, France, Brazil, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and others. This provides a very solid vision of the corporate governance national practices worldwide. This issue of the journal proves once again that corporate governance became a global subject for research during the last decade. Scholars from all the countries of the world try to deliver the new research results related to the national markets providing room for further comparison and research and we hope that the readers will enjoy the results of the recently published papers.

The Doctrine of Proper Judicial Protection in Administrative Law (on the Example of Expulsion of Foreign Nationals)

10.12737/2241 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Олег Шерстобоев ◽  
Oleg Sherstoboev
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Complete Model ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Right ◽  
Judicial Protection

Proper judicial protection is an aggregate of legal norms, principles, doctrines that allow maximum guarantee for fair treatment of an administrative dispute, in particular, relating to expulsion of foreign nationals. Among basic means that guarantee a proper settlement of a dispute, one can name the right to appeal the act of public administration, the right to independence of a body, considering the case, the right to qualified legal assistance, competition, completeness of supervision. The author of the article reviews standings of the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the legislation and practice of the USA, Great Britain, Germany and Russia on the issue of judicial protection of foreign nationals, deported from their territory. As a result of the analysis, the author outlines three models of the provided judicial protection: limited, selective and complete. Each model has its pluses and minuses, but from a theoretical point of view the best variant is a complete model of judicial protection.

Illicit finance and money laundering trends in Eurasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Cassella
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Beneficial Ownership ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review recent examples of sophisticated money laundering operations involving financial institutions in Eurasia, including Russia and Moldova, and the resulting flow of licit and illicit capital from that part of the world to the UK, the USA, and other Western countries. Design/methodology/approach Relying on materials from publicly available sources, the study uses several case studies to illustrate various money laundering methods with a view toward identifying common elements and aspects of the schemes that might be considered new or innovative. Findings In particular, the study examines the roles that lax anti-money laundering compliance by financial institutions and the use of shell corporations designed to conceal the beneficial ownership of the companies and their assets have played in virtually all of the money laundering schemes. Originality/value The paper discusses the risks that these emerging money laundering methods pose to Western countries and their financial institutions and the approaches that governments might take to minimize those risks and raise the barriers for the laundering of illicit funds within their jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Трамп, Твиттер и фейковые новости (Trump, Twitter and Fake News)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munadhil Abdul Muqsith ◽  
Rizky Ridho Pratomo ◽  
Valerii L Muzykant
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Active User ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Right

This study aims to provide rationality regarding Donald Trump as a fake news aggregator. Donald Trump's leadership from 2017-2020 is controversial and created a massive wave of fake news. As a populist leader, he often issued statements that confused the public during his reign, causing people's trust in the Trump administration to decline. He made the statement not only on national television but also on social media. Social media is the right political communication funnel for any populist leader when it comes to audience reach. Donald Trump is an active user especially on Twitter and uses it to spread misinformation and disinformation to spread what he calls as a truth. Many statements make Donald Trump worthy of being called a fake news aggregator. This study uses a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Thirty-two samples of Donald Trump's hoax statements that were examined found that the hoaxes spread by him were not limited to just one topic. This research has both theoretical and practical significance. From a theoretical point of view, this research contributes to the development of literature regarding the relationship between hoaxes and populist leaders. In practical terms, this literature contributes to understanding the characteristics of populists and how social media is used as a funnel to spread hoaxes.Keywords: Hoax; Donald Trump; Populism; social media; Twitter.

scholarly journals Challenges of SMR Licensing Practices

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Söderholm
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Small Modular Reactor ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Serial Construction ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level

This paper aims to increase the understanding of high level Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) licensing processes in Finland, France, the UK, Canada and the USA. These countries have been selected for this study because of their different licensing processes and recent actions in new NPP construction. After discussing their similarities and differences, suitable features for Small Modular Reactor licensing can be emphasized and suggested. Some of the studied licensing processes have elements that are already quite well suited for application to SMRs, but all of these different national processes can benefit from studying and implementing lessons learned from SMR specific licensing needs. The main SMR features to take into account in licensing are standardization of the design, modularity, mass production and serial construction. Modularity can be divided into two different categories: the first category is simply a single unit facility constructed of independently engineered modules (e.g., construction process for Westinghouse AP-1000 NPP) and the second is a facility structure composed of many reactor modules where modules are manufactured in factories and installed into the facility as needed (e.g., NuScale Power SMR design). Short construction schedules will not be fully benefitted from if the long licensing process prolongs the commissioning and approach to full-power operation. The focus area of this study is to better understand the possibility of SMR deployment in small nuclear countries, such as Finland, which currently has four operating NPPs. The licensing process needs to be simple and clear to make SMR deployment feasible from an economical point of view. This paper uses public information and interviews with experts to establish the overview of the different licensing processes and their main steps. A high-level comparison of the licensing steps has been carried out. Certain aspects of the aviation industry licensing process have also been studied and certain practices have been investigated as possibly suitable for use in nuclear licensing. All of the current licensing processes were found to be quite heavy and time-consuming and further streamlining could be possible without compromising safety or the need for public participation in the licensing process. Some examples of the modification possibilities for SMR applications are discussed. A profound discussion on SMR-specific licensing models, and on ways to simplify and harmonize them, will be needed in the near future in Europe too. This would be a natural continuation to the harmonization efforts underway for existing and new large reactors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document