Socio Demographic Profile and Risperidone Response in New Versus Old Schizophrenia Patients

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized with disorganized thinking, perception, expression of reality with significant social and occupational dysfunction. Two groups of drugs are in recent use namely first generation (typicals) and second generation (atypical) antipsychotics. Risperidone is a broad spectrum antipsychotic and has a role as a first-line agent for first break, mild to moderately ill patients and for severely ill treatment–refractory patients. Aims: This article tries to compare the risperidone response in newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients versus old patients already on some antipsychotics other than risperidone. Methods: This is an experimental intervention study of patients attending to psychiatry OPD and indoor in Nepalgunj Medical College, Kohalpur. Total 40 patients (27 new and 13 old) were selected and sample was collected in one year from January 2018 till December 2018. Positive and negative syndrome scale questionnaire was used to record the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia on baseline (week 0). Patients were followed up on week 4 and week 8 and the same positive and negative syndrome scale questionnaire was applied to record the improvement. Risperidone was given in therapeutic dose (4-8mg) on the basis of symptoms and improvement. Results: The study subjects were divided into new N=27 (17 male and 10 female) and old N=13 (7 male and 6 female). Maximum number of schizophrenia cases were in age group 15-25 and 35-44 years comprising 30 % in each group. Mean total duration of illness in new group was 23.89 ± 29.51 months (median being 12.0 months) while in old group it was 123.69 ± 83.34 months (median being 96.0 months) with significant difference between two groups (p= <0.001).The mean risperidone dose in milligram on base line (week 0) was 4.15 ± 0.55 for old group while it was 4.04 ± 0.52 for new group. On week 4, the mean dose for old group was 5.08 ± 0.95 while for the new group it was 4.81 ± 1.08. On week 8, the dose for old group was 6.08 ± 1.32 while it was 5.15 ± 1.35 for new group. There was a significant difference in the drug dose on week 8 between old group and new group with p value of 0.047 (statistically significant). Conclusion: Our study suggests that schizophrenia is found in most productive age group. Risperidone is effective in both new and old schizophrenia patients however old patients need higher dose of risperidone than new patients.

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Comprehensive study of ovarian tumours in Kathmandu University Hospital

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v7i4.23322 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 173-179

Author(s):

Suman Raj Tamrakar ◽

Ramesh Makaju ◽

Abha Shrestha ◽

Suresh Kayastha

Keyword(s):

Cystic Teratoma ◽

Malignant Tumour ◽

University Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Age Group ◽

Primary Malignancy ◽

Benign Ovarian Tumours ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ovarian Tumours ◽

The Mean

Background: Ovarian tumours account for 15% to 25% of all primary malignancy and the leading cause of death from gynaecolgical malignancies. There are limited publications related to ovarian tumours from Nepal. Ovarian related surgeries are the common surgeries in Kathmandu University Hospital. This study aims to provide basic information related to ovarian tumours from this geographical region of Nepal. Objectives: To review the nature of ovarian problems and certain socio-demographic information namely: caste, age, address and co-morbid condition of the patients presenting with ovarian problems. Methodology: This is a retrospective study of patients seeking surgical treatment of ovarian lesions in Kathmandu University Hospital from January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2018. This study was undertaken by reviewing the inpatient, outpatients and OT records in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and the records from Department of Pathology. All the files and computer records were reviewed and analyzed for nature of ovarian problems and certain demographic variables. Results: Out of the 860 cases, about 61% were non-neoplastic while benign ovarian tumours and malignant ovarian tumours were 35% and 3.7 % respectively. Almost one third of the cases were of Brahmin/Chhetri (37.3%) and 58.3% of the patients were from Kavre district. Mean age of the patients with ovarian problems was 34.89±11.15 years (range 12-72 years). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean age of patients with non-neoplastic ovarian lesions and neoplastic ovarian lesions (p value = 0.3371). There was statistically significant difference between the mean age of patients with benign ovarian tumours and malignant ovarian tumours (p value = 0.0001). And malignant ovarian tumours were significantly high among patients above 41 years in comparison to benign ovarian tumours of same age group (p value = 0.0008). Out of 32, ten malignant ovarian tumours occurred in relatively young age group. Of the 860 ovarian lesions, 438 and 422 ovarian lesions were removed through open technique and laparoscopic techniques respectively. Mature cystic teratoma (64.1%) was the commonest benign tumor and serous cyst adenocarcinoma (43.8%) was the commonest malignant tumour in this study. Conclusion: Ovarian tumours are one of the gynaecological diagnoses in Kathmandu University Hospital. If only ovarian neoplasms are considered, most of the ovarian tumours are benign and few are malignant. Minimal invasive surgeries are possible, except that for malignant ovarian tumours.

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Assessment of Gingival Health Status among Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliance

Polytechnic Journal ◽

10.25156/ptj.v11n1y2021.pp38-41 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 38-41

Author(s):

Shahida R. Hussein ◽

Bayan A. Hassan

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

P Value ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Base Line ◽

Orthodontic Appliance ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliance

Fixed orthodontic appliances corrupt plaque removal, proper oral hygiene, and gingival health so periodontal evaluation is important to be checked in every appointment. The aim of the present study was to assess gingival health among patients with a fixed orthodontic appliance. A clinical comparative study conducted on 25 patients with an aged ranged from 15 to 25 years. Clinical parameters included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at base line before starting orthodontic treatment and after 1 month of treatment. A double paired t-test was applied to the data collected for statistical analysis. The mean value of PI (1.11), GI (1.155), and BOP (0.600) scores was increased after placement of fixed orthodontic appliance, but with no statistically significant difference with base line for PI (P-value = 0.596), GI (P-value = 0.355), and BOP (P-value = 0.256), respectively. Regarding age group, mean PI (1.46), GI (1.22), and BOP (0.875) were increased with increasing age, patients who age’s ≥20 showed statistical significant difference for gingival and plaque means P-value = 0.006 and P-value = 0.03) for ≥20, respectively. The finding of this study had shown that patients with fixed orthodontic appliances had non-significant increase in the mean value of plaque, gingival, and BOP indices scores. All mean scores were increased with increasing age, but with non-significantly for BOP only.

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Comparative Study to Assess Paediatric Circumcision with the Plastibell Device Technique and Conventional Dissection Technique – A Prospective Randomised Trial

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2020/545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (45) ◽

pp. 2645-2650

Author(s):

Nilesh Parashuram Mangam ◽

Lalit Vishvanath Tamgadge ◽

Ashok Suryabhan Gajbhjye

Keyword(s):

Average Rate ◽

Randomised Trial ◽

Late Complications ◽

P Value ◽

Age Group ◽

Prospective Randomised Trial ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Dissection Technique

BACKGROUND Conventional Dissection Surgery (CDS) and Plastibell Device (PD) are the commonly used techniques for male circumcision. We wanted to evaluate and compare the postoperative problems and aesthetic results, and the patient’s / parent’s acceptance, of the two techniques of circumcision in boys. METHODS This was a prospective study in which children in the age group 0 - 12 years attending the surgery outpatient department for various indications of circumcision were enrolled on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were randomized and allocated into two groups, group PD and group CDS. Group PD was subjected to circumcision by Plastibell device technique. Group CDS was subjected to circumcision by conventional dissection technique. Duration of the circumcision and intra-operative complications if any were recorded, from starting the retraction of prepuce to completion of the procedure. Early and late complications were also compared during follow-up visits. Statistical analysis was performed using the Strata Software Version 10.0. P value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age of children in PD and CDS group was found to be 5.30 ± 3.29 years and 5.58 ± 3.66 years respectively. The mean age of patients in both the groups was found to be comparable with no statistically significant difference. According to Kayaba’s classification type 1 and type 2 (41.4 %) prepuce were most common in both the groups. Phimosis, ballooning of prepuce and recurrent urinary tract infection were common indications for circumcision in our study. Mean surgical time was 5.91 ± 1.74 in the P D group and 23.52 ± 5.94 in the CDS group which was statistically highly significant (P = 0.0000). Bleeding, cicatricial scar and adhesions were more common in CDS group, whereas dysuria and swelling were more common PD group and the difference was statistically significant. Children required less analgesia in CDS group. The average rate of late complications was significantly less in PD group as compared to CDS group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Circumcision by Plastibell device was comparable with conventional dissection technique in paediatrics age group. However, from aesthetic perspective, parents of Plastibell group appeared to be more satisfied than conventional dissection group. KEYWORDS Circumcision, Plastibell Device, Conventional Dissection Surgery, Complications

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Cognitive Insight in Patients with Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0404.031 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Rahul Singh ◽

Ashok Parasar ◽

Ashok Kumar Patel ◽

Pritee Singh ◽

J. Mahto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Patients ◽

Cognitive Insight ◽

Syndrome Scale ◽

Thought Disorders ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Important Extension ◽

Negative Syndrome

The aim of the present study is to study the cognitive insight between male and female patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe psychiatric disorder characterized by “positive” symptoms such hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders, and by “negative” symptoms, such as alogia, anhedonia, avolition, and flattening of affect (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Andreasen & Carpenter, 1993). According to Beck et al. (2004), an important extension of the insight concept was introduced with the description of “cognitive insight,” which was defined as a patient’s current capacity to evaluate his or her anomalous experiences and atypical interpretations of events. Methodology-The sample size is 60 in total, where 30 male patient and 30 female patients between 18 to 59 years of age with diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10 criteria and the study was conducted at the inpatients and Outpatient Department of PGIBAMS, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), has been taken for the study through purposive sampling. The tools used for assessing the variables are Socio-Demographic and Clinical Data Sheet, The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia (Kay et al, 1987), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. (BCIS) (Beck et al., 2004). Result and conclusion: There is no significant difference between male and female groups of cognitive insight profile.

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Employing Personal Reading Logs through Short Stories to Enhance Students’ L2 Reading Comprehension Achievement

International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics ◽

10.24191/ijmal.v3i2.7643 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Eliyas Sulaiman Mohandas ◽

Nik Mastura Nik Ismail Azlan ◽

Salwa Othman ◽

Muhammad Aizat Azhari

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

Reading Comprehension ◽

P Value ◽

L2 Reading ◽

Reading Score ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

The Mean ◽

L2 Reading Comprehension

This study aims to investigate whether the use of six selected short stories throughout the duration of a 14-week course could enhance students’ reading comprehension achievement at the end of the semester. Out of the six short stories read, three were chosen as in-class assignments known as ‘Personal Reading Logs’ (hereafter, PRLs). One group of semester two Diploma students taking a reading skills course was selected through a convenience sampling method. A pre-test was conducted by having the students answer a past semester reading quiz of which the results would then be compared to their post-test (final reading exam) results. A paired samples t-test revealed no significant difference in the reading scores of the pre-test and the post-test, t (17) = -.265, p > .05. Since the p-value was bigger than 0.05, this indicated that the mean reading score of the post-test (M = 50.556) was not significantly higher than the mean reading score of the pre-test (M = 49.722). Therefore, the null hypothesis which stated that there was no difference in the mean score of the pre-test and post-test was retained. Overall, the result refuted the findings of other studies promoting the effectiveness of using short stories to enhance L2 reading comprehension achievement.

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Pattern of symptom improvement following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

BMC Surgery ◽

10.1186/s12893-021-01269-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Salma S. Al Sharhan ◽

Mohammed H. Al Bar ◽

Shahad Y. Assiri ◽

Assayl R. AlOtiabi ◽

Deemah M. Bin-Nooh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Outcomes ◽

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽

T Test ◽

Sinus Surgery ◽

Symptom Improvement ◽

P Value ◽

Psychological Dysfunction ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Snot 22

Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammation of the nose and the paranasal sinuses. Intractable CRS cases are generally treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Although the effect of ESS on CRS symptoms has been studied, the pattern of symptom improvement after ESS for CRS is yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and sequence of symptom improvement after ESS for CRS, and to assess the possible preoperative factors that predict surgical outcomes in CRS patients. Methods This was a longitudinal prospective study of 68 patients who had CRS (with or without nasal polyps). The patients underwent ESS at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire was used for assessment at four time points during the study: pre-ESS, 1-week post-ESS, 4 weeks post-ESS, and 6 months post-ESS. Results The difference between the mean scores recorded for the five SNOT-22 domains pre-ESS and 6 months post-ESS were as follows: rhinologic symptoms (t-test = 7.22, p-value = < 0.001); extra-nasal rhinologic symptoms (t-test = 4.87, p-value = < 0.001); ear/facial symptoms (t-test = 6.34, p-value = < 0.001); psychological dysfunction (t-test = 1.99, p-value = 0.049); and sleep dysfunction (t-test = 5.58, p-value = < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the mean scores recorded for the five domains pre-ESS and 6 months post-ESS. Rhinologic symptoms had the largest effect size (d = 1.12), whereas psychological dysfunction had the least effect size (d = 0.24). The only statistically significant difference in the SNOT-22 mean scores recorded 4 weeks post-ESS was observed between allergic and non-allergic patients (t = − 2.16, df = 66, p = 0.035). Conclusion Understanding the pattern of symptom improvement following ESS for CRS will facilitate patient counselling and aid the optimization of the current treatment protocols to maximize surgical outcomes and quality of life. Level of evidence Prospective observational.

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Decision making under ambiguity and risk in adolescent-onset schizophrenia

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03230-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dandan Li ◽

Fengyan Zhang ◽

Lu Wang ◽

Yifan Zhang ◽

Tingting Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Executive Function ◽

Iowa Gambling Task ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Syndrome Scale ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Abnormal Pattern ◽

Negative Syndrome ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Objective Numerous studies have identified impaired decision making (DM) under both ambiguity and risk in adult patients with schizophrenia. However, the assessment of DM in patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) has been challenging as a result of the instability and heterogeneity of manifestations. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Game of Dice Task (GDT), which are frequently used to evaluate DM respectively under ambiguity and risk, are sensitive to adolescents and neuropsychiatric patients. Our research intended to examine the performance of DM in a relatively large sample of patients with AOS using the above-mentioned two tasks. We also aimed to take a closer look at the relationship between DM and symptom severity of schizophrenia. Methods We compared the performance of DM in 71 patients with AOS and 53 well-matched healthy controls using IGT for DM under ambiguity and GDT for DM under risk through net scores, total scores and feedback ration. Neuropsychological tests were conducted in all participants. Clinical symptoms were evaluated by using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in 71 patients with AOS. Pearson’s correlation revealed the relationship among total score of DM and clinical and neuropsychological data. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with AOS failed to show learning effect and had a significant difference on the 5th block in IGT and conducted more disadvantageous choices as well as exhibited worse negative feedback rate in GDT. Apart from DM impairment under risk, diminished DM abilities under ambiguity were found related to poor executive function in AOS in the present study. Conclusions Our findings unveiled the abnormal pattern of DM in AOS, mainly reflected under the risky condition, extending the knowledge on the performance of DM under ambiguity and risk in AOS. Inefficient DM under risk may account for the lagging impulse control and the combined effects of developmental disease. In addition, our study demonstrated that the performance on IGT was related to executive function in AOS.

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Assessment of the Tissue Response to Modification of the Surface of Dental Implants with Carboxyethylphosphonic Acid and Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor Immobilization (Fgf-2): An Experimental Study on Minipigs

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10050358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 358

Author(s):

Javier Aragoneses ◽

Ana Suárez ◽

Nansi López-Valverde ◽

Francisco Martínez-Martínez ◽

Juan Manuel Aragoneses

Keyword(s):

Surface Treatment ◽

Test Group ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Implant Surface ◽

Bone Contact ◽

Bone Implant ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant surface treatment with carboxyethylphosphonic acid and fibroblast growth factor 2 on the bone–implant interface during the osseointegration period in vivo using an animal model. The present research was carried out in six minipigs, in whose left tibia implants were inserted as follows: eight implants with a standard surface treatment, for the control group, and eight implants with a surface treatment of carboxyethylphosphonic acid and immobilization of FGF-2, for the test group. At 4 weeks after the insertion of the implants, the animals were sacrificed for the histomorphometric analysis of the samples. The means of the results for the implant–bone contact variable (BIC) were 46.39 ± 17.49% for the test group and 34.00 ± 9.92% for the control group; the difference was not statistically significant. For the corrected implant–bone contact variable (BICc), the mean value of the test group was 60.48 ± 18.11%, and that for the control group, 43.08 ± 10.77%; the difference was statistically significant (p-value = 0.035). The new bone formation (BV/TV) showed average results of 27.28 ± 3.88% for the test group and 26.63 ± 7.90% for the control group, meaning that the differences were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.839). Regarding the bone density at the interthread level (BAI/TA), the mean value of the test group was 32.27 ± 6.70%, and that of the control group was 32.91 ± 7.76%, with a p-value of 0.863, while for the peri-implant density (BAP/TA), the mean value of the test group was 44.96 ± 7.55%, and that for the control group was 44.80 ± 8.68%, without a significant difference between the groups. The current research only found a significant difference for the bone–implant contact at the cortical level; therefore, it could be considered that FGF-2 acts on the mineralization of bone tissue. The application of carboxyethylphosphonic acid on the surface of implants can be considered a promising alternative as a biomimetic coating for the immobilization of FGF-2. Despite no differences in the new bone formation around the implants or in the interthread or peri-implant bone density being detected, the biofunctionalization of the implant surface with FGF-2 accelerates the mineralization of the bone–implant interface at the cortical level, thereby reducing the osseointegration period.

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TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEBULISATION WITH ADRENALINE, 3% HYPERTONIC SALINE AND NORMAL SALINE IN BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 2 TO 24 MONTHS OF AGE BASED ON CLINICAL SEVERITY SCORE AND NEBULISATION FREQUENCY.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i2.1764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Priyanka Jain ◽

Rakesh Jain

Keyword(s):

Hypertonic Saline ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Research Centre ◽

P Value ◽

College Hospital ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Background & Method: We conducted a double blinded study at Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. The sample size was determined to be minimum of 120 cases as based upon previous years admission due to acute bronchiolitis. Initially, 146 cases were included in the study out of which 23 cases dropped out of the study after giving consent by guardian for participation in the study as they left against medical advice from the hospital. Result: The mean difference of CSS between 0 minutes to 60 minutes of nebulisation between groups in all cases was 0.4 ± 0.6, between 60 minutes and 4 hours was 0.8 ± 0.6, between 4 to 8 hours was 0.7 ± 0.6, between 8-12 hours was 0.6 ± 0.4, between 12-24 hours was 1.6 ± 0.9 and between 24-48 hours was 1.9 ± 0.9.The mean values and resultant p-value of ANOVA of various nebulising agents used for improvement in CSS shows significant association between various nebulising agents used along with improvement in CSS at the end of assessment at 48 hours of treatment. Conclusion: This study was conducted to establish the efficacy of each nebulisation agent (i.e. adrenaline, 3% hypertonic saline and normal saline) currently used and compare the outcomes as there is not enough evidence amongst Indian population on level of efficacy of each drug in causing improvement in symptoms and signs in various severities of bronchiolitis in early childhood. Comparison of significant improvement in mean difference in CSS at various intervals in all cases compared between groups by post hoc test revealed non-significant difference (p-value 0.700) between 3% hypertonic saline and normal saline. Keywords: nebulisation, adrenaline, bronchiolitis & clinical.

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Comparison of Human Thymus Gland between Young and Old Age

10.53350/pjmhs211561907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1907-1909

Author(s):

Faiza Mehboob ◽

Ponum Mirani ◽

M. Kamran Ameer ◽

Khurram Shabeer ◽

Muhammad Ali Qamar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Old Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Young Age ◽

University Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Old Patients ◽

Human Thymus ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Aim: Study was conducted to examine the different parameters of human thymus glands of young and old patients and compare the findings between both age groups. Study Design: Comparative/observational study Place and Study: Study was conducted at Anatomy department of Nishtar Medical University Hospital, Multan for duration of six months from 15th January 2020 to 15th July 2020. Methods: Total 54 specimens of human thymus of 54 patients were enrolled in this study. All specimens were divided in to two groups I and II, Group I contains 27 patients with ages <30 years and group II with 27 patients having ages 45 to 60 years. All specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution and then processed for paraffin embedding. Compare the different parameters such as thickness of interlobular connective tissue and thymic capsule, length and number of Hassal’s corpuscles between both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: In group I 12 (44.44%) patients were ages <15 years and 15 (55.56%) patients were ages >15 years. In group 13 (48.15%) and 14 (51.85%) patients were ages <50 years and >50 years. There was a significant difference observed between both groups regarding thickness of interlobular connective tissue and thymic capsule, quantity and length of Hassal’s corpuscles with p-value <0.05. Conclusion: It is to be concluded that patients with young age had significantly less thickness of thymic capsule and interlobular connective tissue with more in number and decreasing size of Hassal’s corpuscles as compared to old age patients. Keywords: Human Thymus Glands, Young Age, Old Age

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