scholarly journals Research and publication ethics in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Mohan Raj Sharma ◽  
Namita Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scientific Misconduct ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Publication Ethics ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Unethical Research ◽  
Duplicate Publication ◽  
Good Quality Research ◽  
Published Research

The scientific validity of any project relies heavily on the ethically conducted and published research work. Conducting good quality research and publishing it in a scholarly, peer-reviewed journal is the ultimate dream of any researcher. However if not done without any research and publication ethics, the work will be counterproductive. Fortunately, there are several publications on ethics of research and publication guiding an early-stage researcher to follow the underlying principles. Research ethics include upholding the basic ethical principles of human research, namely, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Publication ethics involve not committing scientific misconduct, resolving authorship disputes, and avoiding simultaneous submission and duplicate publication. Repercussions of unethical research and publications are often unforgiving. Researchers in developing countries face unique challenges in this regard. However, at no cost should these principles be ignored. This will promote the development of a healthy research and publication culture, so desperately needed in these populations. Researchers, sponsors, ethical boards, publishers, and editors should work hand-in-hand to safeguard the research and publication integrity. In this review, issues surrounding research and publication ethics relevant to developing countries will be discussed.

scholarly journals Cooperation & Liaison between Universities & Editors (CLUE): recommendations on best practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wager ◽  
◽  
Sabine Kleinert
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Research Integrity ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Publication Ethics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Academic Journals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Published Research

Abstract Background Inaccurate, false or incomplete research publications may mislead readers including researchers and decision-makers. It is therefore important that such problems are identified and rectified promptly. This usually involves collaboration between the research institutions and academic journals involved, but these interactions can be problematic. Methods These recommendations were developed following discussions at World Conferences on Research Integrity in 2013 and 2017, and at a specially convened 3-day workshop in 2016 involving participants from 7 countries with expertise in publication ethics and research integrity. The recommendations aim to address issues surrounding cooperation and liaison between institutions (e.g. universities) and journals about possible and actual problems with the integrity of reported research arising before and after publication. Results The main recommendations are that research institutions should: develop mechanisms for assessing the integrity of reported research (if concerns are raised) that are distinct from processes to determine whether individual researchers have committed misconduct; release relevant sections of reports of research integrity or misconduct investigations to all journals that have published research that was investigated; take responsibility for research performed under their auspices regardless of whether the researcher still works at that institution or how long ago the work was done; work with funders to ensure essential research data is retained for at least 10 years. Journals should: respond to institutions about research integrity cases in a timely manner; have criteria for determining whether, and what type of, information and evidence relating to the integrity of research reports should be passed on to institutions; pass on research integrity concerns to institutions, regardless of whether they intend to accept the work for publication; retain peer review records for at least 10 years to enable the investigation of peer review manipulation or other inappropriate behaviour by authors or reviewers. Conclusions Various difficulties can prevent effective cooperation between academic journals and research institutions about research integrity concerns and hinder the correction of the research record if problems are discovered. While the issues and their solutions may vary across different settings, we encourage research institutions, journals and funders to consider how they might improve future collaboration and cooperation on research integrity cases.

scholarly journals Effect of Paper Waste as Cement Replacement in Rammed Earth Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-869
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
Water Absorbability

The focus on sustainability is at its peak in the construction industries in the last couple of decades. That includes green constructions such as rammed earth construction. Due to media exposure and carbon emission, people are undeniably turning to green and sustainable buildings. Furthermore, there is an improper management pattern of solid waste management found in developing countries, such as open burning and dumping of solid wastes. In which paper waste is not handled in a good way. There arefew places in developing countries where developing countries follow proper management of solid waste. Paper waste is present in each city because people are using it for daily life. Paper waste has fibre in them and has cellulose content. These components of paper waste are suitable for compressive strength. It has a side effect that it increases water absorbability. The reason for this research work is to reduce paper waste and reduce cement content. This paper also aims to find the durability and strength properties of rammed earth construction.

Benfordʼs Law and Fraud in Economic Research

Benford's Law ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Tödter
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Misconduct ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Empirical Economics ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Economics Research

This chapter reviews applications of Benford's law to uncover fraud in macroeconomic data, forecasts, and econometric regression results, as Benford's law provides tools for checking reliability and detecting fraud in science and academia. Scientific misconduct appears in various forms: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Replication is considered the prime strategy against scientific misconduct, but it is seldom performed in empirical economics. Regardless, the potential of Benford's law to enhance the efficiency of replication as a strategy against fraud in published research is discussed in this chapter. In addition, the chapter remarks that routine applications of Benford tests could uncover data anomalies and provide valuable hints of irregularities in empirical economics research.

Classification Essay of SCRM Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-230
Author(s):  
Arij Lahmar ◽  
François Galasso ◽  
Jacques Lamothe ◽  
Habib Chabchoub
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Typological Approach ◽  
Published Research

This article investigates the current developments in research and practices in the domain of Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) through a systematic and typological approach in order to improve the understanding of SCRM field. This field has created a strong scientific and professional polemic, resulting in an exponential growth of published research work, reports and article. However, it has been discussed that SCRM lacks typological approach by several authors underlining this fact through their frameworks. In response, this review examines various perceptions, notions, definitions, drivers and sources of Supply Chain Risk (SCR), in order to identify major SCRM frameworks. This analysis is required in order to identify the main issues that needed to be addressed in the field of SCRM. Thus, the objective of this paper is to classify these frameworks so as to identify news issues, opportunities and directions for further study and researches.

Analytical Model for High–Level Area Estimation of FPGA Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Rachna Singh ◽  
Arvind Rajawat
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Performance Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Fpga Design ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Area Estimation ◽  
High Level

FPGAs have been used as a target platform because they have increasingly interesting in system design and due to the rapid technological progress ever larger devices are commercially affordable. These trends make FPGAs an alternative in application areas where extensive data processing plays an important role. Consequently, the desire emerges for early performance estimation in order to quantify the FPGA approach. A mathematical model has been presented that estimates the maximum number of LUTs consumed by the hardware synthesized for different FPGAs using LLVM.. The motivation behind this research work is to design an area modeling approach for FPGA based implementation at an early stage of design. The equation based area estimation model permits immediate and accurate estimation of resources. Two important criteria used to judge the quality of the results were estimation accuracy and runtime. Experimental results show that estimation error is in the range of 1.33% to 7.26% for Spartan 3E, 1.6% to 5.63% for Virtex-2pro and 2.3% to 6.02% for Virtex-5.

scholarly journals Research activity of specialist registrars

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Petrie ◽  
Kay Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth Hare ◽  
Neil Mayfield ◽  
Rebecca Tipper
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
First Year ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Specialist Registrar ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Published Research ◽  
And Training

Aims and MethodThere has been much discussion about the productivity and training value of protected research sessions at specialist registrar (SpR) level. We used questionnaire survey to investigate the research experience of senior psychiatric SpRs and first-year psychiatric consultants in Scotland.ResultsThe survey had an 80% response rate. Two-thirds of respondents were able to take protected research sessions, and a similar proportion had published research work during their higher training. Specific difficulties in conducting research are identified and discussed.Clinical ImplicationsScottish SpRs in psychiatry are usually able to protect research sessions, but experience difficulties with lack of experience, resources and supervision. Almost a third of those near the end of their training have published nothing. It is important to explore options other than research projects to gain relevant research experience.

scholarly journals Globalisation of agrifood systems and sustainable nutrition

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matin Qaim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Access To Food

The globalisation of agrifood systems is a mega-trend with potentially profound nutritional implications. This paper describes various facets of this globalisation process and reviews studies on nutritional effects with a particular focus on developing countries. Results show that global trade and technological change in agriculture have substantially improved food security in recent decades, although intensified production systems have also contributed to environmental problems in some regions. New agricultural technologies and policies need to place more emphasis on promoting dietary diversity and reducing environmental externalities. Globalising agrifood systems also involve changing supply-chain structures, with a rapid rise of modern retailing, new food safety and food quality standards, and higher levels of vertical integration. Studies show that emerging high-value supply chains can contribute to income growth in the small farm sector and improved access to food for rural and urban populations. However, there is also evidence that the retail revolution in developing countries, with its growing role of supermarkets and processed foods, can contribute to overweight and obesity among consumers. The multi-faceted linkages between changing agrifood systems and nutrition are a new field of interdisciplinary research, combining agricultural, nutritional, economics and social sciences perspectives. The number of studies on specific aspects is still limited, so the evidence is not yet conclusive. A review at this early stage can help to better understand important relationships and encourage follow-up work.

scholarly journals Emerging Frontier of Prehistory and Burning Issues of its Study in Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Som Prasad Khatiwada
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
The People ◽  
The One

Many more prehistoric locations and material remains of man’s past are identified from different part of the world from the scholars of developed countries. In the one hand great amount of facilities and resources provided by their governments and related institutions, scholars of developed countries are working continuously in the field of archaeology and prehistory. Besides this the developing countries are struggling for physical development of the country with low amount of resources and they are incapable to allocate national budget for such studies and the scholars and researchers are badly suffered with low income level and high price for livelihood resulting low level of research capabilities. In this context research work on archaeology and prehistory is far away for them and many more prehistoric sites are still hidden under the geological strata of developing countries. There is a great danger of manipulation in data, possibility of forgery like Piltdown forgery and possible damage of megalithic graves for finding antiquities by tomb hunters. Damage of prehistoric sites, tombs and shelters is a great loss for human being not only for related countries, but for the people of the whole world. Therefore, need of collaborative research among the scholars of developed and underdeveloped countries is must for the development of anthropology in global context. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i1.8375   Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society Vol.1(1) 2013

scholarly journals STATISTICS, BIOMEDICINE AND SCIENTIFIC FRAUD

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Felice ◽  
A. Cortelazzo ◽  
S. Leoncini ◽  
C. Signorini ◽  
J. Hayek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Scientific Misconduct ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Scientific Fraud ◽  
The Social ◽  
Limited Power

A consistent fraction of published data on scientific journals is not reproducible mainly due to insufficient knowledge of statistical methods. Here, we discuss on the use of proper statistical tools in biomedical research and statistical pitfalls potentially undermining the scientific validity of published data. Apart from unaware errors, a growing concern exists regarding data fabrication and scientific misconduct. Indeed, the social impact of false scientific data can be largely unpredictable and devastating, as shown by the worldwide dramatic effects on vaccinations coverage following a retracted paper published on a highly authoritative medical journal. Unfortunately, statistics shows a quite limited power in detecting false science, although a few statistical tools, such as the Benford’s law, are known. Taken together, statistics in biomedical sciences i) is a powerful tool to interpret experimental data; ii) has limited power in detecting false science; and iii) first and foremost, is not the result of a simple “click of a mouse”, but should be the result of accurate research planning by experienced and knowledgeable users.

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