scholarly journals Interaction of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Methylene Blue in Methanol-Water Solvent Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Lalita Shrestha ◽  
Debendra Rai ◽  
Prince Subba ◽  
Ajaya Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Absorbance Maximum ◽  
Water Solvent

The interaction of Methylene blue with Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in a series of solvents containing 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 volume fractions of methanol in water were studied at room temp (300±2 K) by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The CPC concentrations were varied from 0.2 x 10-3 to 2 x 10-3 mol dm-3. A fixed dye concentration of 2.5 x 10-5 mol dm-3 was used for this purpose. The spectrum analysis was performed for both the dye solution and mixtures containing dye and surfactant of different concentrations. The dye solution showed the absorbance maximum at 664 nm and a shoulder at 610 nm. In 0.3 volume fraction of methanol as solvent, the dye and surfactant mixed solution showed a shift in peak values towards shorter wavelength (blue shift) from peak of the dye solution. The shift in peak increased with increase in surfactant concentration up to 0.6 x10-3 mol dm-3, beyond which no further shift increment occurred. In the case of 0.1 and 0.2 volume fractions of methanol in water, no shift in peak was found at all concentrations of dye and surfactant. The absorbance of dye and surfactant mixed solution decreased gradually in 0.2 volume fraction of methanol with increase in surfactant concentration, whereas no significant change in absorbance was seen in 0.1 volume fraction of methanol. The shift decreased gradually with decrease in methanol concentration in the solvent.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Studies on the Interaction between Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Methylene Blue in Methanol-Water Mixed Solvent Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pawan Shah ◽  
Nilam Jha ◽  
Ajaya Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Standard Free Energy ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate

The surface activity and the process of micellization of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with methylene blue (MB) in a methanol-water mixed solvent system were investigated by tensiometry and conductometry at 298.15 K. The measurements of surface tension and conductivity of SDS-MB complex were carried up to 0.3 volume fractions of methanol because the resulting complex appeared turbid above 0.3 volume fractions of methanol. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the SDS was determined from both tensiometry and conductometry. The CMC of SDS increased with the increasing volume fraction of methanol due to the inclusion of methanol in the micelles and decreased in the presence of methylene blue due to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion within the anionic moiety of SDS by the positive charge of the added dye. Different properties like surface excess concentration Γ max , minimum surface area A min , Gibbs free energy of micellization Δ G m o , surface pressure ( π CMC ), efficiency of a surfactant ( p C 20 ), packing parameter P , and standard free energy interfacial adsorption Δ G ads o of SDS in the absence/presence of MB were calculated. On the basis of Δ G m o values, it was noticed that the increasing volume fraction of methanol disfavors the micellization of SDS, while the presence of MB increased the efficiency of SDS making the micellization process more spontaneous.

scholarly journals An Intrinsic Material Tailoring Approach for Functionally Graded Axisymmetric Hollow Bodies Under Plane Elasticity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Mohamed Abdelalim Abdalla ◽  
Daniele Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Minimum Principle ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Plane Elasticity ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Pontryagin Minimum Principle ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Material Tailoring

AbstractOne of the main requirements in the design of structures made of functionally graded materials is their best response when used in an actual environment. This optimum behaviour may be achieved by searching for the optimal variation of the mechanical and physical properties along which the material compositionally grades. In the works available in the literature, the solution of such an optimization problem usually is obtained by searching for the values of the so called heterogeneity factors (characterizing the expression of the property variations) such that an objective function is minimized. Results, however, do not necessarily guarantee realistic structures and may give rise to unfeasible volume fractions if mapped into a micromechanical model. This paper is motivated by the confidence that a more intrinsic optimization problem should a priori consist in the search for the constituents’ volume fractions rather than tuning parameters for prefixed classes of property variations. Obtaining a solution for such a class of problem requires tools borrowed from dynamic optimization theory. More precisely, herein the so-called Pontryagin Minimum Principle is used, which leads to unexpected results in terms of the derivative of constituents’ volume fractions, regardless of the involved micromechanical model. In particular, along this line of investigation, the optimization problem for axisymmetric bodies subject to internal pressure and for which plane elasticity holds is formulated and analytically solved. The material is assumed to be functionally graded in the radial direction and the goal is to find the gradation that minimizes the maximum equivalent stress. A numerical example on internally pressurized functionally graded cylinders is also performed. The corresponding solution is found to perform better than volume fraction profiles commonly employed in the literature.

scholarly journals A Micro-mechanical Investigation of Empirical Models for the Effective Properties of Aligned Short-Fibre Composites

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 096369359500400
Author(s):  
T.D. Papathanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Short Fibre ◽  
Computational Results ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Fibre Composites ◽  
Effective Tensile Modulus ◽  
Fibre Aspect Ratio

The predictions of the Halpin equation concerning the effect of fibre volume fraction and fibre aspect ratio on the effective tensile modulus of uniaxially aligned short-fibre composites are compared with computational experiments on three-dimensional, multiparticle composite samples. The method of boundary elements is used to model the mechanical behaviour of composite specimens consisting of up to 40 discrete aligned fibres randomly dispersed in an elastic matrix. Statistical averages of computational results relating the effective tensile modulus to the aspect ratio and volume fraction of the fibres are found to agree very well with the predictions of the Halpin equation for fibre aspect ratio up to 10 and fibre volume fractions up to 20%. Computational results seem to indicate that the predictions of the Halpin equation fall bellow those of micro-mechanical models at higher volume fractions.

Variant Selection in Zr Alloys: How Many Variants Generated from one Beta Grain?

2005 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Barbéris ◽  
Frank Montheillet ◽  
Cédric Chauvy
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Variant Selection ◽  
Energy Minimum ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Maximum Volume Fraction ◽  
Zr Alloys

The elastic energy of a set of the twelve variants generated during the b ® a transformation of zirconium, with volume fractions fi, i=1..12, is derived with simplifying assumptions and the conditions on the fi to reach the energy minimum are established analytically. The minimum number of variants needed to reach this minimum is shown to be 6, and in this case, the variants have very specific volume fractions. Another result is that the maximum volume fraction of any variant is 1/3.

The Influence of Multiple Inclusions on the Cauchy Stress of a Spherical Particle-Reinforced Composite Under Uniaxial Loading

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Niu ◽  
Armin Abedini ◽  
Zengtao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Particle ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Cauchy Stress ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Unit Cells

This paper investigates the influence of multiple inclusions on the Cauchy stress of a spherical particle-reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) under uniaxial tensile loading condition. The approach of three-dimensional cubic multi-particle unit cell is used to investigate the 15 non-overlapping identical spherical particles which are randomly distributed in the unit cell. The coordinates of the center of each particle are calculated by using the Random Sequential Adsorption algorithm (RSA) to ensure its periodicity. The models with reinforcement volume fractions of 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% are evaluated by using the finite element method. The behaviour of Cauchy stress for each model is analyzed at a far-field strain of 5%. For each reinforcement volume fraction, four models with different particle spatial distributions are evaluated and averaged to achieve a more accurate result. At the same time, single-particle unit cell and analytical model were developed. The stress-strain curves of multi-particle unit cells are compared with single-particle unit cells and the tangent homogenization model coupled with the Mori-Tanaka method. Only little scatters were found between unit cells with the same particle volume fractions. Multi-particle unit cells predict higher response than single particle unit cells. As the volume fraction of reinforcements increases, the Cauchy stress of MMCs increases.

Performance of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites: Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Norliana Bakar ◽  
Siew Choo Chin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Volume Fractions

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) made from synthetic fiber had been widely used for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in the past decades. Due to its high cost, detrimental to the environment and human health, natural fiber composites becoming the current alternatives towards a green and environmental friendly material. This paper presents an investigation on the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composite (BFRC) with different types of resins. The BFRC specimens were prepared by hand lay-up method using epoxy and vinyl-ester resins. Bamboo fiber volume fractions, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% was experimentally investigated by conducting tensile and flexural test, respectively. Results showed that the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composite (BFREC) was 63.2% greater than the bamboo fiber reinforced vinyl-ester composite (BFRVC). It was found that 45% of bamboo fiber volume fraction on BFREC exhibited the highest tensile strength compared to other BFRECs. Meanwhile, 40% bamboo fiber volume fraction of BFRVC showed the highest tensile strength between bamboo fiber volume fractions for BFRC using vinyl-ester resin. Studies showed that epoxy-based BFRC exhibited excellent results compared to the vinyl-ester-based composite. Further studies are required on using BFRC epoxy-based composite in various structural applications and strengthening purposes.

scholarly journals Simulation of the Effect of Oil Volume Fractions in an Oil-Water Flows Along a Circular Pipe: A Finite Element Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ferdusee Akter ◽  
Md. Bhuyan ◽  
Ujjwal Deb
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Galerkin Approximation ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Two Phase Flows ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Element Approach

Two phase flows in pipelines are very common in industries for the oil transportations. The aim of our work is to observe the effect of oil volume fraction in the oil in water two phase flows. The study has been accomplished using a computational model which is based on a Finite Element Method (FEM) named Galerkin approximation. The velocity profiles and volume fractions are performed by numerical simulations and we have considered the COMSOL Multiphysics Software version 4.2a for our simulation. The computational domain is 8m in length and 0.05m in radius. The results show that the velocity of the mixture decreases as the oil volume fraction increases. It should be noted that if we gradually increase the volume fractions of oil, the fluid velocity also changes and the saturated level of the volume fraction is 22.3%.

scholarly journals An experimental evaluation of the solute transport volume in biodegraded municipal solid waste

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rosqvist ◽  
D. Bendz
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tracer Tests ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Rapid Flow ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Transport Volume

Abstract. A large undisturbed sample (3.5 m3) of 22-year-old, biodegraded solid waste set up to estimate the volume fraction participating in the transport of solutes through the waste material. Altogether, five tracer tests were performed under ponding and sprinkling conditions, and under steady-state and transient conditions. The experimental break through curves (BTCs), which indicated a non-equilibrium transport of the solute by early peaks and long right-hand tails, were used to parameterize log-normal solute travel time probability density functions. The expected solute travel times (i.e. the median solute travel times) were assessed and the corresponding fraction of the experimental volumes active in the transport of solutes was estimated. The solute transport volume fractions defined by the median solute travel times were estimated to vary between 5 and 10% of the total experimental volume. Further, the magnitudes of the solute transport volume fractions defined by the modal (peak) solute travel times were estimated to vary between 1 and 2% of the total experimental volume. In addition, possible boundary effects in terms of rapid flow along the wall of the experimental column were investigated.

scholarly journals Определение коэффициента диффузии растворов метиленового синего в дентине зуба человека с помощью спектроскопии отражения и их антибактериальная активность при лазерном воздействии-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
А.А. Селифонов ◽  
О.Г. Шаповал ◽  
А.Н. Микеров ◽  
В.В. Тучин
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Micellar Solution ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Human Tooth ◽  
Solution Studies

The work is devoted to the determination of the diffusion coefficients of methylene blue in pure aqueous solution and in a micellar solution of a cationic surfactant in human tooth dentinal sections in vitro using diffuse reflectance optical spectroscopy and the free diffusion model. The determination of the diffusion coefficient of methylene blue for an aqueous solution is (6.74 ± 1.32) • 10−6 cm2/s and (1.93 ± 0.24) • 10−6 cm2/s for methylene blue in micellar solution. Studies of toxicity in daylight in the absence of laser radiation of methylene blue solutions in water and in solution of cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as the photodynamic effect of laser radiation (662 nm) on cells of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P and Lactobacillus were carried out. The effect of laser radiation has a pronounced suppressive effect on all the studied microbial strains.

scholarly journals Heat transfer studies in compact heat exchanger using ZnO and TiO2 nanofluids in ethylene glycol/water

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Manikandan ◽  
Rajoo Baskar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Cold Side ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Tio2 Nanofluids

This paper reports an experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of a nanofluid consisting of ZnO/water/ethylene glycol (EG) and TiO2/water/ /ethylene glycol. In this study, the base fluids of ethylene glycol (EG):water (W) with volume fractions of 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 were prepared, and 0.2 to 1.0 volume fractions of ZnO and TiO2 nanofluids were used as a cold side fluid. The prime objective of this study is to identify the effects of nanofluid concentration and three different hot fluid inlet temperatures viz., 55, 65 and 75?C C on the heat transfer enhancement of cold side fluid. The results are compared with base fluids and the percentage increase of the Nusselt number because of nanoparticle addition is noted both experimentally and theoretically. The results showed that at the hot fluid inlet temperature of 75?C, the increase in the Nusselt number is maximum with volume concentrations of 0.6 and 0.8% for ZnO and TiO2 nanofluids, respectively. The corresponding maximum Nusselt number enhancements are about 11.5 and 21.4%, respectively, for the base fluid volume fraction of 30:70 (EG:W). There is good agreement between the results calculated from experimental values and the correlation.

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