What Do Ontario Children Eat for Breakfast? Food Group, Energy and Macronutrient Intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hooper ◽  
Susan Evers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Breakfast Food ◽  
24 Hour Recall

This study included 305 children living in Ontario in 1993. Our objective was to determine the proportion of daily energy and macronutrient intake consumed at breakfast, and the major food groups contributing to this meal. Demographic data were obtained in a parent interview that was part of the prevention project Better Beginnings, Better Futures. A single 24-hour recall among parents indicated that breakfast provided a mean of 1,230 (± 607) kJ. Although only 4.9% (n=15) of children ate nothing at breakfast, 26.9% had <837 kJ. Many (59.7%) had a mid-morning snack; however, children who consumed <837 kJ at breakfast were not more likely to have a snack than were those who had a greater energy intake. The major sources of energy were foods from the milk (27.4%), cereals (22.1%), and breads (14.1%) groups. Energy intake at breakfast was no different in children whose household income was at or above the low-income cutoff than in children whose household income was below the cutoff. While few children missed breakfast, many needed more energy at this meal, and non-economic as well as economic influences on breakfast consumption need to be identified.

scholarly journals Selection of food items for inclusion in a newly developed food-frequency questionnaire

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Shai ◽  
Danit R Shahar ◽  
Hillel Vardi ◽  
Drora Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Food Items ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractObjectives:To highlight the differences between the food list required in a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to rank people by their intake and the food items that contribute to absolute intake, and to discuss possible applications.Methods:We conducted a nutritional survey among 1173 adults using an adapted 24-hour recall questionnaire.Statistical analysis:To develop an FFQ, we analysed the 24-hour recall survey data by performing a stepwise multiple regression after grouping conceptually similar food items into 175 food groups.Results:In total, 126 food groups were included in the developed FFQ in order to explain at least 80% of the variance in the consumption of each of 27 nutrients. The nutrients that were explained by a few food groups were vitamin A (one food group), alcohol (two), β-carotene (two), vitamin E (three) and cholesterol (five). Nutrients that were explained by a large number of food groups were energy (37 food groups), potassium (31), magnesium (31), dietary fibre (30), phosphorus (31) and sodium (29). Using energy intake as an example, soft drinks were the best between-person energy classifiers, while providing only 2.4% of the total energy intake. Wine, seeds and nuts, which contributed highly to the variance, were minor energy contributors. In contrast, milk, sugar, fried chicken/turkey breast or whole chicken/turkey, which explained little of the variation in the population, were major energy contributors.Conclusions:Developing an FFQ on the basis of common foods may not explain the between-person variation required for ranking individual intake in diet–disease studies. Producing lists of ‘discriminating items’ can be a useful application in developing mini-FFQs for selected nutrients.

scholarly journals Underreporting of energy intake among Japanese women aged 18–20 years and its association with reported nutrient and food group intakes

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Okubo ◽  
Satoshi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Reporting Accuracy ◽  
Diet History Questionnaire

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) among young female Japanese adults, and to compare the lifestyle and dietary characteristics between relatively low and high reporters.Design:Dietary intakes were assessed over a 1-month period with a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire, and lifestyle variables were assessed by a second questionnaire designed for this survey. The ratio of EI/BMR was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate.Subjects:In total, 1889 female Japanese university students aged 18–20 years who were enrolled in dietetics courses.Results:Ninety-five per cent of the subjects were classified into a non-obese group (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg m−2; mean±standard deviation (SD): 20.8±2.6 kg m−2). EI/BMR was 1.43±0.40 (mean±SD). Sixty-eight per cent of the subjects showed an EI/BMR level below the possibly balanced value of 1.56, 37% showed EI/BMR below the minimum survival value of 1.27 and 2% of the subjects showed EI/BMR exceeding the maximum value for a sustainable lifestyle of 2.4. BMI, body weight and BMR decreased significantly with the increase in EI/BMR (P<0.001). The percentage of energy from carbohydrate was significantly higher, whereas those from fat and protein were significantly lower, among the lower EI/BMR groups. As for food groups, a significantly declining trend from the lowest to the highest EI/BMR groups was observed for cereals.Conclusion:Underreporting, rather than overreporting, of energy intake was predominant in this relatively lean Japanese female population. BMI was the most important factor affecting the reporting accuracy of energy intake.

scholarly journals Food security and coping strategies of a rural community within the Valley of a Thousand Hills

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Leigh Felt
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Food Variety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
24 Hour Recall

Food security is a global concern and the insecurity thereof is prevalent in South Africa even though the country is deemed to be secure in terms of food availability. The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic, health and nutrition and food security status of the community living in the Valley of a Thousand Hills in KwaZulu Natal, in addition to analysing their coping strategies. Two hundred and fifty seven respondents were required to participate in this study. Data were collected by interviewing the respondents using pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaires; socio demographic questionnaires, dietary intake questionnaires- namely 24 hour recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the coping strategy questionnaires were used. Lastly anthropometric measurements were taken to determine BMI. A prevalence of extreme poverty exists as a magnitude of the high unemployment rate, out of which 75.8% had been unemployed for more than 3 years. The household monthly income was less than R500 per month for 37.3% of the respondents. The mean Food Variety Scores (FVS) (±SD) for all foods consumed from the food groups during seven days was 22.45 (±10.32), indicating a low food variety score. In this study the food group diversity is summarized as the majority of the respondents (91.1%, n=226) being classified with a good dietary diversity score using 6-9 food groups. The mean of the three 24-Hour recall nutrient analysis indicated a deficient intake by both men and women in all of the nutrients (100% of the men and women could not meet the DRI’s for energy and calcium) except for the mean (±SD) carbohydrate intake by men aged 19-50 (214.71 ± 80.22). The main source of food intake was from the carbohydrate food group with an insufficient intake of animal products, dairy products and fruits and vegetables respectively; contributing to the macro and micro nutrient inadequacies. Ninety six percent of this community experienced some level of food insecurity with the worst Coping Strategy Index food insecurity score being 117 out of a possible 175. Four percent of this community was classified as being food secure. Overweight and obesity were the most exceptional anthropometric features by the women respondents with 26.5% (n=66) being overweight and 57% (n=142) obese. The men’s anthropometric features were predominantly normal weight. This study has established poverty and unemployment as being the principal contributors for the food insecurity experienced by the populace and poor dietary intakes. The low food variety diet consumed by the respondents resulted in the DRI’s not achieved for most nutrients. The majority of the respondents only consumed two meals a day, as a coping strategy to reduce/prevent temporary food insecurity. Intervention strategies are needed to improve the food security status and dietary intake of the community members to overcome the crisis of malnutrition.

scholarly journals Affordability of Heathy, Equitable and More Sustainable Diets in Low-Income Households in Brisbane before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4386
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Lee ◽  
Dori Patay ◽  
Lisa-Maree Herron ◽  
Ru Chyi Tan ◽  
Evelyn Nicoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sustainable Diets ◽  
Cost Differential ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased food insecurity worldwide, yet there has been limited assessment of shifts in the cost and affordability of healthy, equitable and sustainable diets. This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and income supplements provided by the Australian government on diet cost and affordability for low-income households in an Australian urban area. The Healthy Diets ASAP method protocol was applied to assess the cost and cost differential of current and recommended diets before (in 2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (late 2020) for households with a minimum-wage and welfare-only disposable household income, by area of socioeconomic disadvantage, in Greater Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Data were collected between August and October, 2020, from 78 food outlets and compared with data collected in the same locations between May and October, 2019, in an earlier study. The price of most healthy food groups increased significantly during the pandemic—with the exception of vegetables and legumes, which decreased. Conversely, the price of discretionary foods and drinks did not increase during the pandemic. The cost of the current and recommended diets significantly increased throughout this period, but the latter continued to be less expensive than the former. Due to income supplements provided between May and September 2020, the affordability of the recommended diet improved greatly, by 27% and 42%, for households with minimum-wage and welfare-only disposable household income, respectively. This improvement in the affordability of the recommended diet highlights the need to permanently increase welfare support for low-income families to ensure food security.

scholarly journals Comparison of cluster and principal component analysis techniques to derive dietary patterns in Irish adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine P. Hearty ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Group Variable

The aims of the present study were to examine and compare dietary patterns in adults using cluster and factor analyses and to examine the format of the dietary variables on the pattern solutions (i.e. expressed as grams/day (g/d) of each food group or as the percentage contribution to total energy intake). Food intake data were derived from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey 1997–9, which was a randomised cross-sectional study of 7 d recorded food and nutrient intakes of a representative sample of 1379 Irish adults aged 18–64 years. Cluster analysis was performed using thek-means algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract dietary factors. Food data were reduced to thirty-three food groups. For cluster analysis, the most suitable format of the food-group variable was found to be the percentage contribution to energy intake, which produced six clusters: ‘Traditional Irish’; ‘Continental’; ‘Unhealthy foods’; ‘Light-meal foods & low-fat milk’; ‘Healthy foods’; ‘Wholemeal bread & desserts’. For PCA, food groups in the format of g/d were found to be the most suitable format, and this revealed four dietary patterns: ‘Unhealthy foods & high alcohol’; ‘Traditional Irish’; ‘Healthy foods’; ‘Sweet convenience foods & low alcohol’. In summary, cluster and PCA identified similar dietary patterns when presented with the same dataset. However, the two dietary pattern methods required a different format of the food-group variable, and the most appropriate format of the input variable should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Determining minimum food intake amounts for diet diversity scores to maximize associations with nutrient adequacy: an analysis of schoolchildren’s diets in rural Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2667-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A Gewa ◽  
Suzanne P Murphy ◽  
Robert E Weiss ◽  
Charlotte G Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveTo explore multiple methods of calculating diet diversity scores (DDS) to maximize associations with predicted dietary micronutrient adequacy among schoolchildren in rural Kenya.DesignUp to three 24 h recall interviews were administered for each child for a total of 1544 d of intake from all schoolchildren. Daily amounts of food consumed were assigned to one of eight food groups. Five DDS were developed based on various minimum intake amounts from each food group: (i) 1 g; (ii) 15 g; (iii) a variable minimum based on the content of a target nutrient for each group; (iv) the median intake level for each group; and (v) the 90th percentile intake level for each group. A diet was assigned 1 point towards the daily DDS if the food group intake was above the defined minimum level. Five scores were calculated for each child, and bivariate longitudinal random-effects models were used to assess the correlation between each DDS and the mean probability of adequacy for fourteen nutrients.SettingEmbu District, Kenya.SubjectsSchoolchildren (n 529), mean age 7·00 (sd 1·41) years.ResultsOnly DDS based on a 15 g minimum and DDS based on nutrient content were significantly associated with mean probability of adequacy after adjusting for energy intake (0·21 and 0·41, respectively).ConclusionsA DDS using minimum intakes based on nutrients contributed by a food group best predicted nutrient adequacy in this population. These analyses contribute to the continued search for simpler and more valid dietary quality indicators among low-income nations.

scholarly journals Describing a new food group classification system for UK biobank: analysis of food groups and sources of macro- and micronutrients in 208,200 participants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Piernas ◽  
Aurora Perez-Cornago ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Heather Young ◽  
Zoe Pollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dietary Data

Abstract Purpose The UK Biobank study collected detailed dietary data using a web-based self-administered 24 h assessment tool, the Oxford WebQ. We aimed to describe a comprehensive food grouping system for this questionnaire and to report dietary intakes and key sources of selected nutrients by sex and education. Methods Participants with at least one valid 24-h questionnaire were included (n = 208,200). Dietary data were grouped based on the presence of nutrients as well as culinary use, processing, and plant/animal origin. For each food group, we calculated the contribution to energy intake, key macronutrients, and micronutrients. We also identified the top contributors to energy intake, free sugars and saturated fat by sex and education. Results From the 93 food groups, the top five contributors to energy intake (in descending order) were: desserts/cakes/pastries; white bread; white pasta/rice; bananas/other fruit; semi-skimmed milk. Wine, beer, and fruit juices were the top beverage contributors to overall energy intake. Biscuits, and desserts/cakes/pastries were the highest contributors to free sugars, total fat, and saturated fat intakes, but also contributed to the calcium and iron intakes. Top contributors to energy, saturated fat, and free sugars were broadly similar by sex and education category, with small differences in average nutrient intakes across the population. Conclusion This new food classification system will support the growing interest in the associations between food groups and health outcomes and the development of food-based dietary guidelines. Food group variables will be available to all users of the UK Biobank WebQ questionnaire.

Adult food consumption by household composition: an analysis of the first National Dietary Survey, Brazil, 2008–2009

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Rogério Melo Rodrigues ◽  
Luana Silva Monteiro ◽  
Diana Barbosa Cunha ◽  
Rosely Sichieri ◽  
Rosangela Alves Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics

AbstractObjective:To evaluate differences in food consumption of Brazilian adults according to the presence of children and adolescents in the household.Design:Averages of two non-consecutive days of food records from the first Brazilian National Dietary Survey were analysed and classified into eighteen food groups according to nutritional characteristics and use in diet. We compared the mean percentage contribution to total daily energy intake of each food group according to three groups of household composition: adults living alone or with other adults (32·7 %), adults living with children (35·6 %) and adults living with adolescents (31·7 %).Setting:Brazilian nationwide survey, 2008–2009.Participants:Adults aged 20–59 years (n 6312; 52·1 % female).Results:Women living alone or with other adults had higher consumption of vegetables, milk and other drinks, and lower consumption of beans and rice, compared with those living with children or adolescents. Men living alone or with other adults had higher consumption of sweets & desserts and vegetables, and lower consumption of beans, compared with those living with children or adolescents. According to household income, adults in the highest tertile who lived with children or adolescents presented a mixed consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, whereas their counterparts in the first income tertile presented a marked consumption of foods considered traditional of the Brazilian population.Conclusions:There are differences in food consumption based on the presence of children and adolescents in the household, with greater variation according to gender and household income.

scholarly journals Exploratory Analysis of COVID-19 Case Demographics in Gary, Indiana

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Snapp ◽  
Bill Trimoski ◽  
Martin Brown ◽  
Amy Han ◽  
Tatiana Kostrominova
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Gary Indiana ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Zip Code

Background and Hypothesis:  Health disparities are prevalent in Black populations, and COVID-19 is not an exception. COVID-19 is a pandemic that has been confirmed in 3.8 million Americans and has caused 133,283 deaths in the US (4/20/2020). Recent literature suggests that minoritized and impoverished populations are more severely impacted by COVID-19. Gary, Indiana has a large Black population (80%), high number of residents living below the poverty line (34%), and high unemployment rate (20%). We hypothesized that Black individuals in Gary have a higher rate of positive cases, hospitalizations, and deaths than non-Black individuals. Also, we hypothesized that income (median household income measured by zip code) is negatively correlated with COVID-19 deaths.  Experimental Design and Project Methods:In collaboration with the Gary Health Department, we analyzed demographic data on all positive cases in the city from 4/16/2020 through 6/19/2020. Case data was de-identified with 16 dimensions including age, race, sex, ethnicity, hospitalization, death, and zip code.  Data was analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test and regression analysis.  Results:  Positive cases and hospitalizations are 2-fold and 3-fold more frequent in the Black population compared to the non-Black population in Gary (p<0.0001, P<0.01, age and population-adjusted), respectively. Median household income of a zip code is exponentially and negatively correlated with COVID-19 related deaths in that zip code (R2=0.7450, p=0.0123).  Conclusion and Potential Impact:   In Gary, there is a clear health disparity of both income and race, specifically in the context of COVID-19. Health officials can utilize this data to reallocate resources to highly populated, low income, and predominantly Black neighborhoods. In addition, future predictive analysis could be beneficial in developing a model to predict COVID-19 prevalence and severity. Such a model would help local health departments prepare for a second Covid-19 wave, providing for better outcomes for at risk populations through resource allocation. 

scholarly journals Changes in Selected Food Groups Consumption and Quality of Meals in Japanese School Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2743
Author(s):  
Chika Horikawa ◽  
Nobuko Murayama ◽  
Yui Kojima ◽  
Hisako Tanaka ◽  
Naho Morisaki
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The State ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Low Income Households

In 2020, a state of emergency was declared to control the devastating impact of coronavirus, leading to temporary school closures in Japan, meaning that school lunches were not provided to the majority of schoolchildren. Using questionnaires completed by participants’ guardians, we examined the relationship between household income and the quality of meals in Japanese schoolchildren before, during, and after the state of emergency. Participants (1111 children, 10–14 years old) were chosen to form a nationally representative sample of the Japanese population. “Well-balanced dietary intake” was defined as the intake of (i) meat, fish, or eggs and (ii) vegetables. The desired prevalence was defined as equal to or more than twice a day. Household income was divided into quartiles. “Well-balanced dietary intake” was lower in all households during the state of emergency compared with before. The proportion of those with a “well-balanced dietary intake” at least twice a day was notably low in both Q3 and Q4 during the state of emergency compared with before the declared state of emergency; relative risk increase (95% CI) were Q1: −19.0% (−19.6% to −18.4%), p < 0.001, Q2: −21.3% (−22.1% to −20.6%) p < 0.001, Q3: −25.4% (−26.1% to −24.7%), p < 0.001, and Q4: −34.8% (−35.6% to −34.0%), p < 0.001. The interaction p (vs. Q1) of Q2, Q3, and Q4 were all <0.001. Guardians from low-income households had significantly higher rates of having less: time, psychological room, and financial position to prepare meals during the state of emergency. Our results suggest that schoolchildren’s quality of meals worsened during the state of emergency, especially in low-income households, because school lunches were not provided.

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