Fault Localization and Functional Testing of ICs by Lock-in Thermography

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Breitenstein ◽  
J.P. Rakotoniaina ◽  
F. Altmann ◽  
J. Schulz ◽  
G. Linse
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Heat Diffusion ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Temperature Modulation ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Lock In

Abstract In this paper new thermographic techniques with significant improved temperature and/or spatial resolution are presented and compared with existing techniques. In infrared (IR) lock-in thermography heat sources in an electronic device are periodically activated electrically, and the surface is imaged by a free-running IR camera. By computer processing and averaging the images over a certain acquisition time, a surface temperature modulation below 100 µK can be resolved. Moreover, the effective spatial resolution is considerably improved compared to stead-state thermal imaging techniques, since the lateral heat diffusion is suppressed in this a.c. technique. However, a serious limitation is that the spatial resolution is limited to about 5 microns due to the IR wavelength range of 3 -5 µm used by the IR camera. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that lock-in thermography reliably allows the detection of defects in ICs if their power exceeds some 10 µW. The imaging can be performed also through the silicon substrate from the backside of the chip. Also the well-known fluorescent microthermal imaging (FMI) technique can be be used in lock-in mode, leading to a temperature resolution in the mK range, but a spatial resolution below 1 micron.

Use of a Solid Immersion Lens for Thermal IR Imaging

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Breitenstein ◽  
F. Altmann ◽  
T. Riediger ◽  
D. Karg ◽  
V. Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Solid Immersion Lens ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Ir Imaging ◽  
Lock In

Abstract A hemispherical silicon solid immersion lens (SIL) was used to improve the spatial resolution of front-side thermal IR imaging in lock-in mode. The bottom of the SIL was coneshaped to reduce the footprint of the SIL to the size of the imaged region. Caused by the lock-in operation mode, the detection limit improves by 2-3 orders of magnitude, and scattered light does not limit the image contrast. By using this SIL in combination with an IR camera working in the 3-5 μm wavelength range, a spatial resolution of 1.4 μm was obtained for thermal IR imaging. An automatic SIL positioning facility was constructed to place the SIL exactly in the center of the imaged region and to easily remove it after the detailed investigation.

Immunszintigraphie mit 111ln-DTPA-markierten monoklonalen Antikörpern: Vergleich zwischen ECT und planarer Szintigraphie

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 258-262
Author(s):  
J. Happi ◽  
R. P. Baum ◽  
J. Frohn ◽  
B. Weimer ◽  
A. Halbsguth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Undifferentiated Carcinoma ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Intraindividual Comparison ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

The present study was done in order to examine if the use of111ln-DTPA- labeled MAb fragments in place of 131l-labeled MAb fragments increases the sensitivity of tomographic immunoscintigraphy to reach the level of that of planar imaging techniques. In 11 patients with various primary tumors, local recurrences or metastases [colorectal carcinoma (n = 7), ovarian carcinoma (n = 2), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 1), undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung (n = 1)], immunoscintigraphy (IS) was carried out using 111ln-DTPA- labeled F(ab’)2 fragments of various MAbs (anti-CEA, OC 125, anti-hTG) and planar and tomographic imaging were compared intraindividually. By conventional diagnostic procedures, the presence of a tumor mass was confirmed (transmission computer tomography, ultrasound) or verified (131l whole-body scintigraphy, histology) in all cases. Immunoscintigraphy was positive in 9 out of 11 cases by ECT and in 10 out of 11 cases by planar imaging. When using 111 In-labeled MAb fragments, intraindividual comparison of ECT and planar imaging resulted in a similar sensitivity. The increased sensitivity of ECT using this tracer in contrast to 131l-labeled MAb fragments may be attributed to the fact that the physical properties of111 In are much more suitable for the gamma cameras most commonly used (single detector, 3/8” crystal); using 111 In-labeled MAb fragments, count rates sufficient for ECT can be obtained within a reasonable acquisition time. This allows to combine IS with the advantages of ECT regarding tumour localization and prevention of artefacts due to superposition of background.

Evaluation of Package Defects by Thermal Imaging Techniques

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongmei Liu ◽  
Rajen Dias
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Nondestructive Analysis ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
External Heating

Abstract Study presented here has shown that Infrared thermography has the potential to be a nondestructive analysis tool for evaluating package sublayer defects. Thermal imaging is achieved by applying pulsed external heating to the package surface and monitoring the surface thermal response as a function of time with a high-speed IR camera. Since the thermal response of the surface is affected by the defects such as voids and delamination below the package surface, the technique can be used to assist package defects detection and analysis.

scholarly journals Free‐running 3D whole heart myocardial T 1 mapping with isotropic spatial resolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1331-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haikun Qi ◽  
Olivier Jaubert ◽  
Aurelien Bustin ◽  
Gastao Cruz ◽  
Huijun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Isotropic Spatial Resolution ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Whole Heart

scholarly journals Inductive Thermography as Non-Destructive Testing for Railway Rails

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Christoph Tuschl ◽  
Beate Oswald-Tranta ◽  
Sven Eck
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Heat Diffusion ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Average Crack ◽  
Non Destructive

Inductive thermography is a non-destructive testing method, whereby the specimen is slightly heated with a short heating pulse (0.1–1 s) and the temperature change on the surface is recorded with an infrared (IR) camera. Eddy current is induced by means of high frequency (HF) magnetic field in the surface ‘skin’ of the specimen. Since surface cracks disturb the eddy current distribution and the heat diffusion, they become visible in the IR images. Head checks and squats are specific types of damage in railway rails related to rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Inductive thermography can be excellently used to detect head checks and squats on rails, and the method is also applicable for characterizing individual cracks as well as crack networks. Several rail pieces with head checks, with artificial electrical discharge-machining (EDM)-cuts and with a squat defect were inspected using inductive thermography. Aiming towards rail inspection of the track, 1 m long rail pieces were inspected in two different ways: first via a ‘stop-and-go’ technique, through which their subsequent images are merged together into a panorama image, and secondly via scanning during a continuous movement of the rail. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are compared and analyzed. Special image processing tools were developed to automatically fully characterize the rail defects (average crack angle, distance between cracks and average crack length) in the recorded IR images. Additionally, finite element simulations were used to investigate the effect of the measurement setup and of the crack parameters, in order to optimize the experiments.

Full-field X-ray diffraction microscopy using polymeric compound refractive lenses

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1882-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hilhorst ◽  
F. Marschall ◽  
T. N. Tran Thi ◽  
A. Last ◽  
T. U. Schülli
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polymeric Compound ◽  
Full Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Imaging

Diffraction imaging is the science of imaging samples under diffraction conditions. Diffraction imaging techniques are well established in visible light and electron microscopy, and have also been widely employed in X-ray science in the form of X-ray topography. Over the past two decades, interest in X-ray diffraction imaging has taken flight and resulted in a wide variety of methods. This article discusses a new full-field imaging method, which uses polymer compound refractive lenses as a microscope objective to capture a diffracted X-ray beam coming from a large illuminated area on a sample. This produces an image of the diffracting parts of the sample on a camera. It is shown that this technique has added value in the field, owing to its high imaging speed, while being competitive in resolution and level of detail of obtained information. Using a model sample, it is shown that lattice tilts and strain in single crystals can be resolved simultaneously down to 10−3° and Δa/a= 10−5, respectively, with submicrometre resolution over an area of 100 × 100 µm and a total image acquisition time of less than 60 s.

Correlating Multicrystalline Silicon Defect Types Using Photoluminescence, Defect-band Emission, and Lock-in Thermography Imaging Techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Johnston ◽  
Harvey Guthrey ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
Katherine Zaunbrecher ◽  
Mowafak Al-Jassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Multicrystalline Silicon ◽  
Defect Band ◽  
Band Emission ◽  
Lock In

scholarly journals Cardiac computed tomography: beyond ischemic heart disease and preTAVI studies. Experience during a year in a second level hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sanz Ortega ◽  
M Sadaba Sagredo ◽  
K Armendariz Tellitu ◽  
S Velasco Del Castillo ◽  
O Quintana Raczka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Angiography ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cardiac Computed Tomography ◽  
Mitral Annulus ◽  
Diagnostic Purpose ◽  
Cardiac Procedures

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Cardiac disease is generally evaluated by non-ionizing imaging exams, as echocardiogram or magnetic resonance (MRI) and cardiac computed tomography (cCT) is seldom performed due to radiation concerns, but this exam has some advantages as better spatial resolution or better assessment of calcifications. Depending on different cardiac procedures, radiation exposure to the patients varies. Published values ranged from 4 mSv approx. for coronary angiography alone to 15 mSv approx. if stenting and ventriculography are added. Apart from coronary angiography, cCT is usually performed to plan transaortic valve implantation (TAVI) but other indications exit. Methods we reviewed cCT performed during a year and selected those not performed to assess coronary stenosis or previous to TAVI procedure. Results There were 18 exams, 50% women, mean age 62.8 years (range 17 to 82). There were no inconclusive exams. There were 10 exams with diagnostic purpose, not for measuring different structures. Among them, suspected diagnosis was confirmed in 2 cases. Reasons to choose cCT were: better assessment of calcium (6 cases), better spatial resolution (11), contraindications to MRI (3: 1 due to claustrophobia, 2 due to intracardiac device). 3 exams had 2 reasons (better spatial resolution+ assessment of calcium). 4 exams were performed without contrast, only to assess calcification: 1 case the pericardium, 3 cases the aortic valve. In the rest, contrast was used, assessing coronary anatomy as well in 5 of them. Among them, calcification was also assessed in other 2 cases (pericardium in constrictive pericarditis and mitral annulus in a woman with previous coronary artery by-pass grafting in whom a new mitral intervention was planned). Mean Radiation exposure was 5.5 mSv (range 0.3 to 15.3). There were 9 prospective cases (4 women), with a mean age of 61.6 years (17 to 82 years). Radiation exposure was 1.9 mSv (0.3 to 5.9). Mean age in retrospective studies was 63.8 years (53 to 81). 5 women underwent a retrospective study. Radiation exposure in retrospective studies was 8.7 mSv (3.9 to 15.3). There were no complications. We can see images from the prospective and retrospective studies in figures 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusions Although is seldom performed, cCT can be used safely to assess different cardiac structures. In different cases in which other imaging techniques is not enough, cCT is a good option to evaluate different structures or ventricular function. Several structures can be assessed in the same exploration.

Practical Estimation of Analytical Sensitivity for EDS in an Intermediate Voltage FEG-STEM

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 965-966
Author(s):  
M. Watanabe ◽  
D. W. Ackland ◽  
D. B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Microanalysis ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Atom Detection ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Image Position

One of the ultimate objectives for energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) in the analytical electron microscope (AEM) is single-atom detection in thin specimens, as well as quantitative microanalysis with high accuracy approaching ±1% relative. In order to realize the single-atom analysis, the design of the AEM has to be optimized with respect to improvements in spatial resolution and detectability limits. The detectability limit, as defined by the minimum mass fraction (MMF), is given by:where P is the peak intensity of interest, (P/B) is the peak-to-background ratio for that peak, and r is the acquisition time. To improve the sensitivity for analysis, any or all of the variables P, (P/B), and τ should be increased. Intermediate-voltage analytical electron microscopes combined with high brightness field-emission gun (FEG) are expected to improve the MMF, while maintaining high spatial resolution. Additionally, the MMF should also be improved by maximizing the solid angle of X-ray collection.

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