scholarly journals Extreme Sport: Understanding the Concept, Recognizing the Value

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-123
Author(s):  
Ramesh Raj Kunwar
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Adventure Education ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Whitewater Rafting ◽  
Market Management

Extreme sport is one of the fastest-growing areas in sporting activity in this century. Extreme sport appears to be used interchangeably with high-risk sport in much of the research literature. Both high-risk sport and extreme sport are defined as any sport where one has to accept a possibility of severe injury or death as an inherent part of the activity. Extreme sports are rapidly becoming the physical activity of choice. Extreme sports have diffused around the world at a phenomenal rate and far faster than established sports. Commercially, extreme is the password for corporations and advertisers to access young population. Extreme sports increasingly attract participants from different social classes and age groups, as well as females and minority groups. The extreme sport comprises tourist activities, therapeutic activities, recreational activities, and sporting activities. They have become a sporting spectacle. Extreme sports are even discussed in marketing (niche market), management, and policy literature as legitimate niches that require their peculiar understanding or inappropriate activities that need to be banned. Adventure and risk-taking sports such as mountaineering, whitewater rafting, surfing, skiing, skydiving, downhill mountain biking, rock climbing, and BASE (Building, Antenna (or Aerial), Span (i.e., bridge), Earth (cliffs or other rock formations)) have increased in popularity in recent years. This study is an overview of previous studies carried out by eminent scholars of psychology and different disciplines. The objective of this study is to understand extreme sport in better way on one side and how extreme (or adventurous) sport has been theoretically conceptualized and re-conceptualized on the other. The researcher made an effort to disseminate the knowledge of extreme sports to the students, researchers, entrepreneurs, media personnel, and other concerned authorities, related organizations, and institutions. It is also believed that this study will help to promote adventure education, adventure tourism (niche tourism) and deep ecology. The participants strongly believe that the natural world acts as a facilitator to a deeper, more positive understanding of self and its place in the environment. Fear, emotion, stress, risk, uncertainty, motivation, wellness, wellbeing, personality traits and determination are the key elements of extreme sports.

Disparities in Service Use and Expenditures for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in California in 2005 and 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Harrington ◽  
Taewoon Kang
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minority

Abstract This study examined service use and expenditures for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) living at home and in the community in California in 2005 and 2013. The number of people assessed for IDD services increased, along with the percentage of individuals who did not receive any services between 2005 and 2013. Controlling for client needs, children age 3–21 were less likely than other age groups to receive any services using logistic regressions. All racial and ethnic minority groups were less likely to receive any services than were white populations. Females, younger people, and all racial and ethnic minority groups who received services had significantly lower expenditures, with wide geographic variations. The disparities by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and geography have persisted over time in California.

scholarly journals High-risk HPV genotypes and cervical lesions association in postmenopausal women

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Fernandes Miranda da Costa ◽  
Cláudia Sousa ◽  
Erica Isidoro ◽  
Regina Silva ◽  
Cristiana Mourato
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
The Bethesda System ◽  
High Risk Hpv

Abstract Background Persistent infection by high-risk Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV) are the major cause of cervical cancer. Studies report disparities in the incidence of infection and the various genotypes of this virus in different age groups, suggesting a higher frequency of hrHPV in young women and low-risk subtypes being predominant in older women. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and distribution of hrHPV genotypes in postmenopausal women as well as the correlation with the cytological findings. Methods 16 859 women, aged 50–64 years, performed cervical cancer screening test in Friuri Venezia Giulia region, Italy. The infection was evaluated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction methodology and the positive samples were evaluated by Liquid Based Cytology according to the Bethesda System from 2014. A statistical analysis was performed to study the molecular and cytological data of this population. Results hrHPV infection were found in 5.8% of the women and 78.3% of these were caused by hrHPV other than HPV16 and HPV18 (). Also, 65.7% of the positive samples were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy while low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was the most frequent (22.4%). There was an increase in the number of high-grade intraepithelial lesions in the presence of HPV16 compared to that recorded when this genotype was absent (20.8% vs. 8.5%). No cervical cancers were detected. Conclusions Infection with hrHPV is uncommon in postmenopausal women and it is mostly caused by subtypes less associated with the development of cervical cancer. Yet, HPV16 infection triggers the development of high-grade lesions.

scholarly journals Features of in-hospital clinical course of pulmonary embolism in patients of different age groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 2423
Author(s):  
E. A. Shmidt ◽  
S. A. Berns ◽  
A. G. Neeshpapa ◽  
P. A. Talyzin ◽  
I. I. Zhidkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidity ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Comorbidity Status

Aim. To study the clinical course and management of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) of various age groups hospitalized in a cardiology hospital.Material and methods. This prospective single-center study in the period from 2016 to 2018 included 154 patients with PE verified by computed tomography. Statistical processing was conducted using the MedCalcVersion 16.2.1 software package (Softwa, Belgium).Results. In all groups, female patients dominated, but the highest number of women (70,7%) belonged to the group of senile patients, while in the group <60 years, only half of patients with PE were women. Comorbid cardiovascular disease and deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in eldest patients significantly more often than in those <60 years of age. The highest prevalence of cancer and recurrent PE were identified in the group of elderly patients. Thrombolytic therapy was performed most often in patients 60-75 years old, since these patients had a high risk of 30-day mortality according to Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index, but did not have severe comorbidities, as patients older than 75 years. An increase of right atrium size was found in the group of elderly and senile patients in comparison with patients <60 years. The highest pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressure was observed in the patients older than 75 years.Conclusion. In the Kemerovo Oblast, PE most often develops in patients aged 60-75 years and is characterized by a more severe clinical course compared with patients younger than 60 years. Patients over the 60 years of age have severe cardiovascular comorbidity status, atrial fibrillation/flutter and recurrent PE. Surgical treatment for senile patients is limited due to the high risk of postoperative complications, which specifies high mortality. Patients <60 years of age are a third of all patients hospitalized with PE. They have a low risk of mortality, but have an unfavorable course of the hospital period.

scholarly journals Effects of mother's and father's education level and age at migration on children's bilingual vocabulary

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGELIN WESTEREN ◽  
ANNE-MARIE HALBERG ◽  
HELOISE MARIE LEDESMA ◽  
ASTRI HEEN WOLD ◽  
BRIT OPPEDAL
Keyword(s):  
Language Skills ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Immigrant Parents ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Turkish Immigrant ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Age At Migration

ABSTRACTThe present study addressed important gaps in the research literature on bilingual development by examining the effects of both mother's and father's education level and age at migration on children's bilingual vocabulary in two different age groups. The sample included 81 preschoolers and 92 preadolescents with two Turkish immigrant parents living in Norway. The children were born in Norway, or migrated to Norway before/at the age of 3. The children completed Norwegian and Turkish vocabulary tests during home visits while mothers provided information regarding both parents’ education and age at migration in structured interviews. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed that father's education significantly predicted all children's majority (Norwegian) vocabulary scores while mother's education significantly predicted majority vocabulary scores in the preschoolers. Father's education significantly predicted minority (Turkish) vocabulary scores among the preadolescents. Mother's, but not father's, age at migration significantly predicted preschoolers' majority vocabulary scores and preadolescents' minority vocabulary. Hence, the parental background variables predicted minority vocabulary scores only among the preadolescents, not the preschoolers. We conclude that mothers and fathers influence the minority and majority language skills of their bilingual children differently and that their influence varies depending on the age of the child.

Clinicopathological characteristics and impact on efficacy of three versus six months of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-onset colon cancer: ACHIEVE and ACHIEVE-2 trials.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
Eiji Oki ◽  
Masahito Kotaka ◽  
Dai Manaka ◽  
Manabu Shiozawa ◽  
Yasuhiro Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

60 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality have decreased since the 1970s but several data such as the SEER CRC registry show that the incidence of early onset colon cancer (eoCC, age 20-49) and RC keep increasing. There is limited results suggesting eoCC may have different behaviors compared to traditional CC (tCC, age ≥ 50). Methods: Individual patient data of 1,805 high-risk stage II/III colon cancer (CC) patients (pts) as the modified ITT population in ACHIEVE and ACHIEVE-2 trials were investigated. Clinicopathological features and treatment-related data were assessed by age group. Disease-free survival (DFS) was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox multivariable models adjusted by trials, regimen, T and N. Results: Of the 1,805 pts, eoCC were 155 pts (8.6%). Using 5% difference between age groups as clinically meaningful cutoff, eoCC had similar gender (female, 52 vs 48%), PS (PS = 1, 1 vs 4%), risk group (high-risk, 43 vs 42%) and T stage (T4, 30 vs 30%) as tCC, while eoCC were less likely right-sided colon primary (32 vs 39%), had N1 disease (48 vs 54%), and treated by FOLFOX (16 vs 23%). Overall, eoCC significantly had a worse DFS than tCC (3y-DFS, 75 vs 82%; Adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.40: 95% Confidence Interval, 1.00-1.95: p= 0.0478); in addition, similar DFS were observed among tCC pts (age 50-69 vs >70). eoCC experienced less neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and stomatitis, but had more diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting. There were 38 and 297 pts with an initial relapse in eoCC and tCC, respectively. Of those, peritoneal metastases were more frequently seen in eoCC (n = 13, 34%) than in tCC (n = 63, 21%) (p = 0.097), whereas liver and lung metastases were similar between the two groups. Impact on DFS of 3 versus 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy in eoCC (3y-DFS, 75% vs 76%) is similar to that in tCC (83% vs 81%). Conclusions: eoCC had unique characteristics; the difference in DFS between eoCC and tCC were potentially due to a different metastatic spread. eoCC had a different adverse event profile compared to tCC. No impact on DFS of treatment duration in eoCC was suggested. Clinical trial information: UMIN000013036.

Geography of Female Suicide

2019 ◽  
pp. 1340-1374
Author(s):  
Semra Günay
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Suicide ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Commit Suicide

Suicide is a complex structure and also affects the families whose members commit suicide, health care professionals and society. Suicide is accepted as a form of death of external causes. It can be predicted and majority of suicides can be prevented. Suicide shows a big amount of differences depending on time, region, age level, gender and race. In order to understand and prevent suicide, several geographical, medical, psychosocial, cultural and socioeconomic factors have been studied. A tiny disorder in one of these factors may cause a significant change that results in severe outcomes. In preventing suicide, it is important to determine the subgroups that have high risk. Strategies to prevent suicide can be developed through searching and understanding the suicide geography. In this study, the spatial pattern of female suicide is examined with suicide maps. With suicide maps, it is aimed to clarify the spatial alteration of the deaths caused by female suicide, to help in focusing on female suicide, to increase the awareness of the specific regions and groups that have a high risk and to guide those who are dealing with decreasing the death ratios, public health experts and decision makers. In Turkey, according to the suicide rate averages of ten years (2002-2011), mostly the young age groups are at risk among women. The ratio of suicides caused by family incompatibility, educational failure and emotional relationship and not forced marriage is higher in females than in males. Turkey is a northern hemisphere country and features subtropical climate types, where females mostly commit suicide in summer and spring seasons. It is observed that there is no peak period in female suicide in Turkey. When the distribution of suicide based death ratios are examined, it is seen that the highest ratios are in the eastern and western parts of Turkey. It is seen that suicide occurs in the provinces with low socioeconomic status as well as the provinces with high socioeconomic status and in provinces with both a large population and a small population. And also it is determined that for those provinces, detailed studies should immediately be started. It is seen that the ratio of female suicide is getting higher and approaching to the ratio of male suicide from western parts to eastern parts of Turkey. Between these years, 75% of the suicides were committed by means of violent methods and 25% of them were committed by means of nonviolent methods. The provinces where the ratio of using violent suicide methods is higher than the standard deviation are located in the eastern part of the country. It is noteworthy that the ratio of female suicide victims who are single is close to the ratio of those who are married. The suicide ratio of married women is decreasing from west to east.

scholarly journals Ecological risk assessment of geohazards in Natural World Heritage Sites: an empirical analysis of Bogda, Tianshan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Liu ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Hui Shi ◽  
Zhi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessment ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Risk Areas

Abstract Ecological risk assessment plays an important role in avoiding disasters and reducing losses. Natural world heritage site is the most precious natural assets on earth, yet few studies have assessed ecological risks from the perspective of world heritage conservation and management. A methodology for considering ecological threats and vulnerabilities and focusing on heritage value was introduced and discussed for the Bogda component of the Xinjiang Tianshan Natural World Heritage Site. Three important results are presented. (1) Criteria layers and ecological risk showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. Extremely high-risk and high-risk areas, accounting for 13.60% and 32.56%, respectively, were mainly gathered at Tianchi Lake and Bogda Glacier, whereas the extremely low-risk and low-risk areas, covering 1.33% and 17.51% of the site,were mainly distributed to the north and scattered around in the southwest montane region. (2) The level of risk was positively correlated with the type of risk, and as the level of risk increases, the types of risk increase. Only two risk types were observed in the extremely low-risk areas, whereas six risk types were observed in the high-risk areas and eight risk types were observed in the extremely high-risk areas. (3) From the perspective of risk probability and ecological damage, four risk management categories were proposed, and correlative strategies were proposed to reduce the possibility of ecological risk and to sustain or enhance heritage value.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis Virus among High-Risk Age Groups in South Korea, 2010

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e0147841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Lee ◽  
Go-Woon Cha ◽  
Young Ran Ju ◽  
Myung Guk Han ◽  
Won-Ja Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Encephalitis Virus

The Contribution of Student Experiences to Understanding Ethnic Differences in High-Risk Behaviors at School

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia Y. Marsh ◽  
Dewey G. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
School Safety ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
Student Experiences ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
School Safety Survey

Past research reported that adolescent males from ethnic minority groups often engage in high-risk behaviors at school such as weapon possession, gang involvement, and fighting. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that ethnic differences in high-risk behaviors might be better explained by differential school experiences. The study hypothesized that certain school experiences–-termed experiential factors–-rendered students more vulnerable to high-risk behaviors. The sample consisted of 7,848 seventh-, ninth-, and eleventh-grade students who completed a school safety survey. Logistic regression analyses revealed that student school experiences explained more variance than ethnicity. Low academic grades, observation and threat of violence, drug use, and perceived lack of adult and peer support were experiential factors associated with student involvement in high-risk behaviors. These results support an emphasis on student experiences rather than on ethnic background in understanding high-risk behaviors at school.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Bacillary Dysentery from 2005 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Yan ◽  
Yijuan Chen ◽  
Ziping Miao ◽  
Shuwen Qin ◽  
Hua Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bacillary Dysentery ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Circular Distribution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Characteristics

Background: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang Province and to provide the basis for its monitoring, prevention and control. Methods: This study included cases registered in China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017 in Zhejiang. Descriptive methods were employed to investigate the long trend of this disease: gender distribution, high-risk population, seasonality, and circular distribution was explored to detect the peak period; incidence maps were made to show the incidence trend of disease at county level; spatial autocorrelation was explored and the regions with autocorrelation were detected; and spatiotemporal scan was conducted to map out the high-risk regions of disease and how long they lasted. Statistical significance was assumed at p value of <0.05. Results: A total of 105,577 cases of bacillary dysentery were included, the incidence declining sharply from 45.84/100,000 to 3.44/100,000 with an obvious seasonal peak from July to October. Males were more predisposed to the infection than females. Pre-education children had the highest proportion among all occupation categories. Incidence in all age groups were negatively correlated with the year (p < 0.001), and the incidences were negatively correlated with the age groups in 2005–2008 (p = 0.022, 0.025, 0.044, and 0.047, respectively). Local autocorrelation showed that counties in Hangzhou were high-risk regions of bacillary dysentery. The spatiotemporal scan indicated that all clusters occurred before 2011, and the most likely cluster for disease was found in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou. Conclusions: The incidence of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang from 2005 to 2017 featured spatiotemporal clustering, and remained high in some areas and among the young population. Findings in this study serve as a panorama of bacillary dysentery in Zhejiang and provide useful information for better interventions and public health planning.

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