scholarly journals Limnochemistry of Three Freshwater Springs of Kashmir Himalaya

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ullah Bhat ◽  
Ashok K. Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Kashmir Himalaya ◽  
Dissolved Silica ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Freshwater Springs

The present investigation was carried out during 2005-06 on three limnocrene freshwater springs located in single groundwater area in Kokergund (Yaripora) of District Kulgam, Kashmir, India. A perusal of the data showed that these springs were hard water type with slightly lower values of dissolved oxygen (DO) (1.2-6.4mg/L). The ionic composition of the spring waters revealed the predominance of bicarbonate and calcium over the other ions with usual ionic progression as HCO3- >Ca++ >Mg++ >Na+ >K+. None of the parameters studied foated the standards set by WHO for drinking water quality. However, relatively higher values of NO3-N (2500-3900µg/L), but well within the per-missible limits of WHO, were observed. The dissolved silica did not show any temporal variation between the different months but exhibited slight spatial variations (17.8-21mg/L).Key words: Limn chemistry; Water quality; Groundwater; Kashmir HimalayaDOI: 10.3126/hn.v7i0.4237Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. 7, July, 2010Page: 54-59Uploaded date: 31 January, 2011

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater and Its Suitability for Domestic Uses in Halabja Saidsadiq Basin, Iraq

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twana O. Abdullah ◽  
Salahalddin S. Ali ◽  
Nadhir A. Al-Ansari ◽  
Sven Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Evaluation of the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater suitability for domestic use was conducted in the Halabja Saidsadiq Basin in the northeastern part of Iraq. The total studied area is about 1278 km2 with a specific Mediterranean-type continental interior climate, which is cold in winter and hot in summer. To conduct the required laboratory chemical analysis for groundwater samples in the studied basin, 78 groundwater samples, in total, were collected from 39 water wells in the dry and wet seasons in 2014 and analyzed for major cations and anions, and the results were compared with the permitted limits for drinking water. An examination of the chemical concentrations of the World Health Organization drinking water norms demonstrate that a large portion of the groundwater samples is suitable for drinking, and a preponderance of groundwater samples situated in the class of hard and very hard water types for both seasons. Suitability of groundwater for drinking use was additionally assessed according to the water quality index classification. This showed that more than 98% of groundwater samples have good water quality in the dry and wet seasons. Conversely, the classification of groundwater samples based on Piper’s diagram designates that the groundwater type is alkaline water, with existing bicarbonate along with sulfate and chloride. However, water–rock exchange processes and groundwater flow have been responsible for the dominant water type of Ca–Mg–HCO3.

scholarly journals Reduction of Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water using Flocculant Settling

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Hashim Nissar Hasim ◽  
Ashfaq Ahmad ◽  
Intikhab Ahmad Qureashi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment

Pakistan is subjected to rapid water shortage due to different social and environmental problems. Moreover, the drinking water is being contaminated at an alarming rate that is mostly due to the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluent and agricultural run-off. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the water quality problems of the subject area and to determine a cost effective treatment technique. The main objective was to determine the removal efficiency of microbial contamination using flocculant settling. The main pollutants identified by conducting water quality tests are arsenic, fluoride, nitrates and microbial contamination. The maximum concentration of arsenic, fluoride, nitrates and microbial contamination were observed as 12ppb, 2.2mg/L, 26mg/L and 84 colonies/100mL, respectively. During discrete settling tests performed in a 12cft column, it was noticed that the removal of microbial contamination corresponding to a detention time of 225min is 26.7% only. While working on different coagulants, it was observed that the optimum alum, lime and magnesium dosage for the removal of microbial contamination is 31.5mg/L, 10.5mg/L and 27mg/L respectively. The final results of the study suggest that the use of lime as a coagulant to improve the quality of water in terms of microbial contamination is an effective and reliable technique, both in terms of its treatability performance and cost-effectiveness, which was noticed to be 77.7%.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4909Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 8, 2011 JanuaryPage: 34-37Uploaded date: 17 June, 2011

Evaluation of Water Quality of Rural Drinking Water and Countermeasure Research in Luquan City

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 815-818
Author(s):  
Fang Hong Li ◽  
Xu Li Liang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Countermeasure Research ◽  
Investigation Area ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Comprehensive Index Method

The rural drinking water safety is an important issue for people's livelihood. For Luquan city, of Hebei province in China, drinking water was sampled through site investigation, and the water quality was analyzed used comprehensive index method. The results show that: the water type is IV in the investigation area, which is not suitable for drinking in a long time. The corresponding measures were proposed combined with the real conditions, which could provide theoretical guidance and policy reference for improvement of rural drinking water management mechanism.

scholarly journals Water Quality of Groundwater in Selected Wells in Zubair Area, Basra City

2020 ◽  
pp. 1370-1382
Author(s):  
Saad Muhi Towfik ◽  
Adnan Jassam Hammadi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
The North ◽  
South Of Iraq

Zubair area is located at the extreme part of the south of Iraq and represents the southern part of the western desert, bounded by the north latitudes 30o05'-30o25' and east longitudes 47o30'- 47◦55'. Groundwater is a major natural resource in the study area because no perennial river exists. Groundwater from twenty wells in the study area were analyzed in order to determine some of chemical variables such as major cations (Ca+2, Mg+2 ,Na+ ,K+ ) and major anions (CL- ,SO4-2 ,HCO3- ,CO3-2 ,NO3-) along with several physical variables such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH) , total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC).  Hydro-chemical analysis showed that the groundwater of the study area is excessively mineralized, depending on the relation between EC and mineralization. Depending on total hardness (TH), all samples were with very hard water. High chloride concentration in the groundwater of the study area may be an indicator of pollution by sewage and agriculture fertilizers. The increase in flow length of the groundwater in the study area would change the water quality from bicarbonate to sulfate and chloride.   The predominant cations recorded are calcium and magnesium along with chloride from the anions, so that the water type is Ca-Mg-CL for most samples. The water wells studied are not suitable for drinking purposes of humans.  Depending on TDS and EC values, the water samples are not suitable for irrigation according to FAO 1997 classification. However, the results also revealed an excellent water class depending on Na percentage (Na%) and EC according to Todd 1980 classification for irrigation water. Also, an excellent water class (S1) for agriculture was recorded depending on SAR classification of Subramain, 2005.

scholarly journals Environmental monitoring of drinking water quality of Birsk central water supply

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Aysylu Ayratovna Islamova ◽  
Maria Yuryevna Kolbina ◽  
Rishat Yakhievich Safikhanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
The Republic

This paper examines effects of drinking water components, namely calcium and magnesium ions on the human body as well as it lists the main diseases that occur with prolonged use of hard water. Kostarevsky water intake is described as the only source of centralized water supply of the city. The paper contains data of ecological monitoring of drinking water taken from Kostarevsky water intake in Birsk from 2015 to 2017. The authors compare drinking water in Birsk and some other cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The chemical composition of the water was determined by titrimetric, gravimetric, colorimetric, organoleptic, and microbiological methods of investigation. The results of the analysis show that the water given to the population of Birsk along the central water supply line is microbiologically favorable. The chemical composition of water almost in all respects meets the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality. However, the analysis results show that the rigidity of the water exchange is beyond the permissible limit of the norm, which can adversely affect the health of the population. The results obtained during the work can be useful for further ecological monitoring of drinking water in Birsk, Republic of Bashkortostan.

Impact of Water-Rocks Interaction on Groundwater Geochemistry of Southern Mor Range, Balochistan, Pakistan and its Appraisal for Drinking Water Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-368
Author(s):  
Maria Kaleem Maria Kaleem ◽  
Shahid Naseem Shahid Naseem ◽  
Erum Bashir Erum Bashir ◽  
Bushra Shahab and Muhammad Mansha Bushra Shahab and Muhammad Mansha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Piper Diagram ◽  
Type Water ◽  
The Impact

Major and trace element geochemistry of groundwater of southern Mor Range, Balochistan was made to insight the impact of igneous and sedimentary rock on the composition of groundwater. The median values of ions display Na+andgt; Mg2+ andgt;Ca2+andgt;K+ and HCO3-andgt;SO4-2andgt;Cl-andgt;CO3-2 trend in the distribution of cations and anions respectively. The plots on Piper diagram indicated Ca-Na-Cl-type water (40.84%) as dominant water facies, followed by Ca-Cl-type (18.36%), Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl-type (16.33%), Ca-HCO3-Cl-type (12.24%), Na-Cl is (10.20%). The plots on Gibbs’ diagrams delineate rock weathering combined with evaporation process for regulating the ionic composition. Molar ratio of Ca2++Mg2+ vs. HCO3-+SO42- and Ca2+/Na+ vs. Mg2+/Na+ demonstrated that the groundwater of the study area has genetic association with the igneous rocks of Bela Ophiolite and sedimentary rocks of Ferozabad Group. Strong correlation matrix and PCA diagram also witnessed genetic affiliation with the rocks of the study area. The ionic composition revealed, nearly 50% samples faced process of ion exchange. Estimation of selected trace elements (Fe, Zn, V, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, As and Co) was also done to evaluate the drinking water quality and their possible health implications. Majority of them was found within permissible limits; however, in some of the samples, Fe, V and Pb exceed the WHO specifications.

Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thomas ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
H. M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Guideline Values

Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Saboba and Chereponi Districts, Ghana

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Larry Pax Chegbeleh ◽  
Delali Kwasi Aklika ◽  
Bismark Awinbire Akurugu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Suitability Assessment ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Hydrochemical data of groundwater samples obtained from the mudstones, sandstones, and siltstones aquifer units that underlie the study area have been characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. The physico-chemical parameters were initially compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for potable water. They were further subjected to various hydrochemical techniques to assess the overall water quality for drinking purposes. Conventional methods of assessing irrigation water suitability were also adopted. The results indicate that, with the exception of HCO3− characterized as unsuitable for drinking water, most of the parameters are within the WHO permissible limits and are thus characterized as suitable for drinking water. A few samples however show slight deviation. The results also show that the abundance of major cations in groundwater is in the order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. However, the abundance of the major anions is in the order: HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Na-HCO3 is thus inferred as the dominant water type in the area. Analyses of the overall Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water assessment indices suggest that groundwater in the area is generally suitable for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes.

scholarly journals Determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storages in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Gebreab Teklebirhan Gessew ◽  
Mulumebet Tadesse Reta
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Food Outlets

Abstract The study aimed to assess the determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storage. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred and twenty-five drinking-water samples were collected directly from food outlets' drinking-water storages. Observational checklist was used to assess sanitary risk levels of the storages. Data analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. Type of primary source of drinking-water, having continuous piped water, type of drinking-water storage equipment, drinking-water storage having a lid/cover, method of drinking-water drawn from the water storages, presence of any method of drinking-water treatment, and having functional hand-washing facility with soap near the toilet were identified as major determinant factors. This study revealed that nearly 30% of the food outlets' drinking-water was not microbiologically safe. As a result, these establishments could be a source of different health problems for their customers. In the study, many determinant factors that affect drinking-water quality of the food outlets were identified. As well, 16.3% and 18.7% of the food outlet drinking-water storages were grouped into high and very high contamination risk levels, respectively. Therefore, the existing regulatory body should force the food outlets to have effective hand-washing practices, clean, suitable drinking-water storage, and to avoid dipping practice.

scholarly journals Water Quality in Thirty Freshwater Springs and Twenty Four Brackish Springs in the Karst Area to Realize Sustainable Water Resources Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2679
Author(s):  
La Baco Sudia ◽  
Lies Indriyani ◽  
Lukman Yunus ◽  
Baso Mursidi ◽  
Asramid Yasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Freshwater Springs

Clean water is an unlimited and sustainable need that must be fulfilled every day and meet an appropriate standard in terms of quantity and quality. The research objective in this study was to analyze the quality of water in thirty freshwater springs and twenty four brackish springs in the karst area of Buton Tengah Regency to achieve sustainable water resource management. Data on the quality of freshwater springs and brackish water springs chemically and biologically have been analyzed in the biology laboratory of FMIPA Universitas Halu Oleo, then the results are compared with the standards for water quality contained in the regulations of the Minister of Health and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that the freshwater springs in Talaga Raya District exceeded the water quality standards for hardness parameter, while the brackish springs in Mawasangka Tengah, Mawasangka Timur, Lakudo, and Mawasangka Districts has exceeded the water quality standards for parameters of total dissolved solids, hardness, and chloride. However, these parameters are relatively easy to overcome so that the use of freshwater springs can qualify as drinking water, while the use of brackish springs should be used to meet domestic non-drinking water needs.

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