Evaluation of the Salivary Flow Rate and pH in Patients with Recurrent Oral Ulcers

Introductions: Recurrent oral ulcers primarily effect mucosal surfaces and are among the most common chronic inflammatory diseases. Numerous studies to find the aetiopathogenesis have been conducted however the cause still remains unclear. Saliva is of utmostimportance for oral health maintenance. In current study, saliva was used as a diagnostic tool for comparison of salivary flow rate and pH in patients suffering from recurrent oral ulcers and control group. Materials and Methods: Saliva samples taken from 20 recurrent aphthous ulcer patients and 20 control (healthy) patients using a convient sampling method. Drooling method was used to collect unstimulated whole saliva sample. Pre-weighted specimen bottles were used and then weighed after sample collection on a graduated scale where as chair-side pH meter was used to determine the salivary pH. Independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation were performed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significance. Results: Positive correlation was found between the flow rate and pH in recurrent oral ulcer patients. Patients with recurrent oral ulcers had higher flow rate and pH compared to the control group. These effects were exaggerated in female patients with ulcers. Conclusions: Disturbances in salivary flow rate and pH were not significantly associated with recurrent oral ulcers.

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Dental Caries and Salivary Alterations in Type I Diabetes

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.36.2.x436ln878221g364 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 181-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kavita Rai ◽

Amitha Hegde ◽

Ananth Kamath ◽

Suchetha Shetty

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type I ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Anti Oxidant

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a severe disease that raises blood glucose levels because of hyperglycemia and insulinopenia. Fluctuations in water and electrolyte levels may result in xerostomia and other changes in the salivary composition. Since diabetes has an influence on oral health, it is important for the dentist to be aware of newer advances in the field of diabetes and to recognize specific oral problems related to diabetes. Thus, the dentist becomes an important part of the health care team for the patients with diabetes. Aim: The present study correlated salivary flow rate, salivary pH and total salivary antioxidant levels and dental caries in type I diabetic patients. Method: A total of 200 children that included 100 known diabetic children (study group) and 100 healthy children (controls) of both the sexes and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds formed the part of this study. Dental caries was assessed using DMFT index. The salivary total anti-oxidant level was estimated using phospho molybdic acid using spectrophotometric method. The salivary flow rate was recorded using the Zunt method and the salivary pH using the pH indicating paper. The results were statistically analyzed using t-test. Conclusions: The analyzed parameters showed increase in salivary anti-oxidant levels, reduced salivary flow rate, increase incidence of dental caries, salivary pH was decreased when compared to the control group.

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Comparison of Whole Saliva Flow Rates and Mucin Concentrations in Healthy Caucasian Young and Aged Adults

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345920710060201 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 1275-1278 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

M. Navazesh ◽

R.A. Mulligan ◽

V. Kipnis ◽

P.A. Denny ◽

P.C. Denny

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Young Group ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Aged Group ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Saliva Flow

Unstimulated and chewing-stimulated whole saliva samples were obtained from 42 healthy Caucasians; 21 were between 18 and 35 years of age, and 21 between 65 and 83 years of age. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was significantly lower in the aged group, but the stimulated flow rate was significantly higher in the aged than in the young group. Both groups showed significantly increased flow during salivary stimulation. MG1 and MG2 concentrations in unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were significantly lower in the aged group. There were no significant correlations between salivary flow rates and MG1 and MG2 concentrations.

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Analysis of the relationship between human cytomegalovirus DNA and gB-1 genotype in the saliva of HIV/AIDS patients with xerostomia and salivary flow rate

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v52.i4.p197-203 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 197

Author(s):

Irna Sufiawati ◽

S. Suniti ◽

Revi Nelonda ◽

Rudi Wisaksana ◽

Agnes Rengga Rendati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Cytomegalovirus ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Hiv Aids

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases vulnerability to opportunistic viral infection, including Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, that has been detected in saliva. The HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is highly immunogenic and has been associated with HCMV-related diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of HCMV and gB-1 genotype in the saliva of HIV/AIDS patients and to analyse their relationship with xerostomia and salivary flow rate (SFR). Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 34 HIV/AIDS patients. Saliva was tested for the presence of HCMV DNA using PCR microarrays, and nested PCR for gB-1 genotype detection. Xerostomia was measured using a Fox’s questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate was measured by means of the spitting method. Results: The composition of the research population consisting of 73.5% males and 26.5% females with HIV/AIDS. HCMV was found in 64.7% of HIV/AIDS patients, while gB-1 genotype was detected in 59.1%. Xerostomia was closely associated with the presence of HCMV in saliva (p<0.05), but not with gB-1. There was no significant relationship between xerostomia and SFR rates in the research subjects with HCMV positive saliva (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of xerostomia-associated HCMV in saliva was elevated among HIV/AIDS patients. Further investigation is required to identify other gB genotypes that may be responsible for xerostomia and SFR changes in HIV/AIDS patients.

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THE IMPROVEMENT OF SALIVA FLOW RATE BY GARGLING GREEN TEA STEPPING IN MENOPAUSE WOMEN WITH XEROSTOMIA

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/11873 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 460-465

Author(s):

Kiki Erika Tampubolon ◽

◽

Wilda Hafny Lubis ◽

Awaluddin Saragih ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Green Tea ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Analytical Test ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Before And After ◽

Saliva Flow

Endocrine and biological changes occur in postmenopausal women, the production of steroid sex hormones that affect the health of the oral cavity, with the reduction of all or part of estrogen resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth). The treatment of Xerostomia was carried out using local, mechanical and chemical stimulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gargling of green tea steeping on salivary flow rates in postmenopausal women with xerostomia at Darussalam Public Health Center in Medan.This is an experimental study using the design of control group, pretest-posttest and the non-probability of purposive sampling. Fourty menopausal women with xerostomia were used as sample. The treatment group gargled with green tea steeping while the control group gargled with distilled water. Saliva was collected into the pots for three minutes before and after treatment by spitting method. The analytical test used was the paired T-test and the unpaired.The results showed that there was an increase in salivary flow rate with green tea brushing rinse by 0.281750 ml/min and with aquades rinsing by 0.03335 ml/min. Furthermore, there was an effect of gargling with green tea steeping, namely an increase in the flow rate of saliva and this research can be an alternative treatment to relieve xerostomia in menopausal women.The green tea gargling was better in stimulating salivary flow rate.

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Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marwa Mrag ◽

Asma Kassab ◽

Asma Omezzine ◽

Raoua Belkacem Chebil ◽

Fatma Ben Fredj Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Total Protein ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Oral Exam ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

Summary Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p = 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.

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Variations of salivary flow rates in Brazilian school children

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242006000100003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sandra Regina Torres ◽

Marcio Nucci ◽

Estevão Milanos ◽

Renata Pessoa Pereira ◽

Alessandra Massaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Health Status ◽

Flow Rate ◽

School Children ◽

Medical Records ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Whole Saliva

The salivary flow rate (SFR) in healthy individuals may vary according to different factors. There is a scarcity of studies from different geographical areas that analyze SFR variations in children. The aim of this study was to verify stimulated salivary flow rate (SFR) variations in 6 to 12-year-old children, from four different public schools of Rio de Janeiro and correlate these data to gender, age, type of dentition, and health status. Clinical data were taken from the children's medical records that were kept at those schools. Oral examination and sialometry were performed in every child. Salivary flow rate was obtained by chewing-stimulated whole saliva under standard conditions. There were significant differences in SFR according to age (p = 0.0003). Six and 12-year-old children showed the lowest SFR, and when they were excluded from the analysis, no significant differences were found (p = 0.21). There were also significant differences in SFR among children from different public schools (p = 0.0009). The gender did not show any correlation to SFR, even when children were stratified by age (p = 0.36). Correlation between SFR and deciduous, mixed or permanent dentition was not found as well. These results show that the analyzed clinical variables did not seem to influence SFR in this children population.

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Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva in Menopausal Women—A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072604 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2604

Author(s):

Aleksandra Cydejko ◽

Aida Kusiak ◽

Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska ◽

Barbara Kochańska ◽

Jolanta Ochocińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Ionized Calcium ◽

Control Group ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Complete Health

The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliva between menopausal and premenopausal women. Methods: The study population consisted of 9 menopausal women and 15 women of the control group. Laboratory tests included the determination of pH saliva, salivary flow rate, and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and ionized calcium. Results: Among menopausal women, statistically significant differences were observed in values of salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations; however, no statistically significant differences for pH and concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A were found. The salivary flow rate in the study group was significantly lower compared to that in premenopausal women. In relation to lysozyme, statistically significant differences were found between control group and menopausal women to the disadvantage of the latter. However, the concentration of ionized calcium in the saliva of menopausal women was distinctly higher than in the saliva of the control group. Conclusion: The saliva of menopausal women appeared significantly different from that of the control group. Differences in physicochemical parameters such as salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations were observed. These differences in saliva properties observed in menopause can potentially affect the oral environment of women in this particular period, possibly increasing the risk of some pathological changes in the oral cavity and consequently indicating the need to take special care of this group of female patients in order to help them maintain proper oral health. Dentists and gynecologists should be aware of the problems associated with menopause and need to provide these women complete health care, including dental care as an integral part.

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Physiological Factors Affecting Salivary Flow Rate, Oral Sugar Clearance, and the Sensation of Dry Mouth in Man

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345870660s207 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 66 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 648-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 280

Author(s):

C. Dawes

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Whole Saliva

This paper discusses methods for collection of both whole saliva and individual gland secretions, the normal ranges of salivary flow rate, the effects of physiological variables which influence flow rate, and the role of saliva in oral sugar clearance. The physiological basis for the sensation of dry mouth is discussed, and a new concept is advanced which states that the sensation of dry mouth will occur when the salivary flow rate is less than the sum of the rates of water absorption and evaporation from the mouth. In a study of the effects of anticholinergic agents on salivary flow, the subjects experienced the sensation of dry mouth when the normal flow rate of unstimulated saliva was reduced by from 40 to 50%.

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On the Relationship between the Rate of Salivary Flow and Salivary Fluoride Clearance

Caries Research ◽

10.1159/000365949 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 141-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ralph M. Duckworth ◽

S. Jones

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Saliva Flow Rate ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Observed Behaviour ◽

Saliva Flow ◽

Unstimulated Whole Saliva ◽

The Relationship

The amount of fluoride retained in the mouth following the application of dentifrices, mouthwashes, etc. may be important in determining their anticaries efficacy. In this study we investigated the relationship between the salivary flow rate and salivary fluoride clearance. Ten adults tested six mouthrinses, consisting of aqueous sodium fluoride solutions (0.013, 0.026 mol/l) with and without added sodium chloride (1.28 mol/l) or sucrose (0.44 mol/l), in a randomised order. Prior to each test, subjects swallowed, rinsed for 2 min with 2 ml water and then expectorated into a preweighed container to obtain a measure of initial saliva flow rate. Next, the procedure was repeated using one of the test rinses. Finally, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected for up to 3 h after each mouthrinse application and analysed for fluoride. Salivary fluoride concentrations were significantly lower after application of mouthrinses that contained either sucrose or NaCl, both of which compounds markedly enhanced salivary flow, than after the use of corresponding mouthrinses without any additive. Area under the salivary fluoride clearance curve (AUC) values were inversely correlated with salivary flow rate on an individual basis (p < 0.01). The observed behaviour could not be completely attributed to treatment dilution by saliva at the time of application.

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