Determinants of Train Service Costs in Metro Operations

2015 ◽  
Vol 2534 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Brage-Ardao ◽  
Daniel J. Graham ◽  
Richard J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Metro Systems ◽  
The Cost

Research about service operation costs in the rail sector has usually focused on freight, high-speed, or national passenger rail, but has seldom included the study of the cost of urban rail (metro) rapid transit. This study analyzed the determinants of train service costs for a panel of 24 metro systems worldwide. The study used econometric modeling to assess the relative weight of each factor. Wages and electricity prices and consumption were found to have statistically significant elasticities and evidence of potential substitution effects between factors. Other factors, such as driver productivity, network length, percentage of rolling stock with air conditioning, and rolling stock age, also showed statistically significant elasticities. The study found evidence of strong returns to density and returns to scale in the provision of train service outputs (for example, car kilometers, passenger journeys, and train hours).

High Speed Rail: Track Construction Considerations

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine O. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Slab Track ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Track System ◽  
Ballasted Track

This paper discusses general High Speed Rail (HSR) track geometry, construction and maintenance practices and tolerances. The discussion will reference several key international projects and highlight different construction methods and the track geometry assessments used to establish and ensure serviceability of a typical HSR system. Historically, established tighter tolerances of “Express” HSR (i.e. operating speeds greater than 240 km/h or 150 mph) systems have favored the use of slab track systems over ballasted track systems. Slab track systems offer greater inherent stability while ballasted track systems generally require more frequent track geometry assessments and anomaly-correcting surfacing operations. The decisions related to which system to use for a given application involve numerous considerations discussed only briefly in this paper. In many cases, the optimal solution may include both track forms. Rolling stock considerations and their influence on track infrastructure design are considered beyond the scope of this paper. This paper will focus predominantly on two slab track systems widely used in international HSR projects: the Japanese J-slab track system; and the German Rheda slab track system. The French track system will be referenced as the typical ballasted track HSR design. The practices discussed in this paper generally apply to systems which are either primarily or exclusively passenger rail systems. In the U.S., these types of systems will necessarily exclude the systems the Federal Railway Administration (FRA) refers to as “Emerging” or “Regional” HSR systems which include passenger train traffic to share trackage on, what are otherwise considered, primarily freight lines.

scholarly journals Linear asynchronous traction drive in urban rail and maglev transport systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Viktor V. Nikitin ◽  
Vladimir M. Strepetov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Edge Effect ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Traction Drive ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Longitudinal Edge ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

The development of transport infrastructure of large cities with high population density and development should be carried out on the basis of innovative technical solutions, that allow to simplify the conditions of laying of tracks, reduce the cost of construction, reduce noise, provide comfort to passengers and reduce the cost of operating rolling stock. One such solution, the effectiveness of which is confirmed by foreign experience, is the use of linear asynchronous traction drive (LATD) in urban rail and maglev transport systems. This, in particular, allows to increase the allowable value of slope paths to 6065, reduce the vertical dimensions of rolling stock to 3.15 m, reduce the diameter of the tunnel by 2530%. The release of the wheel pair from the function of the implementation of traction effort makes it possible to apply on the wagons the articulated semi-frames of trolleys, that ensures better rolling stock in curves, and as a result - less wear of wheels and rails and less noise. This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of LATD compared to the traction drive of traditional execution, considers variants of constructive performance of linear induction motors (LIM), processes of electromechanical energy conversion in LIM, the option of building a LATD control system is presented. The article examines the flat LIM, which have found use in the transport systems of major cities in Asia and America. The processes of energy conversion in LIM are distinguished by the presence of a longitudinal edge effect, which determines the distortion of the resulting magnetic field, which is manifested in the reduction of induction and the displacement of the peak of the induction distribution curve to the escaping edge of the inductor. This effect is particularly manifested in high-speed LIMs with high quality. When the linearity of the magnetic environment is allowed, the resulting electromagnetic force of the LIM can be considered as the sum of electromagnetic forces created by the main field, as well as the direct and reverse fields of the longitudinal edge effect. The edge effects reduce efficiency and power ratio of LIM. The article discusses ways to compensate for the edge effects, as well as an overview of the world experience of the use of LATD in rail and maglev transport systems. The advantages of LATD and the world experience of its use suggest that for urban transport systems at speeds of up to 100-120 km/h this drive can be a real competition to traditional urban rail systems.

Impact of Spatial Filtering on the Least Cost Path Method

2012 ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Amy E. Rock ◽  
Amanda Mullett ◽  
Saad Algharib ◽  
Jared Schaffer ◽  
Jay Lee
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Least Cost Path ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Highway Infrastructure ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cost Paths ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

In the face of renewed interest in High-Speed Rail (HSR) projects, Ohio is one of several states seeking federal funding to relieve pressure on aging, overburdened highway infrastructure by constructing passenger rail routes between major cities. This paper evaluates the creation of a new rail route in Ohio’s 3-C Corridor utilizing GIS. The authors consider two primary cost factors in construction, slope and land cover, to generate alternative least-cost paths. To assess the importance of the cost factors, two separate paths are created using two different weighting methods for the land cover layer. The land cover is weighted first by difficulty of construction, and second by relative acquisition costs. These two paths are then compared against a path selected by the Ohio Hub Project which uses existing track lines, advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.

scholarly journals Estimation of dynamic performances of the safe operation of high-speed electric train

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostyslav Domin ◽  
Iurii Domin ◽  
Ganna Cherniak
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Performances ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Electric Train

The process of implementation of new developments, in particular, new generation rolling stock holds a prominent place among the range of measures for organization of high-speed passenger rail transportation in Ukraine. The example of permission for use and the initial phase of work with interregional NRCS2 dual-mode electric trains produced by Hyundai-Rotem Corporation is the illustrative one in this context. Due to the detection of macro-cracks in bolster beams of the car body frames of these electric trains, namely in the areas of mounting of anti-yaw dampers, these trains were taken out of service until the completion of the modernization of problematic nodes. The comprehensive study on the determination of the safety parameters of electric trains was conducted to determine the causes of destruction of bolster beams. At the same time, bolster beams loading was estimated depending on the characteristics of anti-yaw dampers by means of computer simulation of the dynamics of motion of trailing and motor cars. The feasibility of selection of parameters for anti-yaw dampers mounted on electric train cars was assessed. The results of work will improve the safe operation of high-speed trains and increase the efficiency of estimates regarding the loading of bearing structures of underframes of the of rolling stock.

Estimating Maintenance Costs for Mixed Higher Speed Passenger and Freight Rail Corridors

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan M. Zarembski ◽  
Pradeep Patel
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infrastructure Maintenance ◽  
The Cost

In order to reduce the cost of new intercity passenger rail corridors, the operation of higher speed passenger networks on existing freight corridors is being examined and considered. The issues to be addressed in such operations include the one-time upgrade of the track to allow for this higher speed passenger traffic and the ongoing maintenance costs necessary to maintain this track for the mixed higher speed passenger and freight operations. This latter issue is usually addressed in the access agreements for the corridor, and must include how these costs are to be shared. A recent US Federal Railroad Administration study specifically addressed the issue of “steady state” maintenance costs for mixed use corridors consisting on this class of higher speed passenger operations and concurrent freight operations, to include heavy axle load freight operations. The result of that study was a “planner’s handbook” for estimating these track maintenance costs, as part of the overall analysis of the feasibility and cost of operating higher speed passenger traffic on existing freight corridors. This paper presents the methodology used in the development of the methodology for estimating maintenance costs for mixed higher speed passenger and freight rail corridors (Classes 4, 5 and 6). Specifically, it addresses the estimation of these “steady state” infrastructure maintenance costs for a range of operating scenarios with different combination of passenger and freight traffic densities and operating speeds. These infrastructure costs include track, bridge and building (B&B), and communications and signal (C&S) costs. The resulting costs are presented as a set of cost matrices both in terms of a total cost per track mile and in terms of cost per passenger train mile. The cost matrices cover a range of combinations of traffic and track configuration, with minimum and maximum costs developed for each cell in the cost matrices. The minimum costs are based on maintenance standards geared to typical Class I freight railroad practice, such as where passenger trains currently operate on a freight railroad right of way, while the maximum costs reflect maintenance practices on existing high speed railroad track. This paper provides a description of the analytic models used to generate the costs, and the process by which those models were calibrated to actual cost data to develop costs for a wide range of traffic and track combinations. Sample application of the methodology to include several proposed mixed use corridors is also presented.

Setting System Wide RAM Targets in Passenger Rail Project Early Development Phase

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Muftic ◽  
David Turner ◽  
Steve Lawrence ◽  
Paul Padegimas
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Rail System ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
System Life ◽  
Service Application ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
And Control

New and expanded passenger rail projects must deliver dependable scheduled service with affordable operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) characteristics of equipment, facilities, and rolling stock determine the dependability and O&M costs of a rail system. System designers, builders, and operators can achieve suitable RAM characteristics by applying established engineering concepts, methods, tools, and techniques throughout the system life-cycle. Targeting and achieving system-wide RAM characteristics are necessary to assure the quality of service delivered to the customers and control O&M costs. A rail project reaps maximum benefits from applying system-wide RAM assurance processes if the RAM activities begin in an early planning phase, whether for a green field or an upgrade project, a single passenger rail system subsystem or a whole new railroad or rail service. Application of RAM assurance processes early on guide design to ensure RAM requirements are met in support of achieving overall service dependability and costs goals. RAM assurance processes are often applied at the railroad subsystem level such as rolling stock, train control, communications, traction power, and even infrastructure and civil works. Key challenges in the early phases of a project are setting the appropriate system-wide performance indicators and metrics, using on-time performance, O&M cost, and other system-wide indicators; and then apportioning those targets to each railroad subsystem in a suitable metric that is measurable and directly relevant to each subsystem and its provider. Once the rail system is integrated and in operation, further steps must assure that the system as a whole meets the system-wide RAM targets. This paper describes a model and associated processes that establish the needed parameter sets, analyses, and metrics, and provides a case study based on a new high-speed rail project.

ANALISA PERBANDINGAN DALAM RANGKA PEMILIHAN BEBERAPA IP UPSTREAM PROVIDER DI PT. INDOSAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Yuli Anwar ◽  
Dahlar .
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Service Provider ◽  
High Speed Data ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Internet Network

Abstract. One of the advances in information technology that now has changed the outlook and human life, business process and business strategy of an institution is the internet. The internet is a very large networks that connected to computers and serves throughout the world in one centralized network. With the internet we can access data and information anytime and anywhere.    As one provider of high-speed data communications services and the pioneer of the internet network service provider in Indonesia that provides integrated services, as well as one of the pioneer development of internet services that provide extensive services in the building and apply it throughout Indonesia. Indosat ready to seize opportunities for sustainable growth of business spectrum are still sprawling Indonesia.    Therefore, Indosat continues to focus on the development of increased efforts to provide the best service for customers of Indosat. Indosat will continue to develop and expand network coverage and a larger investment that the company will achieve excellence in the field of integrated telecommunications services.    Ranking by region of the IP Providers can be seen by grouping IP Providers, and management over IP Providers prefer to choose providers based on where it orginates as an example for the region of the U.S if it will be preferred providers that come from U.S. providers.With the commencement of the internet network optimization start early in 2008 with the selection of the appropriate IP Upstream Provider criteria, it is up to date according to data obtained from Indosat, seen any significant changes to the cost of purchasing capacity of the IP Upstream.    Based on the data obtained that until Q3 or September 2008, the number of IP Upstream Providers that previously there were 20 to 10 IP Upstream Provider, IP Transit Price total decrease of 11% to the price of IP Transit Price / Mbps there is a decrease of 78%, while from the capacity bandwith an increase of 301% capacity from 2008.

Design of Electrolytic Strengthening Machine for Cutting Edge of Cutter

2016 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 1585-1590
Author(s):  
Yi Zhuo Guo ◽  
Xian Guo Yan ◽  
Shu Juan Li ◽  
Hong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electric Quantity

Many studies have proved the service life of cutter can be prolonged by electrolytic strengthening. Based on the theory of electrolytic strengthening technology, this paper introduced and developed prototype equipment for strengthening cutting edge of rotary cutter and put forward a calculation method of total electric quantity consumption during the electrolysis suitable for microcontroller. The M8 high-speed steel tap is taken as a strengthening example. After finished the strengthening process that it clearly see the results of the surface of tap was obviously polished by observing the micrograph. This equipment improves the reliability of electrolytic strengthening and the cost is relatively cheap.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

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