scholarly journals Residual Stress Measurement in Heat Treated Cylindrical Components

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Belassel ◽  
J. Pineault ◽  
M. Bolla ◽  
M. Brauss
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Plain Carbon Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Xrd Techniques

Abstract Heat treatment processes can generate steep residual stress (RS) gradients and plastic deformation in metal components due to differential cooling and other effect such as phase transformation. The magnitude of residual stresses generated, and how quickly they vary spatially, will depend upon the material itself and the temperature gradients introduced during the heat treatment process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques can be used to characterize residual stresses, as well as microstructural changes, including dislocation density and particle size in heat treated components. Plain carbon steel cylinders were heat treated, quenched and characterized using these methods. Residual stress measurements were performed via XRD using the Sin2Ψ technique and microstructural characterization was evaluated using the associated peak widths. Measurements were carried out both at the surface and through depth using electropolishing. The results indicate triaxial stress gradients exist in all samples investigated, with concomitant varying microstructural characteristics.

Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress and a Proposed Mechanism for Vertical Split Rim Formation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Lonsdale ◽  
John Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Axial Residual Stress ◽  
Railroad Wheels ◽  
Hoop Stresses ◽  
Future Work

Railroad wheels are manufactured with beneficial residual compressive hoop stresses, which are imparted by rim quenching and tempering. Hoop and radial residual stresses for wheels have been studied in detail by various organizations over the years and are relatively well characterized. However axial residual stresses, in the orientation across the rim width from back rim face to front rim face, have not been extensively investigated. This paper describes a failure mode known as a vertical split rim (VSR) and describes efforts to measure the axial residual stresses in, 1) new wheels, 2) service worn wheels and 3) wheels that have failed from VSRs. Initial axial residual stress measurement efforts, using core drilling and x-ray diffraction from the tread surface, are briefly reviewed. Further more extensive work using x-ray diffraction to measure axial residual stress on radial wheel slices is described and data are presented, focusing on differences between the three wheel types. The concept of Axial Stress Amplification (ASA) is outlined, and the relationship of axial residual stress to VSRs is discussed. A proposed mechanism for VSR formation is described. Future work, with a goal of reducing or eliminating VSRs in service, is considered.

Investigation of Residual Stress in Green Compacts of Metal Powder Using X-Ray Diffraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Lian Hong Zhang ◽  
Yu Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Compaction Processes ◽  
Compacting Pressure

Residual stresses in green compacts have a significant influence on the quality of the compact and post-compaction processes like part handling. In this study, the latest European and American standard for residual stress measurement by X-ray diffraction have been used to obtain more exact residual stresses in surface of green compacts as experimental evidence for simulation. The influence of kinds of powders, compacting pressure and friction on residual stresses in green compact has been studied.

scholarly journals X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Residual Stress Measurement in NiCrMo Alloy Weld Metal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ivanovitch Monine ◽  
João da Cruz Payão Filho ◽  
Rodrigo Stohler Gonzaga ◽  
Elisa Kimus Dias Passos ◽  
Joaquim Teixeira de Assis
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wire Brushing ◽  
Alloy Weld

In the present work, residual stresses in nickel-based (Ni 625) superalloy weld metal of a 9%Ni steel-welded joint were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This technique presents some difficulties in performing measurements in coarse and preferentially oriented weld metal microstructures. It is proposed a preliminary surface treatment by rotating steel wire brushing to perform the stress analysis through XRD technique possible for this kind of material. Stress measurements with proposed XRD technique showed that the stress state in Ni 625 weld metal on the outside surface of the welded joint is characterised by tensile stresses in the transverse and longitudinal directions, while compressive transverse and tensile longitudinal residual stresses are developed in the root pass region.

Analysis of Residual Stress Development during Thermal Processing of AL-SI Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
pp. 358-363
Author(s):  
S. Mohsen Sadrossadat ◽  
Ru Lin Peng ◽  
Sten Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Thermal Residual Stresses

Residuals stresses can be present in almost every industrial component. Manufacturing processes such as casting, welding, and heat treatment are the most common causes of residual stresses. Thermal residual stresses could be developed in a component during heat treatment process as a result of non-uniform heating or cooling operations. In this study, experiments were carried out to develop insights into and understanding of the residual stresses that can arise during thermal treatments of Al-Si components. Due to the complexity of residual stresses analysis in real components, a common mixed-section casting was employed. In order to fulfill the requirements of performing different thermal treatments, a special cooling apparatus was designed and built. A number of the casting components of an Al-Si alloy were annealed for stress relief, and then removed from the furnace and cooled with different water flow rates. Then, the amount of accumulated residual stresses in the components was measured relaxation of stress using cutting. Thermal analysis and residual stress measurement for different thermal treatment regimes showed that by choosing a specific holding temperature before direct cooling, the value of residual stress increases linearly with flow rate of cooling. On the other hand, for a constant value of cooling water flow, ∆Tmaxand residual stress level decreases when the value of base temperature of furnace decreases. Moreover, the cutting method can be a suitable method for measuring thermal residual stresses in Al-Si components and thermal analysis is a powerful technique to predict residual stresses.

Residual Stress Measurements on IN718 Fatigue Specimens Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 578-582
Author(s):  
Yi Fei Gao ◽  
Shu Lan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Special Requirement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

Residual stress measurements were successfully performed on the representative IN718 fatigue specimens by X-Ray Diffraction. All surface residual stresses were found to be compressive. A stress gradient normal to the surface was observed on all specimens. The residual stresses tended to become less compressive with increasing depth into the parts. Residual stress measurement is the special requirement for NADCAP CRITERIA AC 7101/7. In this paper, residual stress measurements were successfully performed on two IN718 low cycle fatigue test specimens.

Residual Stress Analysis of A362 Aluminum Alloy Gear Case Using Neutron Diffraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 1288-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitry Sediako ◽  
Joshua Stroh ◽  
Alexandra McDougall ◽  
Ermia Aghaie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Material State ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis

Mercury Marine has used a new alloy, Mercalloy A362, for the manufacturing of a re-designed lower unit transmission gearcase. The enhanced strength of the alloy allowed for a substantial weight reduction in the new design. The purpose of this study was to examine and determine why cracking may develop in the gear casing during in service testing. Two types of material states, (i) as cast and (ii) heat treated were compared. Metallography and neutron diffraction analysis was carried out at locations identified as being areas of high stress by Magma software – which was performed in a separate study. Microstructural characterization at these locations revealed microstructural and the compositional differences. Differences in the porosity, eutectic phase, and volume fraction of the precipitates were observed at various locations of interest in each material state. The residual stress analysis was performed with application of neutron diffraction and revealed that the stresses in the as-cast component reached a maximum value of 120 MPa, which is below the yield strength of the alloy. The heat treatment applied to the castings reduced the stress by approximately 50 MPa. Based on the microstructure and neutron diffraction results, it is likely that performing a heat treatment process extends the lifetime of the component, however, it may not completely eliminate the cracking problem. Farther studies are currently nearing completion, targeting the mass production of the redesigned gearcase.

Residual Stress Enhancement in 3D Printed Inconel 718 Superalloy Treated by Ultrasonic Nano-Crystal Surface Modification

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh Sidhu ◽  
Jing Shi ◽  
Vijay K. Vasudevan ◽  
Seetha Ramaiah Mannava
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel based Ni-Cr-Fe super alloy. It has a unique set of properties such as good workability, corrosion resistance, high temperature strength, favorable weldability and excellent manufacturability. Due to its wide range of applications, IN718 is an alloy of great interest for many industries. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing assisted with laser has caught much interest from researchers and practitioners in the past three decades. In this study, IN718 alloy coupons are manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) technique. The SLMed IN718 alloys are treated by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), and the residual stress distributions underneath the surfaces are measured. It is found that residual stress mostly tensile is induced while building the part by the SLM technique. The tensile stresses can be reduced to almost zero value by post heat treatment. Moreover, the heat treatment helps to homogenize the microstructure, and results in the increase in hardness. More importantly, it is observed that UNSM effectively induces compressive residual stresses in the as-built and heat-treated parts. The residual stresses of compressive nature in as built parts has depth of around 530 μm where as in heat treated parts has a depth of around 530μm.

Residual Stress and Shape Distortion in High-Strength Tool Steels

1967 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 411-417
Author(s):  
L. B. Gulbransen ◽  
A. K. Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Angular Distortion ◽  
Shape Distortion ◽  
Heat Treated

AbstractOne of the major problems that has plagued the tool and die maker for many years and more recently has come to the attention of the manufacturer of missiles and high-performance aircraft is the problem of shape distortion which occurs during heat treatment in the high-strength tool and die steels. Not only is shape distortion a problem in the heat treatment and use of these materials, but the origin of shape distortion has been a controversial issue among metallurgists for many years. The quantitative measurement of shape distortion on heat-treated steels is simply carried out hy machining standard shape samples, in this case, an L-shaped sample, and making a measurement of the variation after heat treatment from the 90° of the original 90° angle of the L. It is usually assumed that relief of residual stresses in heat-treated parts will occur by the shape changes which have been described above; however, it has been demonstrated that elastic residual stresses may still be present in heat-treated parts that have been tempered and theoretically should be stress free. By a very straightforward and simple application of the backreflection X-ray diffraction method for residual-stress determination, a very striking relationship has been demonstrated between the shape (angular) distortion of both A2 tool steel (air hardening) and O1 tool steel (oil hardening) and the residualstress pattern of these steels. Conversely, one could presumably utilize residualstress data at changes in cross section to estimate semiquantitatively the amount of shape distortion which occurs in rather complex parts.

scholarly journals On the Surface Residual Stress Measurement in Magnesium Alloys Using X-Ray Diffraction

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5190
Author(s):  
Amir Yazdanmehr ◽  
Hamid Jahed
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Rolled Sheet ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Uncertainty ◽  
Low X

X-ray penetration in magnesium alloys is significant due to the low X-ray mass attenuation coefficient. To measure the surface residual stresses in magnesium alloys, a correction needs to be made to account for penetration depth. The residual stresses in as-received and shot peened AZ31B-H24 rolled sheet samples were measured using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-XRD) method. The electro-polishing layer removal method was used to find the residual stress pattern at the surface and through the depth. The results show that the corrected residual stresses in a few tens of micrometers layer from the surface differ from the raw stresses. To better estimate the residual stress distribution in the surface, the grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) technique was applied. Additionally, micrographs of the lateral cross-section of the peened specimens confirmed the presence of microcracks in this region, causing the residual stresses to vanish. Due to the low X-ray absorption coefficient of Mg alloys, this study shows how a small uncertainty in a single raw measurement leads to high uncertainty in the corrected residual stresses. The results were corroborated with the hole drilling method of residual stress measurements. The corrected X-ray diffraction (XRD) results are in close agreement with the hole drilling and GIXD results.

scholarly journals The Influence of Aluminium Alloy Quench Sensitivity on the Magnitude of Heat Treatment Induced Residual Stress

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Robinson ◽  
David A. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Rapid Quenching ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Temperature Property ◽  
Quench Sensitivity ◽  
Heat Treated

To produce useful strengthening, precipitation hardenable aluminium alloys rely on rapid quenching from the solution heat treatment temperature to suppress the formation of coarse equilibrium second phases. An unavoidable consequence of the rapid quenching of thick sections is the severe thermal gradients that quickly develop in the material. The attendant inhomogeneous plastic flow can then result in the establishment of residual stresses. The surface and through thickness residual stress magnitudes present in heat treated high strength aluminium alloy components are frequently reported to exceed the uniaxial yield stress of small specimens of the same alloy measured immediately after quenching. In thick section plate and forgings it is proposed that these high residual stress magnitudes are a consequence of hardening precipitation that occurs during quenching which allows for a greater elastic stress to be supported. To investigate this theory, thick sections of the quench sensitive alloy 7175 and the less quench sensitive alloy 7010 were heat treated in such a way as to allow the internal hardness to be measured immediately, after quenching. The rate of cooling was also monitored during quenching and these data were used in conjunction with time temperature property data to predict the degree of precipitation and subsequent loss of hardening potential in the fully heat treated condition. The magnitudes of the residual stresses induced during quenching were determined using standard x-ray diffraction techniques.

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