scholarly journals Less Equal, Less Trusting? Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Effects of Income Inequality on Trust in U.S. States, 1973–2012

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orestes P Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
State Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Previous Inequality ◽  
Over Time

Does income inequality reduce social trust? Although both popular and scholarly accounts have argued that income inequality reduces trust, some recent research has been more skeptical, noting these claims are more robust cross-sectionally than longitudinally. Furthermore, although multiple mechanisms have been proposed for why inequality could affect trust, these have rarely been tested explicitly. I examine the effect of state-level income inequality on trust using the 1973–2012 General Social Surveys. I find little evidence that states that have been more unequal over time have less trusting people. There is some evidence that the growth in income inequality is linked with a decrease in trust, but these effects are sensitive to how time is accounted for. While much previous inequality and trust research has focused on status anxiety, this mechanism receives the little support, but mechanisms based on social fractionalization and on exploitation and resentment receive some support. This analysis improves on previous estimates of the effect of state-level inequality on trust by using far more available observations, accounting for more potential individual and state level confounders, and using higher-quality income inequality data based on annual IRS tax returns. It also contributes to our understanding of the mechanism(s) through which inequality may affect trust.

scholarly journals Who Feels It? Income Inequality, Relative Deprivation, and Financial Satisfaction in U.S. States, 1973–2012

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orestes P Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
State Level ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Financial Satisfaction ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Tax Returns

Many accounts posit that as income inequality rises, individuals will be less satisfied with their own financial situation as they feel increasingly deprived relative to others—driving these individuals to spend more as they engage in positional competition and increasing their anxieties as position in the income distribution becomes ever more important. I examine if and for whom income inequality reduces financial satisfaction by analyzing the 1973–2012 General Social Surveys linked to state-level administrative data based on tax returns, the Census, and the American Community Survey. I find that higher state-level income inequality decreases financial satisfaction overall, and I further find that this effect is especially pronounced for those in the middle of the income distribution. Counterfactual simulations suggest rising income inequality explains a substantial portion of a four-decade decline in financial satisfaction.

scholarly journals A New State-Level Panel of Annual Inequality Measures Over The Period 1916-2005

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-263
Author(s):  
Mark Frank
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
State Level ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Shaped Pattern ◽  
New Millennium

This paper introduces a new panel of annual state-level income inequalitymeasures over the ninety year period 1916-2005. Among many of the states inequalityfollowed a U-shaped pattern over the past century, peaking both before the GreatDepression and again at the time of the new millennium. The new panel revealssignificant state-level variations, both before the year 1945, and regionally. WhileNortheastern states are strongly correlated with aggregate U.S. trends, we find manyof the Western states have little overall correlation over the past century. The availabilityof this new panel may prove useful to empirical researchers interested in allaspects of income inequality, particularly given the panel’s unusually large numberof both time-series and cross-sectional observations.

scholarly journals Did States With More Social Capital Pre-pandemic Offer Mental Health Protection During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-sectional View

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Nichols Dauner ◽  
Neil A. Wilmot
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
State Level ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Policies And Programs

Abstract Background: Mental health has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, and social capital, as a determinant of health, may serve to buffer those declines. Methods: Building from this, we assessed whether pre-pandemic social capital, which included indicators of social trust, civic participation, and the presence of mask mandates affected pandemic mental health, measured as the percent of the population experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety at the state level. Results: Generalized social trust and state mask mandates were significantly associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety. Conversely, states with greater civic engagement prior to the pandemic experienced more anxiety and depression.Conclusions: Findings suggest that existing social capital, particularly social trust, may protect against anxiety and depression and contribute to community resilience during times of adversity. States should invest in policies and programs that increase social trust.

The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on State-Level Sanctions: An Analysis Over Time

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Nicholson-Crotty
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
State Level ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
American States ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This article argues that the conclusions of previous research on the impact of sentencing guidelines may be misleading due to the cross-sectional methodologies employed in these studies. This study will suggest that a theoretically driven longitudinal analysis of mandatory guidelines offers a more appropriate way to study these policies. Specifically, the author proposes that over time, guidelines that link sentencing decisions to correctional resources help to mitigate prison populations, while those that do not tend to contribute to growth in that area. An analysis of prison populations in the American states between 1975 and 1998 confirms this proposition. The results suggest that mandatory guidelines have increased both commitment and incarceration rates in states where sentencing decisions are not resource driven. Alternatively, when mandatory guidelines are linked to capacity and expenditures, these policies have had either a negative or an insignificant impact on prison populations.

Variation in State-Level Response to School Shootings

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Ramona Sue McNeal ◽  
Mary Schmeida ◽  
Lisa Dotterweich Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Public Support ◽  
State Level ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
School Shooting ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Historically, public demand for gun control in the U.S. spikes after a mass shooting, only to wane in the proceeding months. One consequence has been limited or no changes to existing gun safety laws in many states following a tragedy. This changed in 2018 following the shooting in Parkland, Florida. Public support for gun control legislation following this event did not wane as normal, and 26 states and DC reacted with the passage of stiffer gun control policies. What explains the varying state-level respond to this and other school shooting in the U.S.? In exploring this question, the chapter examines the influence of state-level factors on gun control legislation by exploring the extent of gun control legislation by state for the years 2012 through 2018. Pooled cross-sectional time series data that controls for variation between states and over time is used.

Income Inequality, Mobility, and Turnover at the Top in the US, 1987–2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Auten ◽  
Geoffrey Gee ◽  
Nicholas Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Over Time

While cross-sectional data show increasing income inequality in the United States, it is also important to examine how incomes change over time. Using income tax data, this paper provides new evidence on long-term and intergenerational mobility, and persistence at the top of the income distribution. Half of those aged 35-40 in the top or bottom quintile in 1987 remain there in 2007; the others have moved up or down. While 30 percent of dependents aged 15-18 from bottom quintile households are themselves in the bottom quintile after 20 years, most have moved up. Persistence is lower in the highest income groups.

Two Multilevel Modeling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Fairbrother
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
European Values ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Over Time

Increasing numbers of comparative survey datasets span multiple waves. Moving beyond purely cross-sectional analyses, multilevel longitudinal analyses of such datasets should generate substantively important insights into the political, social and economic correlates of many individual-level outcomes of interest (attitudes, behaviors, etc.). This article describes two simple techniques for extracting such insights, which allow change over time in y to be a function of change over time in x and/or of a time-invariant x. The article presents results from simulation studies that assess the techniques in the presence of complications that are likely to arise with real-world data, and concludes with applications to the issues of generalized social trust and postmaterialist values, using data from World/European Values Surveys.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

scholarly journals Analysis of 220 Years of Floodplain Population Dynamics in the US at Different Spatial Scales

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Firoza Akhter ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoleni ◽  
Luigia Brandimarte
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

In this study, we explore the long-term trends of floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales in the contiguous United States (U.S.). We exploit different types of datasets from 1790–2010—i.e., decadal spatial distribution for the population density in the US, global floodplains dataset, large-scale data of flood occurrence and damage, and structural and nonstructural flood protection measures for the US. At the national level, we found that the population initially settled down within the floodplains and then spread across its territory over time. At the state level, we observed that flood damages and national protection measures might have contributed to a learning effect, which in turn, shaped the floodplain population dynamics over time. Finally, at the county level, other socio-economic factors such as local flood insurances, economic activities, and socio-political context may predominantly influence the dynamics. Our study shows that different influencing factors affect floodplain population dynamics at different spatial scales. These facts are crucial for a reliable development and implementation of flood risk management planning.

scholarly journals Changing landscape of nutrition and dietetics research? A bibliographic analysis of top-tier published research in 1998 and 2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sze Lin Yoong ◽  
Jacklyn Jackson ◽  
Courtney Barnes ◽  
Nicole Pearson ◽  
Taren Swindle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Nutrition And Dietetics ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Research Type ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective: The current study sought to describe and compare study type, research design and translation phase of published research in nutrition and dietetic journals in 1998 and 2018. Design: This was a repeat cross-sectional bibliographic analysis of Nutrition and Dietetics research. All eligible studies in the top eight Nutrition and Dietetics indexed journals in 1998 and 2018 were included. Two independent reviewers coded each study for research design (study type and study design) and translation phase (T0-T4) of the research using seminal texts in the field. Setting: Not relevant. Participants: Not relevant. Results: The number of publications (1998, n 1030; 2018, n 1016) has not changed over time, but the research type, design and translation phases have. The proportion of intervention studies in 1998 (43·8 %) was significantly higher than 2018 (19·4 %). In 2018, more reviews (46·9 % v. 15·6 % in 1998) and less randomised trials (14·3 % v. 37·8 % in 1998) were published. In regard to translation phase, there was a higher proportion of T2–T4 research in 2018 (18·3 % v. 3·8 % in 1998); however, the proportion of T3/T4 (dissemination, implementation and population-level research) research was still low (<3 %). Our sensitivity analysis with the four journals that remained in the top eight journal across the two time periods found no differences in the research type, design and translation phases across time. Conclusions: There was a reduction in intervention and T0 publications, alongside higher publication of clinical study designs over time; however, published T3/T4 research in Nutrition and Dietetics is low. A greater focus on publishing interventions and dissemination and implementation may be needed.

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