Antilithiatic potential of Vernonia cinerea against calcium oxalate calculi in experimental rats

Objectives: The present manuscript was focused on evaluating the antilithiatic potential of Vernonia cinerea extract (VCE) against calcium oxalate calculi using experimental model. Methods: The drinking water containing ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) and ammonium chloride (1% w/v) was used to induce hyperoxaluria in Wistar rats. Thirty-six rats, divided into following six groups (each containing six animals), were treated with vehicle (normal control), ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride (urolithic), Neeri (standard), 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, VCE (tests). The experimental protocol involved the estimation of different biochemical parameters in urine, serum, kidney homogenates, and histopathological examinations of the kidney. Results: The urolithic rats showed the presence of oxalate crystals in renal tubules and significant changes in biochemical parameters like decreased creatinine clearance, increased urinary levels of oxalates, urea, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, proteins, decreased urinary magnesium levels; increased serum levels of urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase; increased calcium, phosphorus, and oxalate contents in kidney homogenates. It altered the renal architecture and impaired the functions. The extract significantly (p< 0.05) reversed the biochemical changes in urine, serum and kidney homogenates in a dose-dependent manner. It improved the renal functions as indicated by improved creatinine clearance, reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity and restoration of renal architecture towards normal. Conclusions: Vernonia cinerea showed significant antilithiatic potential against oxalate calculi in glycolated rats.

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Exploring Antiurolithic Effects of Gokshuradi Polyherbal Ayurvedic Formulation in Ethylene-Glycol-Induced Urolithic Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/763720 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amol L. Shirfule ◽

Venkatesh Racharla ◽

S. S. Y. H. Qadri ◽

Arjun L. Khandare

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Gokshuradi Yog (GY)is a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation used traditionally for several decades in India for the treatment of urolithiasis. The aim of the present study was to determine the underlying mechanism ofGYaction in the management of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. The effect ofGokshuradi polyherbal aqueous extracts(GPAEs) was studied on various biochemical parameters involved in calcium oxalate formation by employingin vitroandin vivomethods.GPAEexhibited significant antioxidant activity against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and inhibited lipid peroxidation in thein vitroexperiments. The rat model of urolithiasis induced by 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% ammonium chloride (AC) in water caused polyuria, weight loss, impairment of renal function, and oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in untreated control groups. However,GPAE-(25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) treated groups caused diuresis accompanied by a saluretic effect and revealed significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities along with decreased oxalate synthesizing biochemical parameters at higher doses. This study revealed the antiurolithic effect ofGPAEmediated possibly through inhibiting biochemical parameters involved in calcium oxalate formation, along with its diuretic and antioxidant effects, hence supporting its use in the treatment of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

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Infection of sheep with Strongyloides papillosus: The effect of intensity of parasitic infection as well as therapy with albendazole on certain biochemical parameters in the blood of sheep

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1502041d ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (1-2) ◽

pp. 41-61

Author(s):

Blagoje Dimitrijevic ◽

Slavoljub Jovic ◽

Milanka Jezdimirovic ◽

Dragan Bacic ◽

Mila Savic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Total Protein ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Total Bilirubin ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Total Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Growth Trend ◽

Calcium Phosphorus

The objective of this work was to investigate certain biochemical parameters in the blood of sheep in conditions of different intensity of parasitic infection with Strongyloides papillosus, and also after the therapy with albendazole. The research was carried out on the sheep of Wurtemberg breed (n = 30) in which there was determined low, medium and high intensity of parasitic infection with S. papillosus. The control group (n = 10) consisted of the sheep that were negative to the presence of the parasitic infection. The degree and type of changes were monitored by determining the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, Albumin/Globulin ratio, AST, urea, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) total activity and isoenzyme distribution LDH1-5. On the basis of the obtained results it was concluded, through isoenzyme distribution of lactate dehydrogenase, that parasitic infection with S. papillosus can cause damage to the liver, heart muscle and lungs, while after the therapy with albendazole, the most affected organ is the liver. The concentration of glucose, total protein and albumin linearly decreased with the increase of intensity of the parasitic infection (p < 0,05), and after the therapy with albendazole, a drop in concentration of these parameters was at a statistically significantly higher level (p< 0,01). AST activity as well as the concentration of urea and total bilirubin grew linearly along with the intensity of the parasitic infection (p < 0,05). After the therapy with ABZ, AST activity and concentration of total bilirubin were at a statistically significantly higher level (p < 0,001), while urea concentration kept the same level as in the case of the parasitic infection. The values of calcium concentration (p > 0,05) as well as phosphorus (p < 0,05) linearly decreased with the parasitic infection intensity growth. Trend towards the decline of the concentration of these macroelements continues even after the therapy with albendazole (p < 0,001). Considering our previous research in the field of oxidative stress, a phenomenon that is fundamentally related to the changes determined in this work, we strongly recommend that besides antihelmintics, preparations with antioxidative properties should be used in antiparasitic protocols as well. This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/VETGL190125001E">10.2298/VETGL190125001E</a>

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Targeting the antiurolithiatic activity by entrapping the bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus in chitosan nanoparticles on ethylene glycol induced renal calculi in Wister albino rats

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 5867-5875

Author(s):

Kishore Bandarapalle ◽

Prasanna Raju Yalavarthi ◽

Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Renal Calculi ◽

Asparagus Racemosus ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Antioxidant Parameters

The objective of our research is to investigate the antiurolithiatic intervention of bioactive compounds of Asparagus racemosus loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (BACARNPs) on ethylene glycol engendered renal calculi in male Wister rats. The efficiency of bioactive compounds of A. racemosus (BACAR) at 800 mg/kg p.o and BACARNPs at 800 mg equivalent weight of BACAR/kg p.o was validated in ethylene glycol 0.75% (v/v) and ammonium chloride 1% (w/v) mediated renal calculi in rats. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) has been used as a standard drug. Urinary variables comprise calcium, magnesium, oxalate, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine, urine pH, urine volume, and Creatinine clearance; Serum parameters include creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium and uric acid; calcium and oxalate deposition in the kidney were assessed. In vivo antioxidant parameters include lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were determined and histopathological studies were also examined. In both control groups, a substantial increase in urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and their intensification in the kidney; enhanced amounts of phosphate, uric acid, and reduced magnesium levels in urine; elevated serum creatinine, BUN, calcium and uric acid; Creatinine clearance was declined were observed and normalized in treated groups. In vivo antioxidant parameters and histopathological variations reinstated to conventional form. Chitosan serves as a ligand to renal epithelial cells leads to improved agglomeration of BACAR in kidney compared to BACAR administered solitarily results in increased antiurolithiatic activity.

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EVALUATION OF ANTINEPHROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF MALLOTUS PHILIPPINENSIS LINN. IN RATS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.54.09.10865 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (09) ◽

pp. 77-82

Author(s):

S. K. Shah ◽

◽

K. R Patel ◽

T. V. Patel ◽

T. B. Patel

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Rat Model ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Kidney Damage ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Protective Group ◽

Kidney Homogenate ◽

Model Control

The present study was aimed to evaluate antinephrolithiatic activity of alcoholic extract of Mallotus philippinensis Linn. on ethylene glycol (0.75% V/V) induced nephrolithiasis in rat model. The leaves of Mallotus philippinensis Linn. were extracted and antinephrolithiatic activity was evaluated at the dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg b.w., p.o. Treatment with alcoholic leaves extract of Mallotus philippinensis decreased levels of calcium oxalate, phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate. Serum levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid were also decreased significantly in curative as well as protective group as compared to model control rats. The alcoholic extract of Mallotus philippinensis Linn. at the dose of 500 mg/kg showed no microcrystalline deposition and kidney damage which enables us to confirm the protective and curative potential of Mallotus philippinensis Linn. on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in rats. It can be concluded that alcoholic leaves extract of Mallotus philippinensis possess a significant antinephrolithiatic activity.

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The effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of watermelon and Persian melon rind on kidney stone prevention in male Wistar rats: Alternative medicine and the role of physician and nurse

Journal of Renal Injury Prevention ◽

10.34172/jrip.2021.27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. e27-e27

Author(s):

Leila Mahmood Nia ◽

Saba Najafi Dehkordi ◽

Majid Shirani ◽

Ali Hasanpour Dehkordi

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Histological Study ◽

Urine Volume ◽

Potassium Citrate ◽

High Dose ◽

Watermelon Rind ◽

Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: Both watermelon and Persian melon extracts have various pharmacological properties like anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-urolithiasis effects. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of watermelon and Persian melon rind on kidney stone prevention in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six Wister rats were randomly divided into seven groups and treated for 28 days. The first group (healthy control) and the second group (negative control) received drinking water and water containing 1% ethylene glycol, respectively. The third and fourth groups, received 100 mg/kg/d hydroalcoholic extract of watermelon rind and Persian melon rind, respectively in addition to 1% ethylene glycol. The fifth and sixth groups, received 400 mg/kg/d hydroalcoholic extract of watermelon rind and Persian melon rind, respectively in addition to 1% ethylene glycol. The seventh group received 0.5 mEq/kg/d potassium citrate in addition to 1% ethylene glycol for prevention and treatment of kidney stone. A 24-hour urine collection was conducted to determine the levels of sodium, calcium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate concentration. Histological study of calcium oxalate crystals was also performed. The serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, SGPT (serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase), SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) of blood were determined accordingly. Results: In the present study, administration of high-dose extract of watermelon and Persian melon rind (400 mg/kg/d) and potassium citrate showed significant changes in variables of sodium, calcium, uric acid, citrate, urine volume (P<0.01), blood creatinine, blood uric acid, blood calcium, and serum SGPT (P<0.05). The histological study of calcium oxalate crystals showed a significant reduction in oxalate levels in all prevention groups. Conclusion: The extracts of watermelon and Persian melon rind are effective in preventing calcium oxalate stones by decreasing the levels of oxalate, sodium, and calcium and increasing citrate levels and urine volume and affecting the total antioxidant capacity. Persian melon rind extract was more effective than potassium citrate and watermelon rind extract in reducing urine sodium. High-dose watermelon rind extract showed similar effects as potassium citrate.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Endoscopic and histologic findings in a cohort of uric acid and calcium oxalate stone formers.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.725358332.793504447 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Walter Strohmaier

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽

Stone Formers

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Phytotherapy and Herbal Medicines for Kidney Stones

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450121666200929115555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 22-30

Author(s):

Esteban Emiliani ◽

Adrian Jara ◽

Andres Koey Kanashiro

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Uric Acid Stones

Background: Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract with a prevalence that varies from 1% to 20%. Many phytotherapic and herbal medicines for kidney stones have been described for their treatment and prevention. Objective: The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive review of several phytotherapic and herbal medicines published including clinical and animal studies. Results: Phytotherapy may influence the risk of recurrence in calcium oxalate and uric acid stones. The most solid evidence suggest that Phyllanthus niruri is one of the most studied components that appear to interfere with the calcium oxalate crystallization, reduced hyperoxaluria and hiperuricosuria and increased shock wave lithotripsy efficacy due to reduced crystallization without significant adverse effects, also Theobromine have shown to reduce the crystallization of uric acid in patients and appears to be a promising supplement to treat such stones. Conclusion: Many phytoterapic and herbal agents have been studies to treat and present urolithiasis, most of them only with studies of small number of patients or in animal models. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effect of these agents in kidney stones.

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Excretion of urine extracellular vesicles bearing markers of activated immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology differ between calcium kidney stone formers and non-stone formers

BMC Nephrology ◽

10.1186/s12882-021-02417-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiqing Zhang ◽

Sanjay Kumar ◽

Muthuvel Jayachandran ◽

Loren P. Herrera Hernandez ◽

Stanley Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽

Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽

Phosphorus Excretion ◽

Stone Formers ◽

Calcium Phosphorus

Abstract Backgrounds: Previous studies have demonstrated that excretion of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different nephron segments differs between kidney stone formers and non-stone formers (NSFs), and could reflect pathogenic mechanisms of urinary stone disease. In this study we quantified selected populations of specific urinary EVs carrying protein markers of immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology in calcium oxalate stone formers (CSFs) compared to non-stone formers (NSFs). Methods Biobanked urine samples from CSFs (n = 24) undergoing stone removal surgery and age- and sex- matched NSFs (n = 21) were studied. Urinary EVs carrying proteins related to renal calcium/phosphorus physiology (phosphorus transporters (PiT1 and PiT2), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23); markers associated with EV generation (anoctamin-4 (ANO4) and Huntington interacting protein 1 (HIP1)), and markers shed from activated immune cells were quantified by standardized and published method of digital flow cytometry. Results Urine excretion of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, and calcium oxalate supersaturation (SS) were significantly higher in CSFs compared to NSFs (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of EVs with markers of total leukocytes (CD45), neutrophils (CD15), macrophages (CD68), Klotho, FGF23, PiT1, PiT2, and ANO4 were each markedly lower in CSFs than NSFs (P < 0.05) whereas excretion of those with markers of monocytes (CD14), T-Lymphocytes (CD3), B-Lymphocytes (CD19), plasma cells (CD138 plus CD319 positive) were not different between the groups. Urinary excretion of EVs expressing PiT1 and PiT2 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with urinary phosphorus excretion, whereas excretion of EVs expressing FGF23 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with both urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. Urinary EVs with markers of HIP1 and ANO4 correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with clinical stone events and basement membrane calcifications on papillary tip biopsies. Conclusions Urinary excretion of EVs derived from specific types of activated immune cells and EVs with proteins related to calcium/phosphorus regulation differed between CSFs and NSFs. Further validation of these and other populations of urinary EVs in larger cohort could identify biomarkers that elucidate novel pathogenic mechanisms of calcium stone formation in specific subsets of patients.

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Toxicity of Glycols and Allyl Alcohol Evaluated by Means of Co-cultures of Microcarrier-attached Rat Hepatocytes and BALB/C 3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299202000216 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 266-270

Author(s):

Jens-Uwe Voss ◽

Hasso Seibert

Keyword(s):

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Allyl Alcohol ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

3T3 Cells ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

Mediated Effects ◽

Cells Cultured

The toxicity of allyl alcohol and several glycols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, methoxyethanol, and the glycol ether dioxane) was studied in cultures of 3T3 cells and in co-cultures of 3T3 cells with microcarrier-attached hepatocytes. Metabolism-mediated effects on the cytotoxicity to 3T3 cells were recorded by differences in the growth of the cultures exposed in the presence or absence of hepatocytes. Hepatocyte viability was determined by depletion of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase and effects on the biotransformation ability of hepatocytes were assessed by determination of O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin (EOD activity). Allyl alcohol was the only substance more toxic to the hepatocytes than to 3T3 cells cultured in the absence of hepatocytes. Toxicity to 3T3 cells of allyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and 1,3-propanediol, but not of 1,2-propanediol, methoxyethanol and dioxane, was markedly enhanced when the cells were co-cultured with hepatocytes. The results indicate that the toxicity of allyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and 1,3-propanediol, to 3T3 cells depends on the formation of active metabolites. For ethylene glycol and 1,3-propanediol, growth of 3T3 cells in co-cultures was reduced at concentrations without effects on hepatocyte viability. Co-culture of 3T3 cells with microcarrier-attached rat hepatocytes represents a suitable approach for the in vitro evaluation of metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity.

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