scholarly journals Morphometric Evaluation of Dry Humerus Bone in a Medical College of Eastern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-733
Author(s):  
Raju Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Arun Dhakal ◽  
Sanjib Kumar Sah ◽  
Surya B Prajuli ◽  
Suman Pokhrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of dry bones are helpful to estimate the stature. It is useful for differentiating unidentified bodies, skeletal remains, surgical procedures and are helpful for anthropologists, anatomists, forensic and surgery. Objective: The objective of this study was to find the morphometric measurements of dry Humerus bone available at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital of Eastern Nepal. Methodology: A cross- sectional study was conducted from 28th June- 28th July 2019 in the department of Anatomy of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital by taking 59 dry humerus bone. Various parameters such as maximum length, circumference of surgical neck, epicondylar breadth together with position and number of nutrient foramina were measured. Data was collected using osteometric board, vernier caliper and tape. The number, direction and location of nutrient foramina were observed macroscopically by using a fine wire. Ethical clearance was taken from Institutional Review Committee of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Results: Among 59 dry humerus bone, majority (32) were left humerus. No statistical significant difference was found in morphometric measurements between right and left side of dry Humerus bone. The single nutrient foramen was present in 85.18% and 81.25% of right and left humeri respectively. Double nutrient foramina in 14.81% of right humeri and 15.62% of left humeri. Triple nutrient foramina was only seen in left humeri (3.12%). Conclusion: Single nutrient foramen is most common in both sides of humeri. No statistical significant difference was found between right and left humeri in the different parameters such as maximum humeral length (MHL), vertical diameter of superior articular surface (VDSAS), circumference of surgical neck (CSN), circumferences of middle shaft (CMS), epicondylar breath (EB), medial epicondyle to capitulum (ME - C), transverse diameter inferior articular surface (TDIAS), maximum transverse diameter of trochlea (MTDT), anteroposterior diameter of the trochlea (APDT) and position of nutrient foramina (PNF).  

Sex determination by discriminant function analysis using the human tibia in a Central Indian population

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preetika M Chatterjee ◽  
Kewal Krishan ◽  
RK Singh ◽  
Tanuj Kanchan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Nutrient Foramen

In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be well distinguished in almost every bone of the skeleton. Establishing a reliable biological profile is the foremost step in identifying human skeletal remains. Sex determination along with the estimation of age, stature and ancestry comprise the important parameters in establishing a biological profile. The pelvis and skull are considered the most reliable bones in sexing human remains. In the absence of the pelvis and skull, forensic scientists must rely upon other parts of the skeleton for sex assessment. Determination of sex from long bones based on morphological traits can be a challenging task, as there are a few morphological differences between the sexes for long bones. However, metric variations can prove to be helpful, as they are reproducible and more reliable. Metric analysis also has the added benefit of being less biased than nonmetric analysis. This study aimed to establish sex determination standards from tibiae using discriminant function analysis. A total of 17 measurements were taken on 162 dry tibiae (116 males and 46 females) of known sex and in the age range 20–60 years. Discriminant function analysis was performed to derive models for sexing of the tibiae. The breadth of the medial articular surface was observed to be the best parameter for sex prediction from metric measurements of the tibia. In stepwise analysis, only seven parameters – namely, the breadth of the medial articular surface, the condylo-malleolar length, the circumference at the nutrient foramen, the breadth of the lateral articular surface, the maximum length, the transverse diameter in the middle of the bone and the transverse diameter at the level of the nutrient foramen – were entered into the discriminant functions. Overall, the accuracy of sexing was observed to be 93.8% and 95% with the direct method and the stepwise method, respectively. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from tibiae based on discriminant function models. This investigation further concludes that tibiae can be used for sex determination in forensic examinations.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Efficacy of Polymyxin B, Neomycin and Polymyxin B, Neomycin, Hydrocortisone in the Treatment of Otitis Externa at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Mayuri Gupta ◽  
S Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Cure Rates

IntroductionAcute otitis externa (AOE) is a common but preventable ear condition. Tenderness with movement of the tragus or pinna is a classic feature of otitis Externa. Polymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone preparations are the choice for first-line therapy when the tympanic membrane is intact. This study atiempted to compare the efficacy of polymyxin B, neomycin and polymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone in the treatment of otitis Externa.ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of polymyxin B, neomycin and polymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone in the treatment of otitis Externa.MethodologyTo evaluate the efficacy of polymyxin B, neomycin and polymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone in the treatment of otitis Externa, a hospital based, randomized, prospective study was conducted in Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Atiarkhel, Kathmandu from August 2012 to May 2014. 70 outpatients suffering from otitis Externa who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Patients were randomized into group A and group B with lotiery system. Odd number patients were included in group A and even number patients in group B. Group A patients received pack soaked with ribbon gauge in polymyxin B, neomycin ointment and Group B patients received pack soaked with ribbon gauge in polymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone ointment. The patients were called for follow up after 48 hours and 96 hours to assess the improvement on the basis of tragal and circumduction tenderness either present or absent (present 1 or absent 2). A decrease in the clinical signs and symptoms (i.e. tragal and circumduc_on tenderness) was noted. Absence of pain was considered as clinically cured.ResultsIn comparison to polymyxin B, neomycin group, hydrocortisone group exhibited statistically significant effectiveness after 48 hours of treatment (p<0.05), but in cure rates after 96 hours, no statistical significant difference was observed between two groups (p>0.05).ConclusionPolymyxin B, neomycin, hydrocortisone group showed higher and faster cure rates than polymyxin B, neomycin group in the treatment of otitis Externa at 48 hours follow up. Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 162-167 

scholarly journals Perception of Nurses on Needs of Family Members of Patient Admitted to Critical Care Units of Teaching Hospital, Chitwan Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Institutional Based Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishwori Khatri Chhetri ◽  
Bedantakala Thulung
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Family Members ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Critical Care Units ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Critical care units’ nurses should seek to develop collaborative relationships with patients’ family members based on their needs and help them to cope with their distress. The objective of this study was to find out the perception of nurses on needs of family members of patients admitted to critical care units.Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital among all 65 nurses working in critical care units. Ethical clearance was obtained from Chitwan Medical College Institutional Review Committee. Data were collected from March 27 to April 25, 2016, using Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI). Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results. This study found that mean age of the nurses was 23.98 ± 4.05 years. More than half of the nurses had completed PCL in nursing (52.3%) and had 1-5 years of experience in critical care units (58.5%). Nurses ranked the needs for assurance as most important needs with mean percent (86.25%) followed by needs for information (78.58%), need for comfort (69.59%), needs for closeness (69%), and needs for support (64.13%). Out of 45 family needs, 81.5% of nurses perceived that knowing about patient treatment is very important for family members. Married nurses perceived the needs for support to be more important than unmarried nurses (p=0.04) whereas unmarried nurses perceived the needs for information to be more important than married (p=<0.01). There was significant difference on perception of nurses on needs of assurance with ethnicity (p=0.009) and critical care experience (p=0.04).

scholarly journals DIAPHYSEAL NUTRIENT FORAMINA OF ADULT HUMAN TIBIA - ITS POSITIONAL ANATOMY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. Foramen nutricio diafisario de la tibia humana adulta – Su anatomía posicional y las implicancias clínicas

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Swati Gandhi ◽  
Rajan K Singla ◽  
Rajesh K Suri ◽  
Vandana Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Tibial Shaft ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

El conocimiento del número y posición de los forámenes nutricios en los huesos largos es importante en los procedimientos ortopédicos, tales como la terapia de reemplazo de articulaciones, reparación de fracturas, injertos de hueso y micro-cirugía de hueso vascularizado. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el departamento de Anatomía, Colegio Médico Gubernamental de Amritsar. El estudio comprendió 100 tibias de humanos adultos obtenidas de 50 cadáveres masculinos y 50 femeninos. Todos los huesos del presente estudio presentaban el foramen nutricio situado en el tercio superior del eje y se dirigían hacia abajo. En la mayoría de los huesos, se encuentró lateral a la línea vertical en la superficie posterior de la diáfisis tibial. Las distancias medias de foramen nutricio de los extremos superior e inferior de la tibia eran mayores en los hombres en ambos lados. Además, estas mediciones mostraron valores más altos en los huesos de la mitad derecha. El conocimiento preciso de la ubicación de la forámenes nutricios en los huesos largos es útil en la prevención de las lesiones intra-operatorias en cirugía ortopédica, así como en cirugía plástica y reconstructiva y también es relevante en la práctica médico-legal. An understanding of the number and position of nutrient foramina in long bones is important in orthopedic procedures such as joint replacement therapy, fracture repair, bone grafts and vascularized bone microsurgery. The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Amritsar. The study group comprised of 100 adult human tibiae obtained from 50 male and 50 female cadavers. All the bones of the present study depicted single nutrient foramen situated in the upper one third of the shaft and were directed downwards. In majority of the bones, it was located lateral to the vertical line on the posterior surface of tibial shaft. The mean distances of nutrient foramen from the upper and lower ends of tibia were found to be greater in males on both the sides. Also, these measurements showed higher values in the right sided bones.Precise knowledge of the location of the nutrient foramina in long bones is helpful in preventing intra-operative injuries in orthopedic as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgery and is also relevant in medicolegal practice.

scholarly journals Morphology, Topography and Clinical Significance of Primary Nutrient Foramina in Tibia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 999-1002
Author(s):  
Suja R.S. ◽  
Mini Alikunju ◽  
Aswathy Maria Oommen ◽  
Sreekumar R ◽  
Sheena Kalyani Sukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Posterior Surface ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Nutrient Artery ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Nutrient Foramina

BACKGROUND Nutrient foramina are seen in the shaft of long bones. They vary in number, size and their position on the surface of bones. It transmits the nutrient artery which is the main source of blood supply to the long bones. We intend to study the location, number, type and direction of primary nutrient foramina (PNF) on the shaft of tibia. METHODS The descriptive study was done using 120 tibiae (right-66, left-54) from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Length of each bone and distance of the nutrient foramen from the upper end of tibia was measured using osteometric board. The location of the primary nutrient foramina on the surface of tibia, the direction of the nutrient canal and the presence of secondary nutrient foramina were noted. RESULTS Single primary nutrient foramina were located on the posterior surface of 113 tibiae. 4 tibiae showed PNF and secondary nutrient foramina (SNF). No nutrient foramina were observed in 3 tibiae. CONCLUSIONS The precise knowledge and topography of PNF of tibia will help orthopaedic surgeons in minimising damage to vasculature of tibia during various surgical procedures. KEY WORDS Tibia, Nutrient Foramen, Nutrient Artery

scholarly journals Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Elective versus Emergency Cesarean Section

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (192) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama Suwal ◽  
Veena R Shrivastava ◽  
Amrita Giri
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Emergency Cesarean Section ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Emergency Cesarean ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elective Cesarean

Introduction: The complications of cesarean section are seen more commonly in emergency than in elective cases. The aim of this study was to find out the incidence of cesarean section in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital and to compare the maternal and fetal outcome in elective and emergency cesarean section. Methods: A prospective study of all the cases undergoing cesarean section in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital was carried out during the period of six months from Asar 2069 to Mangsir 2069. Results: The incidence of cesarean section was 254 (22.30%) out of which emergency cesarean section accounted for 167 (65.7%) and elective cesarean section for 87 (34.3%). The usual indications of emergency cesarean section were fetal distress, previous cesarean section in labour, non progress of labour and prolonged second stage of labour. The usual indications of elective cesarean section were previous cesarean section, breech, cephalopelvic disproportion and cesarean section on demand. There was found to be no significant difference in age, period of gestation, blood loss and blood transfusion in emergency vs. elective cesarean section. There was significant difference seen in the length of hospital stay, fever, urinary tract infection, wound infection and low APGAR in five minutes indicating that these were more common in emergency cesarean section. Significant difference was also seen in the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage indicating that it was seen more in elective cesarean section. Conclusions: The incidence of cesarean section in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital is high and the overall complication rate is higher in emergency cesarean section than in elective cesarean section.Keywords: cesarean section; fetal and maternal outcome.

scholarly journals Morphometrical and Topographical Anatomy of Position of Nutrient Foramen on Fully Ossified Left Femur

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Md Shahajahan Chowdhury ◽  
Humaira Naushaba ◽  
Jahanara Begum ◽  
Shameem Ahmed ◽  
Laila Farjana Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Nutrient Foramina

Background: The femur is the typical long bone of lower limb which extends from the pelvis to the knee. It forms the skeleton of the thigh, bears body weight, supports movement of legs; provide attachment to muscles, form blood cells and acts as a store house for calcium and phosphate. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The majority blood supply for femur originates from the nutrient arteries, mainly during the growing period and during the early phase of ossification. In bone grafts the nutrient blood supply is crucial and it should be preserved in order to promote the fracture healing. Objective: The anatomy of nutrient foramen of femur is very essential for orthopedic & vascular surgeons as well as to radiologists for planning of treatment. Materials and method: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2011 to June 2012. The study comprised 199 fully ossified left sided dry femur of both sex (n=89 male, n=110 female). Sampling technique was purposive. Morphometric and topographic study was carried out on all samples by direct physical and photographic methods. Results: The most common position of nutrient foramen on the shaft of femur was found on the middle 1/5th in both male and female femur (50.78% in male and 56.86% in female respectively). Conclusion: The anatomical knowledge about this study might be useful in certain surgical procedures as well as micro vascular bone transfer to preserve the circulation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v1i1.14970 Delta Med Col J. Jan 2013;1(1):13-15

scholarly journals Insufficient blood supply of fovea capitis femoris, a risk factor of femoral head osteonecrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyang Zhao ◽  
Fangfang Zhang ◽  
Kun Quan ◽  
Bin Zhu ◽  
Guangyi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Femoral Heads

Abstract Background A defective nutrient foramen in the fovea capitis femoris was hypothesized to reflect the blood circulation pattern of the femoral head, leading to insufficient blood supply and causing osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods Normal and necrotic femoral head specimens were collected. The necrotic femoral head group was divided into a non-traumatic and traumatic subgroup. 3D scanning was applied to read the number, the diameter, and the total cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramina in the fovea capitis femoris. Chi-squared tests and independent t-tests were used to detect any differences in the categorical and continuous demographic variables. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for non-traumatic and traumatic osteonecrosis in different characteristic comparisons. Results A total of 249 femoral head specimens were collected, including 100 normal femoral heads and 149 necrotic femoral heads. The necrotic femoral head group revealed a significantly higher percentage of no nutrient foramen (p < 0.001), a smaller total area of nutrient foramina (p < 0.001), a smaller mean area of nutrient foramina (p = 0.014), a lower maximum diameter of the nutrient foramen (p < 0.001), and a lower minimum diameter of the nutrient foramen (p < 0.001) than the normal femoral head group. The logistic regression model demonstrated an increasing number of nutrient foramina (crude OR, 0.51; p < 0.001), a larger total area of nutrient foramina (crude OR, 0.58; p < 0.001), a larger mean area of nutrient foramina (crude OR, 0.52; p = 0.023), a greater maximum diameter of the nutrient foramen (crude OR, 0.26; p < 0.001), and greater minimum diameter of the nutrient foramen (crude OR, 0.20; p < 0.001) significantly associated with reduced odds of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). The necrotic femoral head group was further divided into 118 non-traumatic and 31 traumatic necrotic subgroups, and no significant difference was observed in any characteristics between them. Conclusions Characteristics of the nutrient foramen in the fovea capitis femoris showed a significant defect of necrotic than normal femoral heads, and significantly reduced odds were associated with the higher abundance of the nutrient foramen in ONFH. Therefore, the condition of the nutrient foramen might be the indicator of ONFH.

scholarly journals Diaphyseal Tibial Nutrient Foramen in Goan Population - A Morphometric Study with Clinical Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 801-805
Author(s):  
Fatima Maria a De Souza ◽  
Siddhesh Prakash Prabhu ◽  
Jai Krishnan D
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Posterior Tibial Artery ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Nutrient Foramen ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Nutrient Artery ◽  
Nutrient Foramina ◽  
Almost All

BACKGROUND Tibia is the weight bearing bone of the leg. Usually it has a single nutrient foramen located posteriorly near the soleal line and transmits a branch of posterior tibial artery. The nutrient artery is the principal source of supply to a long bone. We carried out this study to find out the number, size, location, position and direction of the diaphyseal nutrient foramen in dried human tibia in Goan population. METHODS The study was carried out on 66 unpaired dry human tibiae of unknown age, gender and without deformity in the Department of Anatomy, Goa Medical College, using sliding and digital Vernier callipers, 20- and 24-gauge needles. Hughes formula was used to compute foraminal index. The data was statistically analysed with SPSS software version 23. RESULTS Most of the tibia in our study had a single nutrient foramen. Majority of the nutrient foramina were medium sized and directed downwards in our study. In 81.42 % tibiae, the nutrient foramina were present in the upper 1 / 3 rd of the shaft and in 18.57 % in the middle 1 / 3 rd of the shaft of the bone. Almost all nutrient foramina in the upper 1 / 3 rd of posterior surface were situated lateral to the soleal line. We computed the mean foraminal index as 30.25 % with standard deviation of 6.14. CONCLUSIONS A proper knowledge of morphometry and topography of the nutrient foramen is of utmost importance to orthopaedic surgeons as the nutrient artery may get damaged if fracture line passes through the nutrient canal. Also, it will help the surgeon to conserve vascular supply while performing bone grafting and fracture reduction. KEYWORDS Nutrient Foramen, Morphometry, Foraminal Index, Soleal Line

scholarly journals Study of Normal Values of Evan’s Index on Brain CT Scan in Individuals attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Allin Pradhan ◽  
U Chalise ◽  
A Shrestha ◽  
S Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Brain Ct ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Brain Ct Scan

Ventriculographic indices are obtained by using Evan’s Index. Evan’s Index is a ratio which compares the maximum width of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricle to the maximum transverse diameter of the inner table of the skull and serves as an indirect marker of ventricular volume. Evan’s Index has been extensively used in the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, in the assessment of outcome of patients having shunt placement which is the primary mode of treatment. This study was aimed to find out the normal values of Evan’s Index on brain CT scan in individuals attending Nepal medical college teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 500 individuals CT (250 males and 250 females) were finally selected. The ages were ranged between 5 to 80 years old. The mean Evan’s Index in the studied population was 0.253 ± 0.037 in males, 0.250 ± 0.034 in the females and an overall mean of 0.251 ± 0.035. There was no significant statistical difference in the Evans ratio between male and females (P = 0.274). This study shows that Evan’s Index was higher in individuals who were 60 years and above in both males and females. The very small standard deviations appreciated in the result suggest that Evan’s index can be calculated fairly accurately.

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