Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Children.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic worldwide and constitute a major public health problem and considered as ‘cancers of developing countries. Nepal is small improvised country where 70.0% of morbidity and mortality are associated with infectious diseases. Giardiasis, ascariasis, amoebiasis, ancyclostomiasis and taeniasis are common intestinal parasitic infections in Nepal. Thus, in this paper we report the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children of Eastern part of Nepal. Mathods: A total of 300 stool samples were collected from school children of Eastern part of Nepal in random basis. An informed consent was taken from both students and school teachers. The samples were examined for the presence of parasites both macroscopically and microscopically. Standard parasitological examination methods were followed. Results: Out of total 300 school going children included in the study, 195 were male and 105 were female. A total of 97 (29.1%) were positive for one or more parasites. Out of total parasites detected, 35 (36.1%) were protozoan, 39 (40.2%) were helminthes and 23(23.7%) were mixed type. Giardia intestinalis 30 (30.9%) and Hookworm 18 (18.6%) were the commonest protozoan and helminthes respectively. The other parasites detected were A. lumbricoides 15(15.5%), H. nana 6 (6.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica 5(5.2%). Multiple parasitism was detected in 23(23.7%) children. Conclusion: The incidence of intestinal parasite infection was 29%. The commonest infestation was Helminthe. Regular deworming program in association to other preventive measures may help reduce the prevalence.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12994

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Patients attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Central Nepal

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v15i3.25209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 175-178

Author(s):

Sanjana Raj Kumari ◽

Damodar Sharma ◽

Brajesh Jha

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Important Public Health Problem ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Fresh Stool

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are important public health problem and are globally endemic. These parasites are responsible for the major share of morbidity and mortality in those communities where there is overcrowding, poor environmental sanitation and personal hygienic practices. Intestinal parasitic infection is highly prevalent among the general population in Nepal. This study was aimed to evaluate the burden of the intestinal parasitic infections and the pattern of distributions among patients attending in a tertiary care setting in Bharatpur, Nepal, over a period of one year (August 2017 to July 2018). Methods: Stool samples of patients received in the Microbiology laboratory, COMS that were subjected for routine stool investigations were included in this study. Naked eye physical examination, microscopic examination was carried out and parasites were identified in the received stool samples. The results were recorded, and data were entered into excel spreadsheet 2007. The percentages of the parasites present were calculated to find out the frequency and distribution. Results: A total of 1,558 fresh stool samples were screened, of which 20.60% (n=321) were positive for various intestinal parasites. Overall, helminthic infections (81.30%) were higher than protozoal infections (18.70%). On the whole, Ascaris lumbricoides showed higher prevalence (39.56%) followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (19.31%) and Giardia lamblia (9.97%). 17(1.09%) of the samples showed more than one parasite. Highest prevalence was seen in age group 15 to 25 years of age (27.40%). Conclusions: Parasitic infection is endemic. Apart from the early diagnosis and effective treatment, health education is a requisite to control infections in this area and awareness of sanitation to reduce and control parasitic infection.

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Study on Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Muslim community of Janakpurdham, Nepal

Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3126/jmcjms.v4i1.16383 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 36-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Khushbu Yadav ◽

Satyam Prakash

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Muslim Community ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Stool Samples

Background and Objectives: Intestinal parasitic infection is an important public health problem in Nepal because of its high morbidity and mortality. The distribution and prevalence of the various intestinal parasites species depend on social, geographical, economical and inhabitant customs. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the burden of intestinal parasitic infections and its relation with sanitary practices and socio-demographic characteristics in Muslim community of Janakpurdham, Nepal.Material and Methods: A total of 161 stool samples were collected in dry, clean and screw capped plastic container and were preserved with 10% formalin. The stool samples were examined by direct microscopy and confirmed by concentration methods. Modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining was performed for the detection of coccidian parasites. P- value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection was 63.35% (male = 57.84% vs. female = 42.15%) (p = 0.321). The positive cases of parasitic infection were found to be slightly higher in less than 10 years (35.29%) than others. Hookworm (10%) and G. lamblia (28%) infection was marginally higher than other helminthic and protozoan infection. The highest number of positive cases of parasitic infection was found in those who didn’t wash their hands before meal, defecates stool haphazardly in open area, didn’t wash their hands after toilet, didn’t trim their nail, in larger family, with low income and in housewives which was found to be statistically significant (p = <0.05).Conclusion: The health status was found poor among Nepalese Muslim people. Routine periodic screening of parasitic infection among people, changing behavior, public educations on improved personal and environmental hygiene are the fundamental principle in the control of infection.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2016) Vol. 4 (1): 36-45

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors among School Children in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/3974156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Elizabeth Njambi ◽

Dennis Magu ◽

Janet Masaku ◽

Collins Okoyo ◽

Sammy M. Njenga

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

School Children ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Home And School ◽

At Home

School children bear a significant burden of intestinal parasitic infections. Because they spend most of their time at home and school, it is necessary to identify the key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with these infections in both environments. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Mwea West, Kirinyaga County. 180 primary school children aged 8–14 years were randomly selected from three schools (Mianya, Mbui Njeru, and Mukou primary schools). Questionnaires and checklists were administered and single stool samples were collected. Stool samples were microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths, and protozoan infections. Data on WASH were obtained at home and school. The factors significantly associated with S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections in the school children were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models reporting the odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 70.5% (95% CI: 59.1–84.3) and 32.7% (95% CI: 26.8–40.1), respectively. Only one case of STH (A. lumbricoides) was identified. The prevalence of coinfections of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 22.8% (95% CI: 19.2–27.1). An increased prevalence of S. mansoni infection was associated with children above 12 years (aOR = 3.19, p=0.015), those in Mianya primary (aOR = 1.23, p=0.001), those in Mukou primary (aOR = 3.19, p=0.001), and reported behavior of wearing shoes at home (aOR = 1.67, p=0.010). However, handwashing behavior after defecation at home (aOR = 0.39, p=0.001) was protective against S. mansoni infection. For any protozoan infection, male children had increased odds of infection (aOR = 2.41, p=0.001) while use of wiping material (aOR = 0.55, p=0.019) and water contact (aOR = 0.32, p=0.001) was protective against intestinal protozoa infections. Infections with S. mansoni and any protozoa and their coinfection were present. Findings revealed that several hygiene factors were protective against infections while other were risk factors. Therefore, deworming should be complemented with behavior education on hygienic habits.

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Prevalence of the common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children in Finoteselam town, West Gojam Zone, Amhara region (Ethiopia).

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.2.0210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 173-188

Author(s):

Maru Wassie Yenene ◽

Abayneh Unasho Gandile

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Age Groups ◽

Predisposing Factors ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

And Control

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have been still quite common in developing countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children with low socio-economic and poor living conditions. Previous studies in Ethiopia have shown high burden of intestinal parasitic infections among the primary school children. The effective prevention and control of parasitic infections require research work based on the identification of intestinal parasites including associated predisposing factors. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic infections and predisposing factors among the asymptomatic primary school children. Methods: A school based cross- sectional study was conducted from September, 2019- January, 2020 and a total of 422 asymptomatic primary school children were involved in the study. Specimens of the stool samples were examined using the standard parasite and ova method. Direct microscopy using saline and iodine wet mount preparation was used to examine the presence of eggs and larvae of helminthes and trophozoites and cysts of protozoan parasites and formalin ether concentration method was used for quality assurance. Structured questionnaires were also used to collect quantitative data on socio-demographic characteristics and predisposing factors. Analysis of the data was made manually using the thematic framework method including descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 422 students (aged 5-14 years) participated in the study, 245(58%) were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Of the total infected participants, 192(45.5%) were single infections and 53(12.6%) were double infections identified. Seven types of intestinal parasitic infections were identified in the present study. The most prevalent parasite was Giardia lamblia 95(22.5%) followed by hook worm 58(13.7%). Age groups 5-9 years old were more infected, 173 (70.6%) than age groups 10-14 years old 72(29.4%). This result also showed parasitic infections were associated with predisposing factors related to infectious cycles. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations: The present study revealed that there was a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among students in the targeted primary schools. Therefore, all stakeholders should give attention to raise awareness about the prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitic infections. Moreover, the health services of the local government should develop a habit of mass public health education and deworming intervention to improve the level of parasitic infection and environmental hygiene in the study area.

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Bacteriological And Parasitological Study Of Acute Gastroenteritis Among Patients Visiting Sukraraj Tropical And Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH), Teku, Kathmandu

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19251/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sanjeena Jangam ◽

Nisha Lamsal ◽

Prashansha Sharma ◽

Najma Makaju ◽

Beena Mali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Shigella Flexneri ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Extensive Study ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Stool Samples

Abstract BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritisis a major public-health problem in developing nations like Nepal, where communities are still ravaged by poverty, poor sanitation, poor personal hygiene, and poor water supplies.The objective of our study was to find the bacterial and parasitic agents responsible for causing gastroenteritis.METHODOLOGY: A hospital based prospective study was carried out for 3 months in Bacteriology and Parasitology section of STIDH. Stool samples received in respective section from patients with gastroenteritis were included in the study. Standard Microbiological Guidelines were employed for collection and processing of samples, followed by Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of bacterial isolates. Normal saline and Iodine preparation were done for microscopic examination of parasites.RESULTS: Among 421 stool samples processed in Bacteriology section, 28(6.65%) showed bacterial growth with 15(53.57%) Shigella flexneri , 4(14.28%) S higella sonnei and 9(32.14%) Salmonella typhimurium . Ceftriaxone and Nalidixic acid were found to be the most Sensitive and Resistant antibiotic for Shigella spp. and Salmonella typhimurium. Similarly, in parasitology section, microscopic observation of 648 stool samples showed 136(20.98%) cysts of Entamoeba histolytica , 3(0.46%) cysts of Giardia lamblia , 2(0.30%) trophozoites of Giardia lamblia , 1 (0.15%) larva of Strongyloides stercoralis , 1(0.15%) ova of hookworm and 1(0.15%) ova of Ascaris lumbricoides .CONCLUSION: The study revealed Shigella species as the predominant bacterial agent with S. flexneri being the major one. Hence, extensive study of shigellosis with greater emphasis on resistance pattern of different group of antibiotics is essential in such hospital. Similarly, parasitic infections are found in significant amount. Hence, concerned hospital authorities and government official’s needs to take strict action in contending such infections.

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Prevalence of intestinal parasites among urban and rural population in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182199 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 2585 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. Mareeswaran ◽

A. K. Savitha ◽

S. Gopalakrishnan

Keyword(s):

Rural Population ◽

Urban Population ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Medical Intervention ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stool Samples

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are globally endemic and is a major public health problem of concern. The prevalence is high in developing countries like India probably due to poor sanitary conditions and improper hygiene. Among the various intestinal parasites, the prevalence of Entamoeba, Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Giardia and Trichuris have been studied in this research.Methods: This is a cross sectional study which involves 205 urban and 185 rural populations. The data was collected from the Urban and Rural health training centres in Anakaputhur and Padappai of Kancheepuram district respectively over a period of three months from August 2017 to October 2017. Data entry was done in MS Excel and analysis was carried out in SPSS software version 22. The analysis was done using descriptive and analytical statistical methods.Results: Among the rural and urban population, 185 stool samples from the rural population showed nearly 50.8% intestinal parasites (E. histolytica 40%, A. lumbricoides 2%, A. duodenalae 5%, Giardia 1%, T. trichura 3%). On the contrary 205 stool samples from urban population showed 23.4% of intestinal parasites (E. histolytica 18%, A. lumbricoides 2%, A. duodenalae 5%, Giardia 0%, T. trichura 0%). The increase in the prevalence of intestinal parasites among rural population than the urban population was statistically significant.Conclusions: The stool samples collected from rural population showed high prevalence of intestinal parasite infestation when compared to urban population, hence necessary interventions like health education, awareness creation and medical intervention should be undertaken particularly among the rural population.

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Status of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Primary School Children in Rivers State, Nigeria

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2015/937096 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. E. Abah ◽

F. O. I. Arene

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

School Children ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Enterobius Vermicularis ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Rivers State

Status of intestinal parasitic infections among primary school children in Rivers State, Nigeria, was investigated between January and December 2011. A total of 3,826 stool samples were collected from school children (1,828 males and 1998 females) in 36 primary schools from 13 local government areas of Rivers State. The samples were analyzed using wet saline/iodine and formol ether concentration methods. Of the 3,826 stool samples examined, 1059 (27.66%) were positive for different intestinal parasites, namely,Ascaris lumbricoides(51.78%), hookworm sp. (25.0%),Trichuris trichiura(15.18%),Strongyloides stercoralis(7.14%),Taeniasp. (0.89%), andEnterobius vermicularis(0.01%). The prevalence of the infection was generally higher in males (57.60%) than females (42.40%). The differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Among these intestinal parasites,Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm sp., andTrichuris trichiurawere found in all the 13 local government areas studied whileStrongyloides stercoraliswas found in 12,Taeniasp. in five, andEnterobius vermicularisin only one community in Ahoada Local Government Area. The overall infection rate remains high and would require coordinated deworming of the school children within the state.

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A CLASSICAL REVIEW ON SNAYUKA ROGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DRACUNCULIASIS

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy ◽

10.7897/2277-4343.120381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 95-98

Author(s):

Swagata Chakraborty ◽

Ruma Dey ◽

Aparajita Das

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Infection ◽

Modern Science ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Guinea Worm ◽

Subcutaneous Tissues ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Disease Free

Snayuka roga is caused by a kapha-raktaja krimi, named Snayuka. In Ayurveda, reference of Snayuka roga is available in Bhavprakash, Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhava Nidana and Yogaratnakara. This disease is characterised by shotha (swelling), daha (severe burning sensation), discolouration of skin, blisters formation similar to visarpa (Erysipelas) and it further worsens the condition if the jivam (worm) crawls out of ulcer breaks further worsens the condition. On complete exit of worm from body through the wound, the symptoms get reduced. However, it can reoccur in other distant places. These symptoms and presentation of Snayuka roga resembles with Dracunculiasis in modern science, which was endemic in various countries in last century. Dracunculiasis, a vector-borne disease, commonly known as Guinea-worm disease, is caused by the parasite called Dracunculus medinensis, commonly called as "Guinea-worm". Its larvae migrate through the Cyclops containing water to the hosts by drinking and after degeneration of Cyclops in the stomach; they migrate to subcutaneous tissues, causing severe pain along with burning sensation followed by local swelling, blisters and finally an ulcer. In India the GWD was endemic in 89 districts in seven states. India was declared as guinea worm disease free country by WHO in 2000. But intestinal parasitic infection is a main public health problem in developing countries. There is need to create awareness among people about intestinal parasitic infections. Hence, here an effort has been made to understand and review Snayuka roga, caused by Snayuka krimi as explained in Ayurvedic texts, correlating Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease- GWD).

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The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among Kosovar and Serbian school-children in Kosovo

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/helm-2020-0033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 276-279

Author(s):

K. Korzeniewski ◽

A. Lass ◽

A. Augustynowicz ◽

M. Konior

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

The Balkans ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Military Institute ◽

The Military

SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of species of intestinal parasites in the Balkans on the example of Kosovar and Serbian residents from the region of Gnjilane ineastern Kosovo,where the epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections remains unknown. Parasitological examination of stools pecimens was performed in 2017 and 2018. Stool samples were collected from asymptomatic school-children aged 6–17 years: 530 Kosovars from the municipality of Kaçanik and310 Serbs from the municipalities of Kamenica and Strpce. Each patient provided two stool samples collected every second day,fixed in SAF preservative and 70 % spiritus vini, transported to the Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine at the Military Institute of Medicine in Poland,and tested by light microscopy using three diagnostic methods: directs mearin Lugol’s solution,decantation in distilled water, and Fülleborn’s flotation. A total of 101 Kosovar children (19.1 % of the study group)were found to be infected with intestinal parasites: nematodes (n=20), cestodes (n=2), trematodes (n=2), and protozoa (n=79). Only 13 Serbian children (4.2 %) were found to beinfected with nematodes (n=4),cestodes (n=3),and protozoa (n=6). Giardia intestinalis was themost prevalent intestinal parasite in both groups (14,9 % vs. 1.9 % children). The prevalence ofasymptomatic parasitic infections was significantly higher in Kosovars in comparison to the Serbsliving in the same region of eastern Kosovo. This fact shows that there may be significant differencesin the quality of health care and sanitation as well as feed hygiene between these two communities.

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Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Parasitosis, Malnutrition, and Anemia among School Children in Ghindae Area, Eritrea

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/4230260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Yafet Kesete ◽

Huruy Tesfahiwet ◽

Ghimja Fessehaye ◽

Yohana Kidane ◽

Yafet Tekle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Effective Control ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitosis

Background. Research studies on determination of risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections and related malnutrition and anemia in various tropical areas are necessary for appropriate preventive resource allocation and cost effective control. This study is aimed at evaluating the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitosis, malnutrition, and anemia amongst elementary and junior school students in Ghindae area, Eritrea. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 schools around Ghindae from February to April 2018. 460 children were selected randomly for analysis and consent was taken from guardians. The pertinent sociodemographic data was collected using a pretested questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were carried out to determine the proportion of students with malnutrition, stunting, and thinness. Fecal samples were examined by formal-ether concentration technique, and blood specimen was collected and analyzed for the assessment of hemoglobin using Hemocue analyzers. The association between predictors and outcome variables were measured with a stepwise logistic regression model. Result. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 45.3%. Protozoan infections (38.2%) were more prevalent than soil-transmitted helminthic infections (10.4%). The presence of different intestinal parasitic infections had statistically significant association with the residence area, hand washing habits, source of drinking water, and type of latrine used. The prevalence of malnutrition was 36.9% with 18.5% stunting and 21.2% thinness. Students of rural areas had 2.03 times more odds of having malnutrition. The current prevalence of anemia was 12.4%, out of which 7.6% had mild anemia while 4.4% of them had moderate anemia and 0.4% were severely anemic. Conclusion. The prevalence of parasitic infection among school-age children in Ghindae area was high. Unsafe drinking water sources from streams and springs were among the core problems for increased prevalence along with decreased awareness on personal hygienic and sanitation practices. Undernutrition was widely prevalent among students in Ghindae area. Height for age and BMI for age scores of all participants were found to be below the WHO growth standards. Malnutrition was in higher prevalence in rural areas outside Ghindae, which is attributed to two times higher odds than their counterparts. The magnitude of anemia found in this study is considered a mild public health problem.

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