Modelyuvannya istorychnoho slovnyka polonizmiv (na materiali pivnichnoukrayins'kykh pam'yatok XVI–XVII st.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Valentyna Tytarenko

This article substantiates the relevance of the historical dictionary of words borrowed from the Polish language, describes the principles of its construction, the structure of the dictionary articles. The main purpose of the dictionary is to collectively present the Polonisms that functioned in the northern Ukrainian records of the XVI–XVII centuries as well as to indicate origins, semantics, chronology, territory, etc. The register of lexicographical work will include Polonisms found in the records of the XVI–XVII centuries. Borrowed words will be selected from the etymological source, etymon will be added to them, each lexical meaning will be illustrated, the location and time of writing the record will be indicated. If necessary, the words will be given a broader commentary on the semantics, phonetic or grammatical design, etc. Today, its file contains about 800 words of Polish origin, found in various texts of the XVI–XVII centuries in northern Ukrainian area (acts of city, sub-chamber and district governments in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Lutsk, Zhytomyr, Ovruch, Kyiv, diplomas, universals both public and private; texts of various genres: fiction, polemical, confessional literature). In the publication we substantiate that before borrowing there must be an indication of the source of information (relevant etymological dictionaries or other work), because, firstly, it confirms the origin of foreign words, and secondly, from an ethical point of view, researchers often do not trace history of a foreign word, and on the basis of existing studies of etymologists, respectively, there should be a vocation, and thirdly, a number of tokens in Ukrainian linguistics do not have an unambiguous interpretation, so the researcher of borrowings thus illustrates whose views he adheres or has his own opinion.

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Paulo Santos

In the Portuguese National Health Service, little attention has been paid to oral health care. The almost nonexistence of a dentistry network raises concern about accessibility to services, and justifies the need to call on a predominantly private provision of services. The coexistence between the public and private settings is not always easy, especially when services need to interact and actively collaborate in order to find answers to the patient’s problems. Dental implant procedures and the need to perform a previous maxillofacial computerized tomography to study the bone bed where osseointegrated dental implants are placed are a common situation. The current governmental regulation, blinded to the clinical context, may limit the accessibility to the tests. Based on this scenario, we discuss the possible options from an ethical point of view, framing the patient’s and the physician’s perspective and the relation between both.We conclude that the medical decision can’t be disregarded from the clinical evaluation, in the intimacy of the medical consultation. This is an ethical duty that overrules the administrative and bureaucratic constraints. A good management of this apparent dichotomy may enhance better health and greater empowerment for the patient.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-88
Author(s):  
Marcin Maciołek

The paper contains a historical linguistic analysis of the noun biegun. It was prompted by the inflectional form of the plural nominative bieguni, the title of one of Olga Tokarczuk’s novels, a form unusual from the point of view of the contemporary Polish grammatical system. Tokarczuk used the form ending in -i, typical of masculine personal nouns, while the word biegun is commonly known to be used nowadays only in meanings that do not refer to people. This is why the paper attempts to gain insight into the semantics of the lexeme biegun in the history of the Polish language. The research carried out made it possible to determine that the examined unit used to function in many personal meanings in the past, meanings that would eventually become obsolete with the gradual lexicalization of the word biegun and in relation the appearance of its derivational synonyms in the Polish language. Tokarczuk thus revived some of the old meanings of the word biegun referring to people, and at the same time brought out new, metaphorical meanings embedded in it in potentia – thus delexicalizing the examined unit.


Author(s):  
Sytniak R.M.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the views of linguists of the second half of the XX – early XXI century on the importance of synchronic and diachronic studies of lexical meaning and identify the tendency of modern linguists to consider synchrony and diachrony as components of one whole. With the help of synchronic-diachronic study of language, studies of lexical semantics are presented in an extremely wide range of works, which receive new opportunities to explain semantic processes and highlight similar dominant features in both structurally related and unrelated languages. The scientific interest of linguists can be directed both to the study of a particular morpheme and to the derivation of universal laws for the development of the lexical meaning of the world’s languages. The vast majority of studies, however, have a more or less clear distribution on the principle of synchrony and diachrony. The article highlights the current perception of diachronic research as one that consists of a number of studies of synchronous sections in the history of lexical meaning, and as a result is considered as one holistic effective study. In accordance with the purpose of the article, a general scientific method is used – an actualist method, which is based on the principle of historicism and allows modern knowledge to trace the development of certain linguistic concepts in the past and predict some trends in future theories. The methodological basis of the actualist method is the principles of historicism, causality, systematics and the principle of general connection of phenomena. As the result of the research it was established that the linguists of our time accept the idea of not confrontation, but of fruitful joint work of synchronic and diachronic research of lexical meaning, unity of synchronic description and historical reconstruction. The author concludes that from the point of view of modern linguistics, the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony is quite conditional. Synchronous research is not opposed, but, on the contrary, is an important component of diachronic research, because diachronic analysis without synchronic one does not exist. The tacit ban on the use of language history data in synchronic analysis has been overcome.Key words: synchrony, diachrony, dichotomy, non-linguistic concept, interdependence, flexible way of thinking, scientific subjectivism. Метою статті є висвітлення поглядів мовознавців другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ століття на важливість синхронічних та діахронічних досліджень лексичного значення та виявлення тенденції лінгвістів сучасності розглядати синхронію та діахронію як складники одного цілого. За допомогою синхронно-діахронного вивчення мови дослідження лексичної семантики представлені надзвичайно широким діапазоном праць, що отримують нові можливості пояснення семантичних процесів та виокремлення схожих домінантних рис як у споріднених, так і у неспоріднених мовах світу. Науковий інтерес мовознавців може бути спрямований як на дослідження окремої морфеми, так і на виведення універсальних законів розви-тку лексичного значення мов світу. Більшість досліджень усе ж мають більш-менш чіткий розподіл за принципом синхронії та діахронії. У статті висвітлюється сучасне сприйняття діахронного дослідження як такого, що складається із певної кількості досліджень синхронних зрізів в історії лексичного значення, і як результат – розглядається одним цілісним ефективним дослідженням. Відповідно до мети у статті використано загальнонауковий метод – актуалістичний, який бере за основу принцип історизму і дає змогу за допомогою сучасних знань простежити розвиток певних лінгвістичних концепцій у минуло-му та передбачити деякі тенденції майбутнього розвитку відповідних теорій. Методологічну основу актуалістичного методустановлять принципи історизму, причиновості, системності та принцип загального зв’язку явищ. У результаті дослідження встановлено прийняття лінгвістами сучасності ідеї не протистояння, а плідної сумісної праці синхронного та діахронного дослідження лексичного значення, єдність синхронного опису та історичної реконструкції. Автор доходить висновку, що з погляду сучасного мовознавства дихотомія синхронії та діахронії носить досить умовний характер. Синхронне дослідження не протиставляється, а навпаки, є важливою складовою частиною діахронного дослідження, тому що діахронний аналіз без синхронного не існує. Припинено мовчазну заборону на використання даних історії мови у разі синхронного аналізу. Ключові слова: синхронія, діахронія, дихотомія, нелінгвістична концепція, взаємозумовленість, мінливий образ мислення, науковий суб’єктивізм.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-286
Author(s):  
Roman Dodonov ◽  
◽  
Vira Dodonova ◽  
Oleksandr Konotopenko ◽  
◽  
...  

A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise.


2021 ◽  
pp. 468-477
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janowska ◽  

Some remarks about pleonasms and tautologies from the point of view of a historian of language Summary The problems associated with redundance constitute an object of interest among the researchers of the modern Polish language. From the point of view of a historian, all of these problems are, or perhaps “should be” crucial, for redundance is a conditio which facilitates the existence of such an entity as language – in time. However, a historical perspective which could demonstrate at least the scale of this phenomenon in the entire history of the Polish language heretofore has not been provided. The article is devoted to instances of pleonasm and tautological structures, their variability and stability. As it turns out, many of them are relatively permanent; they have functioned in the Polish language for centuries. Even though they have received criticism in e.g. dictionaries of modern Polish usage, treated as erroneous in various teaching-related publications, they continue to appear in the spoken language and in texts which represent various styles, e.g: w dniu dzisiejszym (which has been a part of the Polish lexicon since at least the 16th century), cofać się do tyłu, miesiąc kwiecień etc. This fact prompts us to re-evaluate their status.


Classics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri El Murr

Socrates of Athens (470/469–399 bce) is perhaps the most famous philosopher of all time. Yet there is a striking contrast between his extraordinary celebrity and what we know for certain about him. We know for sure that he spent his entire life in Athens, philosophizing in public and private places. We also know that he left no written works. What we know of his life and teaching comes only for a small part through the writings of contemporaries (notably Aristophanes), and mostly through the works of his many disciples, among whom stand the most prominent philosophers of the time (Plato, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Xenophon, Aeschines of Sphettos). None of these witnesses was concerned to record what Socrates did and said according to the modern standards of accurateness. Rather, each of them depicted his own view of Socrates, competing with one another as to which portrait rendered the true spirit of Socraticism. Most of what we know of Socrates also comes from later sources, which in turn depend on the writings of his contemporaries, most of which have been lost. Therefore, as a consequence of Socrates’ exceptional impact and avoidance of writing down his own thoughts, there is neither direct nor neutral access to Socrates’ life and doctrine. Every author, every school of thought, and every time period has shaped its own Socrates, according to its own agenda. Does this mean that the quest for the historical Socrates is ill-founded and the true Socrates irremediably lost? Some scholars think it does. At the very least, it seems safe to say that the study of Socrates is not separable from what is now known as the “Socratic Question.” On Socrates’ philosophical input, what does seem clear is that he introduced a major breakthrough in the history of philosophy. According to two distinct traditions in Antiquity, Socrates indeed shifted both the object and the method of philosophical inquiry. According to Cicero (and Xenophon), Socrates was the first who brought down philosophy from the heavens and placed it in cities (Tusc. V, 10). According to Aristotle (in Metaphysics), he was the first to concern himself with definitions. Both interests are amply evidenced in our main extant source of information on Socrates, which is also the trickiest to handle: the Platonic dialogues. Another reason explaining Socrates’ celebrity over the last twenty-five centuries is the most famous episode of his life, namely his death. In 399 bce, Socrates was tried, and sentenced to drink hemlock, by an Athenian popular jury of five hundred citizens. Why he was executed by the Athenian democracy remains a hotly disputed issue. Yet, even more than the portrait of Socrates as the irrepressible gadfly and soul-examiner of Athens, it is his death, and notably Plato’s dramatization of it as the martyrdom of philosophy, that made him the legend and the mystery he still is.


2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 730-735
Author(s):  
Camillia Kong

Psychiatric genomics research protocols are increasingly incorporating tools of deep phenotyping to observe and examine phenotypic abnormalities among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, photography and the use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial analysis is thought to shed further light on the phenotypic expression of the genes underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as provide potential diagnostic tools for clinicians. In this paper, I argue that the research use of photography to aid facial phenotyping raises deeply fraught issues from an ethical point of view. First, the process of objectification through photographic imagery and facial analysis could potentially worsen the stigmatisation of persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, the use of photography for facial phenotyping has worrying parallels with the historical misuse of photography to advance positive and negative eugenics around race, ethnicity and intellectual disability. The paper recommends ethical caution in the use of photography and facial phenotyping in psychiatric genomics studies exploring neurodevelopmental disorders, outlining certain necessary safeguards, such as a critical awareness of the history of anthropometric photography use among scientists, as well as the exploration of photographic methodologies that could potentially empower individuals with disabilities.


Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Mascarenhas-Mateus

This paper aims to debate the epistemological boundaries of construction history, in relation to the fields of history of architecture and the history of engineering, using Portugal as a case study. The concept of construction culture is used to broaden the analysis, avoiding the old dichotomy between architects and engineers. Instead, construction history (understood as the history of construction cultures) aims to integrate the contributions of all actors in this sector of activity, such as contractors, materials and machine producers, traders, and public and private institutions. The history of architecture and the history of engineering in Portugal serves to illustrate the extent to which the study of how a community built in a particular space, at a particular time, is fragmented in the present age. The conclusions highlight the limits of a history that has been interpreted mainly from the point of view of the activity of architects and engineers. This paper also explores the potential of a history of construction cultures as a constructum in constant transition and under constant discussion, capable of explaining the set of problems involved in this millennia-old human activity.


2015 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Justina Liauksminienė

The paper presents the results of the pilot study on the multifunctionality of the Lithuanian mental verbs manyti ‘think’, žinoti ‘know’ and suprasti ‘understand’. The study focuses on the first person singular present tense forms and imperative forms of the verbs and analyses their tendencies to function as markers of epistemicity or pragmatic markers in fiction. The data for the analysis have been taken from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http://tekstynas.vdu.lt), namely the subcorpus of fiction. The analysis of the data reveals that out of the three Lithuanian mental verbs under consideration, the first person singular present tense form manau ‘I think’ is most frequently used as a marker of epistemicity. It expresses author’s judgement on the truth value of the proposition or source of information. It should be noted that individual imperative forms of the mental verbs have not fully lost their primary lexical meaning, yet they have been frequently found to function as pragmatic markers. The imperative forms of the verbs are used to establish and maintain a relationship with the interlocutor, introduce the opposite point of view, summarize the facts that were previously mentioned, boost or hedge the proposition. They exhibit such features as syntactic mobility, absence of the propositional meaning, and rise of pragmatic functions in discourse. Consequently, the forms under analysis may be comparable to sentence adverbs which modify the proposition rather than constitute a part of it. 


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej T. Krajcarz

Caves play an important role in tourist sightseeing. Some of them are eagerly visited by tourists due to the beautiful speleothems, the opportunity to see bats, the charm of underground passages and the aura of mystery. From the academic point of view, a particularly important element of caves is their deposits – the series of clastic sediments filling a cave cavity. They constitute an important source of information about the history and prehistory of human settlement in caves and their surroundings, and also the history of fauna and flora, the geological processes responsible for the accumulation of sediments and climate change. In this study, an evaluation of the importance of cave deposits to cave tourism is attempted, whether the Polish term „namulisko” (cave deposits) itself or the idea it expresses, is known in the public, and also how cave deposits are perceived by tourists, if at all, and which aspects are known. There was an attempt at recognition of this among tourists in the context of their general knowledge about caves. The research was carried out using anonymous questionnaires distributed among various social groups such as school and university students, teachers and tourists.


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