Diffractive Lenses for High Resolution Laser Based Failure Analysis

Author(s):  
Frank Zachariasse ◽  
Martijn J. Goossens

Abstract In this paper we present a new method to increase the lateral resolution available in laser scanning failure analysis tools. By fabricating a diffractive lens on the back side of the die, the area of the circuit of interest, directly underneath the lens, may be studied with a lateral resolution up to 3.5 times better than without the lens. This method is easily implemented with standard equipment already present in most failure analysis laboratories, and overcomes some significant problems encountered with alternative resolution enhancing schemes.

Author(s):  
D. E. Becker

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.


Author(s):  
Erik Paul ◽  
Holger Herzog ◽  
Sören Jansen ◽  
Christian Hobert ◽  
Eckhard Langer

Abstract This paper presents an effective device-level failure analysis (FA) method which uses a high-resolution low-kV Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in combination with an integrated state-of-the-art nanomanipulator to locate and characterize single defects in failing CMOS devices. The presented case studies utilize several FA-techniques in combination with SEM-based nanoprobing for nanometer node technologies and demonstrate how these methods are used to investigate the root cause of IC device failures. The methodology represents a highly-efficient physical failure analysis flow for 28nm and larger technology nodes.


Author(s):  
А.С. Алексеев ◽  
А.А. Никифоров ◽  
А.А. Михайлова ◽  
М.Р. Вагизов

В связи со старением информационных материалов о состоянии лесов существует потребность в разработке новых методов таксации древостоев, основанных на применении последних научно-технических достижений в области теории структуры и продуктивности древостоев, дистанционных методов изучения лесов, информационных и ГИС технологий. В статье приведены результаты разработки и проверки нового метода определения таксационных характеристик сомкнутых насаждений на основе правила 3/2 и подобных ему правил Хильми и Рейнеке, с одной стороны, и определения числа деревьев на единице площади по снимку сверх высокого разрешения, полученного с помощью БПЛА, с другой. С теоретической точки зрения эта зависимости величин запаса, средней высоты и среднего диаметра от числа стволов на единице площади относятся к классу аллометрических связей, очень часто встречающихся при количественном описании соотношений частей биологических систем разных уровней иерархии, от организмов до экосистем. Параметры аллометрических зависимостей запаса, средних высоты и диаметра от числа стволов на единице площади были определены для основных лесообразующих пород по данным таблиц хода роста нормальных (полных) древостоев с теоретическим показателем степени и затем использованы для расчетов. Число деревьев на единице площади определялось по снимку с разрешением 7,13 см/пиксель, полученному с помощью 4-роторной платформы. Обработка материалов аэрофотосъемки была выполнена в специализированной фотограмметрической системе Agisoft Photoscan. В результате были получены ортофотоплан и цифровая модель поверхности крон деревьев на изучаемую территорию с определением их высот. Для автоматизированной обработки полученных изображений с целью получения значений числа деревьев на единицу площади был создан специализированный скрипт на языке Java. Погрешности определения таксационных характеристик древостоев предлагаемым методом не выше установленных действующими нормативными материалами. Every time there is a demand for new innovative methods of forest resources estimation based on last achievements in theoretical science, remote sensing methods, information and GIS-technologies. In the paper are presented a new method and the results of its application to forest stands growing stock, mean height and diameter determination. The method is based on rule 3/2 and similar Reineke and Hilmy rules, on one hand and high resolution image made by unmanned aerial vehicle, which used for determination of number of trees per area unit, on other. The above rules are well known in quantitative biology as an allometric and widely used for description of different kind of relations in biological systems of various scale: from organisms to ecosystems. Parameters of above allometric relationships between growing stock, mean height and diameter and stems density per area unit was determine on the base of full stock growth and yield tables for main tree species and after used for experimental calculations. The number of trees per area unit was determined after special treatment of high resolution image made by unmanned flying machine. The growing stock, mean height and diameter determined by suggested method was compared with the data of regular forest inventory. Comparison gives positive result and method may be recommended for further development.


2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 2924-2928
Author(s):  
Sheng Biao Chen ◽  
Yun Zhi Tan

In order to measure the water drainage volume in soil mechanical tests accurately, it develop a new method which is based on principles of optics. And from both physical and mathematic aspects, it deduces the mathematic relationship between micro change in displacement and the increment projected on screen. The result shows that total reflection condition is better than refraction condition. What’s more, the screen could show the water volume micro variation clearly, so it can improve the accuracy of measurement.


Author(s):  
Dominik Wehrli ◽  
Matthieu Génévriez ◽  
Frédéric Merkt

We present a new method to study doubly charged molecules relying on high-resolution spectroscopy of the singly charged parent cation, and report on the first spectroscopic characterization of a thermodynamically stable diatomic dication, MgAr2+.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2239
Author(s):  
Ying Quan ◽  
Mingze Li ◽  
Yuanshuo Hao ◽  
Bin Wang

As a common form of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) in forestry applications, the canopy height model (CHM) provides the elevation distribution of aboveground vegetation. A CHM is traditionally generated by interpolating all the first LiDAR echoes. However, the first echo cannot accurately represent the canopy surface, and the resulting large amount of noise (data pits) also reduce the CHM quality. Although previous studies concentrate on many pit-filling methods, the applicability of these methods in high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (UAVLS)-derived CHMs has not been revealed. This study selected eight widely used, recently developed, representative pit-filling methods, namely first-echo interpolation, smooth filtering (mean, medium and Gaussian), highest point interpolation, pit-free algorithm, spike-free algorithm and graph-based progressive morphological filtering (GPMF). A comprehensive evaluation framework was implemented, including a quantitative evaluation using simulation data and an additional application evaluation using UAVLS data. The results indicated that the spike-free algorithm and GPMF had excellent visual performances and were closest to the real canopy surface (root mean square error (RMSE) of simulated data were 0.1578 m and 0.1093 m, respectively; RMSE of UAVLS data were 0.3179 m and 0.4379 m, respectively). Compared with the first-echo method, the accuracies of the spike-free algorithm and GPMF improved by approximately 23% and 22%, respectively. The pit-free algorithm and highest point interpolation method also have advantages in high-resolution CHM generation. The global smooth filter method based on the first-echo CHM reduced the average canopy height by approximately 7.73%. Coniferous forests require more pit-filling than broad-leaved forests and mixed forests. Although the results of individual tree applications indicated that there was no significant difference between these methods except the median filter method, pit-filling is still of great significance for generating high-resolution CHMs. This study provides guidance for using high-resolution UAVLS in forestry applications.


2013 ◽  
Vol 543 ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Futamoto ◽  
Tatsuya Hagami ◽  
Shinji Ishihara ◽  
Kazuki Soneta ◽  
Mitsuru Ohtake

Effects of magnetic material, coating thickness, and tip radius on magnetic force microscope (MFM) spatial resolution have been systematically investigated. MFM tips are prepared by using an UHV sputtering system by coating magnetic materials on non-magnetic Si tips employing targets of Ni, Ni-Fe, Co, Fe, Fe-B, and Fe-Pd. MFM spatial resolutions better than 9 nm have been confirmed by employing magnetic tips coated with high magnetic moment materials with optimized thicknesses.


2005 ◽  
Vol 87 (23) ◽  
pp. 231104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Mar Blanca ◽  
Vernon Julius Cemine ◽  
Vera Marie Sastine ◽  
Caesar Saloma

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