scholarly journals Female autonomy and fertility pattern among women working in formal sector in Kathmandu valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Neeti Singh ◽  
Srijana Pandey ◽  
Ang Tshering Sherpa ◽  
Nijina Tamrakar ◽  
Sunil Chitrakar
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
Degree Choice ◽  
Fertility Pattern

Background: Fertility rate is declining more among women with higher education around the world. This may be due to number of years spent for achieving higher degree, choice of work and age at marriage. With growing autonomy of urban women and late age at marriage increases high risk pregnancy and declines number of children leading to decrease in young population. So, this study was done to explore the fertility pattern and associated factors among working women at formal sectors. Methods: An observational study was done among women working at formal sectors within Kath­mandu valley. A respondent driven sampling was used to achieve total 101 sample size. The study period was October and November 2019. Results: Median age of the participants was 40 and median age at marriage was 26.62 years. The association between level of education and age at marriage was statistically significant. The median age of pregnancy of the participants were 27 years and 58.4% of women had only one live child. Average number of desired children was 1.69 whereas actual number of children was 1.32. The gap between desired and number of children is statistically significant. Only 35.6% reported to have used some form of contraceptive devices as the measure of family planning. Conclusions: Fertility behavior of working women is not completely influenced by their working status except for higher age at marriage, pregnancy and desired number of children which in long term may affect in the growth of country.

FERTILITY PATTERN AND FAMILY STRUCTURE IN THREE ALPINE SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH TYROL (ITALY): MARRIAGE COHORTS FROM 1750 TO 1949

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN GÖGELE ◽  
CRISTIAN PATTARO ◽  
CHRISTIAN FUCHSBERGER ◽  
PETER PAUL PRAMSTALLER
Keyword(s):  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Genetic Survey ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Fertility Pattern

SummaryStelvio, Martello and Curon, three villages of the Venosta Valley, South Tyrol (Italy), were recently included in a large genetic survey because of their isolation. This study focuses on the long-term reproductive behaviour of these villages. Family size, age at marriage and marital fertility were estimated based on a genealogy going back in the 17th century. Marriage behaviour was characterized by an elevated age at marriage and a large proportion of adults never getting married. Marital fertility was among the highest worldwide, because couples tried to use the short time at their disposal to have the largest possible number of children. Together with the already known null population expansion and high geographic endogamy rates, the reduced number of siblings who had the opportunity to get married could have favoured an increased genetic homogeneity.

scholarly journals Influence of pregnancy/childbirth on long-term bone marrow edema and subchondral sclerosis of sacroiliac joints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Germann ◽  
Daniela Kroismayr ◽  
Florian Brunner ◽  
Christian W. A. Pfirrmann ◽  
Reto Sutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Marrow Edema ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sacroiliac Joints ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Mri Changes ◽  
Marrow Edema ◽  
Subchondral Sclerosis

Abstract Objective To investigate long-term effects of pregnancy/childbirth on bone marrow edema (BME) and subchondral sclerosis of sacroiliac joints (SIJ) in comparison to MRI changes caused by spondyloarthritis (SpA) and assess the influence of birth method and number of children on SIJ-MRI changes. Materials and methods This is a retrospective cohort study with 349 women (mean age 47 ± 14 years) suffering low back pain. Four subgroups were formed based on SpA diagnosis and childbirth (CB) history. Two musculoskeletal radiologists scored the presence of BME and sclerosis on SIJ-MRI using the Berlin method. Further, an 11-point “global assessment score” representing the overall confidence of SpA diagnosis based on MRI was evaluated in addition to the ASAS (Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society) criterion of “positive MRI” for sacroiliitis. Results CB did not correlate with BME score (p = 0.38), whereas SpA diagnosis was associated with a higher BME score (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Both CB (r = 0.21, p < 0.001) and SpA diagnosis (r = 0.33, p < 0.001) were correlated with a higher sclerosis score. CB was not associated with a higher confidence level in diagnosing SpA based on MRI (p = 0.07), whereas SpA diagnosis was associated with a higher score (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Both CB (phi = 0.13, p = 0.02) and SpA diagnosis (phi = 0.23, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a positive ASAS criterion for sacroiliitis. In non-SpA patients with CB, number of children (p = 0.001) was an independent predictor of sclerosis score, while birth method yielded no significant effect (p = 0.75). Conclusion Pregnancy/CB has no impact on long-term BME on SIJ, however, may cause long-term subchondral sclerosis—similar to SpA-associated sclerosis. Number of children is positively correlated with SIJ sclerosis. Birth method yields no effect on SIJ sclerosis.

Idiopathic Short Stature

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Pasquino ◽  
A. Albanese ◽  
M. Bozzola ◽  
G.E. Butler ◽  
F. Buzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Idiopathic Short Stature ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Status ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

AbstractIdiopathic short stature (ISS) is a term used to describe the status of children with short stature that cannot be attributed to a specific cause. Many children diagnosed as having ISS have partial GH insensitivity, which can result from disturbances at various points of the GH-IGF-I axis. Several clinical studies on spontaneous growth in ISS showed that adult height was almost in the range of target height. GH treatment led to adult height not significantly higher than the pretreatment predicted adult height in most reports. No metabolic side effects have been observed, even when the dose was higher than in GH deficiency. Manipulation of puberty with gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues reported by a few authors in a small number of children has shown conflicting results. Long-term psychological benefits of GH therapy for short normal children have not been demonstrated to date.

scholarly journals Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative Study

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402098261
Author(s):  
Rula Odeh Alsawalqa
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Economic Abuse ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Abuse Of Women

As the literature on the economic abuse of women in Arabic contexts is quite limited, we aimed to detect the correlation between this economic abuse and a variety of demographic variables. Specifically, we considered women’s age, education, income, number of children, and length of marriage, as well as the husband’s education and employment status. We distributed questionnaires that included the economic, psychological, and community composite abuse scales to 500 married working women in the capital of Amman, Jordan. The results revealed that the economic abuse of women decreased as their education levels and length of marriage increased, as long as the husband worked full-time. In addition, a husband’s high education level would also increase the likelihood of economic abuse. Most importantly, the findings showed that economic abuse definitively heightened the probability of intimate partner violence (psychological, emotional, and physical abuse, as well as harassment).

IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
MAY G. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Exogenous Agents ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Long Term Observation

CERTAIN individuals are more susceptible than others to many conditions. In recent years it has become clear that in rheumatic fever, susceptibility of the host is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. It was concluded from genetic and epidemiologic studies that susceptibility to rheumatic fever is on a genetic and age basis. Although the susceptible child cannot be identified at the present time, the number of children expected to be susceptible in a group of families of known genotype may be determined on the basis of recessive inheritance. It may, therefore, be postulated that distributed among a group of families of known hereditary background are children who are susceptible and insusceptible to the acquisition of rheumatic fever. As a direct result of long term observation of rheumatic families over a period of 30 years, a second generation of children of known hereditary background is available to us for exploratory studies. This group includes children from families in which one or both parents are rheumatic, or in which neither parent is rheumatic. In this group there are normal (insusceptible), susceptible and rheumatic children. The nature of the hereditable factors which may be responsible for susceptibility is obscure. Recent advances in biochemical genetics have provocative implications in rheumatic fever. Of particular interest are the observations which demonstrate that such biochemical reactions as enzyme and protein specificities are gene determined. As a working hypothesis it seemed reasonable to postulate that in a susceptible child, abnormal physiologic, chemical, immunologic or hormonal responses might be found. Differences might then be observed in certain reactions between the normal group and a group containing a high proportion of genetically susceptible children. This approach does not conflict with the concept that exogenous factors, irrespective of their nature, may also be operative. If the nature of the endogenous factors were known, the role of possible exogenous agents would be clarified.

scholarly journals Forgotten Lippes loop in menopausal woman left in utero for 45 years: a case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Vineet Mishra ◽  
Sugandha Goel ◽  
Himani Agarwal ◽  
Sumesh Choudhary ◽  
Priyankur Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Menopausal Woman ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

Intrauterine contraceptive devices are extremely effective and long lasting. They were intended for long term use and were retained for year’s altogether. Menopausal ladies often present with Lippes Loop in situ either deliberately or forgotten. We report a case of 80 years old patient who came with complaints of pain in lower abdomen and vaginal discharge and had Lippes Loop insitu, which was inserted 45 years back. The inserted Lippes Loop thread was not seen in clinical examination but visualized on Transvaginal Ultrasonography along with pyometra. It was removed under hysteroscopic guidance.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Bicornuate Uterus with Embedded Intrauterine Contraceptive Device

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
A Gayatri ◽  
Nagendra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Rare Case ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device ◽  
Cervical Canal ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Bicornuate Uterus ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Postmenopausal Female ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

ABSTRACT Early intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) like Lippes Loop were intended for long-term use until menopause and hence often retained for years, and many patients present well into menopause still bearing a Lippes Loop either deliberately or forgotten. We present a case of a 65-year-old postmenopausal female patient presented with complaints of spotting per vagina since 20 days, associated with white discharge per vagina. Ultrasound abdomen showed calcified endometrium with IUCD in the cervical canal. Hysteroscopy was done. As IUCD could be visualized but could not be removed, hence hysterectomy was done. How to cite this article Gayatri A, Nagarathnamma R, Prasad N. A Rare Case of Bicornuate Uterus with Embedded Intrauterine Contraceptive Device. J Med Sci 2015;1(4): 72-73.

scholarly journals AN INTERVENTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE CYTOLOGICAL AND COLPOSCOPIC CHANGES AFTER INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES INSERTION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS GYNAECOLOGY, SMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAIPUR

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamta Prajapat ◽  
Suniti Verma ◽  
R N Sehra ◽  
Jyoti Saini
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Exfoliated Cells ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Background: Cytology examines exfoliated cells, while colposcopy examines the changes that occur in the vascular structure of the cervix5. Patients with an abnormal pap smear result or patients with a suspicious-looking cervix even if they had a negative pap smear, should be evaluated by colposcopy and colposcopy directed biopsy. Methods: Interventional Prospective study conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College & associated Hospitals, Jaipur. Results: In this study, among 15 IUCD users, 5 (33.33%) had bacterial vaginosis, 2 (13.33%) had trichomonas vaginalis and 1 (6.66%) were found candidal infection, 1 (6.66%) polymicrobial infection. Conclusion: The present study indicates that there is definite changes in the cervical architecture in IUCD users and the change is also dependent on the duration of use. A simple technique like cytology and colposcopy is highly useful in diagnosing these changes and combating them by early interference whenever necessary. The present study does not reveal any increased risk of cervicitis and dysplasia in IUCD users. We further recommend that a long term follow-up is required to rule out the possibility of any increased risk of dysplasia or carcinoma in-situ. Keywords: IUCD, Colposcopy, Dysplasia.

scholarly journals PEMILIHAN KONTRASEPSI BERDASARKAN EFEK SAMPING PADA DUA KELOMPOK USIA REPRODUKSI

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Erna Setiawati ◽  
Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani ◽  
Asih Kuswardinah
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
High Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Risk Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Kelompok usia reproduksi terbagi dalam tiga fase yaitufase menunda kehamilan (<20 tahun), fase menjarangkan kehamilan (20-30 tahun) dan fase mengakhiri kehamilan (>30 tahun). Cara yang ditempuh yaitu dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi.baik  MKJPmaupunnon MKJP. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak perbedaan pemilihan kontrasepsi MKJP dan non MKJP berdasarkan efek samping pada dua kelompok usia reproduksi. Penelitin ini menggunakan desain cross sectional, pengambilan data dengan kuesioner. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah akseptor KB baik MKJP maupun non MKJP pada bulan april sampai juni sebanyak 200 responden, dimana tekhnik pengambilan datanya dengan random sampling dan kuota sampling. Hasil penelitian kemudian diuji dengan mann-whitney test.Hasil penelitian dengan uji mann whitney test diperoleh p = 0.662 dengan kata lain p > α (0.05) yang berarti tidak ada perbedaan pemilihan MKJP dan non MKJP berdasarkan efek samping di Wilayah Kabupaten Semarang.      ABSTRACT Reproductive-age category can be divided into three groups which are the group of delayed interval pregnancy (less than 20 years old), the group of intervalcontrol pregnancy (20 to 30 years old), and the group of high risk pregnancy (more than 30 years old). An alternative to avoid high risk pregnancy is by using contraception tool namely long-term contraception (MKJP) and non long-term contraception (non MKJP).The purpose of this research is to analysedwhether there are differences in choosing MKJP and non –MKJP based on side effects in the two reproductive-age groups.This research was an explanatory research with cross-sectional design. The population were all women of contraception acceptors in Semarang Regency.The samples were 200 respondents, used simple random sampling and quota sampling. This research used quisionaire instrument and analyze used mann whitney test (α=0,05). Theresult showed thatP = 0,662 meaning P > α = 0.05 which means there is no difference in choosing MKJP and non-MKJP based on side effects in the two reproduction-age groups in Semarang regency.

scholarly journals Lipid profile in school children: study from a District of Uttar Pradesh, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Bansal ◽  
Ekansh Rathoria ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Nyay Bhai Gupta ◽  
Shwinka Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Prevention Of Atherosclerosis ◽  
Pro Forma

Background:Lipid imbalance when diagnosed in childhood, can forecast the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood and its complications. Therefore, early detection of dyslipidemia should begin in childhood and it should lead to long-term prevention of atherosclerosis by controlling the risk factors. The Objectives of the study were to study lipid profile of children in the age group of 10-19 years and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among them.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which was conducted in 300 children aged 10 to 19 years, of either sex, from schools of Barabanki. After getting consent from school authorities, children and their parents, a detailed history was taken with a pre-designed pro forma and fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipid profile.Results:Mean total cholesterol (TC) for boys and girls were 161.06±33.14 mg/dl and 164.68±33.53 mg/dl, LDL-C 99.35±27.41 mg/dl and 101.71±26.44 mg/dl, HDL-C 42.76±5.78 mg/dl and 43.93±5.68 mg/dl, VLDL-C 18.94±4.47 mg/dl and 19.04±4.97 mg/dl and triglycerides (TG) 94.69±22.34 mg/dl and 95.20±24.83 mg/dl respectively. Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and HDL-C levels were higher in girls than in boys for all age groups. 26.55% boys and 25.20% girls had TC levels above 190 mg/dl. The overall results revealed that 26.0% of children had hypercholesterolemia.Conclusions:The study presents age- and sex-related findings about the dynamics of changes in serum lipid levels in children. Significant number of children had hypercholesterolemia.

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