scholarly journals Limbic system

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Modhi Alhussinan
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Crucial Part

The limbic system forms a crucial part of the human brain. It is a network of structures that set beneath temporal lobe and on both sides of thalamus. It has a wide range of functions which mainly involve in our behavioral and emotional responses. Therefore, any disruption to the system may lead to devastating neurological conditions. This essay will explore the structure of the limbic system, its functional organization utilizing neurological diseases or damage to demonstrate the association between that specific affected brain region and function.

scholarly journals Design principles of hair-like structures as biological machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (142) ◽  
pp. 20180206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Seale ◽  
Cathal Cummins ◽  
Ignazio Maria Viola ◽  
Enrico Mastropaolo ◽  
Naomi Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Mechanical Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
And Function

Hair-like structures are prevalent throughout biology and frequently act to sense or alter interactions with an organism's environment. The overall shape of a hair is simple: a long, filamentous object that protrudes from the surface of an organism. This basic design, however, can confer a wide range of functions, owing largely to the flexibility and large surface area that it usually possesses. From this simple structural basis, small changes in geometry, such as diameter, curvature and inter-hair spacing, can have considerable effects on mechanical properties, allowing functions such as mechanosensing, attachment, movement and protection. Here, we explore how passive features of hair-like structures, both individually and within arrays, enable diverse functions across biology. Understanding the relationships between form and function can provide biologists with an appreciation for the constraints and possibilities on hair-like structures. Additionally, such structures have already been used in biomimetic engineering with applications in sensing, water capture and adhesion. By examining hairs as a functional mechanical unit, geometry and arrangement can be rationally designed to generate new engineering devices and ideas.

scholarly journals Estrogen and Visceral Nociception at the Level of Primary Sensory Neurons

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Chaban
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
P2x Receptors ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Peripheral Site ◽  
And Function

Clinical studies suggest the comorbidity of functional pain syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, painful bladder syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, and somatoform disorders approaches 40% to 60%. The incidence of episodic or persistent visceral pain associated with these “functional” disorders is two to three times higher in women than in men. One of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is estrogen modulation of viscerovisceral cross-sensitization. While a central site of this modulation has been shown previously, our studies suggest a peripheral site, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Estrogens have remarkably wide range of functions including modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and purinoreceptors (P2Xs). Significantly, inflammation dramatically alters purinoception by causing a several fold increase in ATP-activated current, alters the voltage dependence of P2X receptors, and enhances the expression of P2X receptors increasing neuronal hypersensitivity. Gonadal hormones are thought as indispensable cornerstones of the normal development and function, but it appears that no body region, no neuronal circuit, and virtually no cell is unaffected by them. Thus, increasing awareness toward estrogens appears to be obligatory.

scholarly journals CHIP as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Zheng-wei Hu ◽  
Cheng-yuan Mao ◽  
Chang-he Shi ◽  
Yu-ming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Ubiquitin E3 Ligase ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions both as a molecular co-chaperone and ubiquitin E3 ligase playing a critical role in modulating the degradation of numerous chaperone-bound proteins. To date, it has been implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including misfolded-protein refolding, autophagy, immunity, and necroptosis. Moreover, the ubiquitous expression of CHIP in the central nervous system suggests that it may be implicated in a wide range of functions in neurological diseases. Several recent studies of our laboratory and other groups have highlighted the beneficial role of CHIP in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases in which CHIP has a pivotal role, such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and polyglutamine diseases; furthermore, CHIP mutations could also cause neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available literature, CHIP overexpression could serve as a promising therapeutic target for several neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Extrinsic factors underlying food valuation in the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Motoki ◽  
Shinsuke Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Decision Neuroscience ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Brain

Subjective value for food rewards guide our dietary choices. There is growing evidence that value signals are constructed in the brain by integrating multiple types of information about flavour, taste, and nutritional attributes of the foods. However, much less is known about the influence of food-extrinsic factors such as labels, brands, prices, and packaging designs. In this mini review, we outline recent findings in decision neuroscience, consumer psychology, and food science with regard to the effect of extrinsic factors on food value computations in the human brain. To date, studies have demonstrated that, while the integrated value signal is encoded in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, information on the extrinsic factors of the food is encoded in diverse brain regions previously implicated in a wide range of functions: cognitive control, memory, emotion and reward processing. We suggest that a comprehensive understanding of food valuation requires elucidation of the mechanisms behind integrating extrinsic factors in the brain to compute an overall subjective value signal.

scholarly journals Plant Holobiont Theory: The Phytomicrobiome Plays a Central Role in Evolution and Success

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Dongmei Lyu ◽  
Jonathan Zajonc ◽  
Antoine Pagé ◽  
Cailun A. S. Tanney ◽  
Ateeq Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
Plant Signals ◽  
And Function

Under natural conditions, plants are always associated with a well-orchestrated community of microbes—the phytomicrobiome. The nature and degree of microbial effect on the plant host can be positive, neutral, or negative, and depends largely on the environment. The phytomicrobiome is integral for plant growth and function; microbes play a key role in plant nutrient acquisition, biotic and abiotic stress management, physiology regulation through microbe-to-plant signals, and growth regulation via the production of phytohormones. Relationships between the plant and phytomicrobiome members vary in intimacy, ranging from casual associations between roots and the rhizosphere microbial community, to endophytes that live between plant cells, to the endosymbiosis of microbes by the plant cell resulting in mitochondria and chloroplasts. If we consider these key organelles to also be members of the phytomicrobiome, how do we distinguish between the two? If we accept the mitochondria and chloroplasts as both members of the phytomicrobiome and the plant (entrained microbes), the influence of microbes on the evolution of plants becomes so profound that without microbes, the concept of the “plant” is not viable. This paper argues that the holobiont concept should take greater precedence in the plant sciences when referring to a host and its associated microbial community. The inclusivity of this concept accounts for the ambiguous nature of the entrained microbes and the wide range of functions played by the phytomicrobiome in plant holobiont homeostasis.

Implications du Human Brain Project pour les neurosciences cliniques

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (S2) ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
R. Frackowiak
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Human Brain Project ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Mathematics Knowledge ◽  
And Function

We now know that a single gene mutation may present with multiple phenotypes, and vice versa, that a range of genetic abnormalities may cause a single phenotype. As a result, our traditional approach to determining disease nosology, though it has served medicine and therapeutics well in the last century and a half, is now outdated. Under that traditional model, the collection and aggregation of data are subjective, depending as it does on patient-doctor interactions. The interpretation of this information is through experience in the absence of a theoretical appreciation of the structural and functional architecture of the human brain. That may also be why it has not generated fundamental breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and certain neurological diseases. The application of modern computerized analytic techniques is leading to real advances in the application of advanced human neuroimaging to clinical science. The variety of ways in which brain tissues can be characterised by modern MRI is having an impact on diagnosis and on understanding disease mechanisms. The development of sophisticated, rule-based, image classification and data-mining techniques is a potential further advance. So what lies ahead? Is it time to radically overhaul our epistemological approach to brain disease? We know a great deal about brain structure and function. From genes, through functional protein expression, to cerebral networks and functionally specialised areas we have accumulated a mass of knowledge about the brain that defies easy interpretation. Advances in information technologies, from supercomputers to distributed and interactive databases, allied to new mathematics, knowledge of the human genome, and the increasingly sophisticated brain imaging methods make it possible to federate and integrate existing and future clinical and neuroscientific data for a more biologically based, mechanistic approach to brain disorders. This is the ambition of the Human Brain Project.

scholarly journals Phytocannabinoids in Neurological Diseases: Could They Restore a Physiological GABAergic Transmission?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierangelo Cifelli ◽  
Gabriele Ruffolo ◽  
Eleonora De Felice ◽  
Veronica Alfano ◽  
Erwin Alexander van Vliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Gaba Release ◽  
New Class ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Conditions

γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) are the main inhibitory mediators in the central nervous system (CNS). GABAARs are pentameric ligand gated ion channels, and the main subunit composition is usually 2α2βγ, with various isotypes assembled within a set of 19 different subunits. The inhibitory function is mediated by chloride ion movement across the GABAARs, activated by synaptic GABA release, reducing neuronal excitability in the adult CNS. Several studies highlighted the importance of GABA-mediated transmission during neuro-development, and its involvement in different neurological and neurodevelopmental diseases, from anxiety to epilepsy. However, while it is well known how different classes of drugs are able to modulate the GABAARs function (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neurosteroids, alcohol), up to now little is known about GABAARs and cannabinoids interaction in the CNS. Endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids are lately emerging as a new class of promising drugs for a wide range of neurological conditions, but their safety as medication, and their mechanisms of action are still to be fully elucidated. In this review, we will focus our attention on two of the most promising molecules (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; Δ9-THC and cannabidiol; CBD) of this new class of drugs and their possible mechanism of action on GABAARs.

Chaperonin as the normal controls and pathological anti-stress response in the human reproductive system

2016 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
M. Makarenko ◽  
◽  
D. Hovsyeyev ◽  
L. Sydoryk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
And Function

Different kinds of physiological stress cause mass changes in the cells, including the changes in the structure and function of the protein complexes and in separate molecules. The protein functions is determined by its folding (the spatial conclusion), which depends on the functioning of proteins of thermal shock- molecular chaperons (HSPs) or depends on the stress proteins, that are high-conservative; specialized proteins that are responsible for the correct proteinaceous folding. The family of the molecular chaperones/ chaperonins/ Hsp60 has a special place due to the its unique properties of activating the signaling cascades through the system of Toll-like receptors; it also stimulates the cells to produce anti- inflammatory cytokines, defensins, molecules of cell adhesion and the molecules of MHC; it functions as the intercellular signaling molecule. The pathological role of Hsp60 is established in a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to atherosclerosis, where Hsp60 takes part in the regulation of both apoptosis and the autoimmune processes. The presence of the HSPs was found in different tissues that are related to the reproductive system. Key words: molecular chaperons (HSPs), Toll-like receptors, reproductive function, natural auto antibody.

Possession and Repetition

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lay Buddhists ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
To Receive

This article demonstrates the need for the iconic status and function of Buddhist scripture to receive more attention by illuminating how lay Korean Buddhists try to appropriate the power of sutras. The oral and aural aspects of scripture, explained by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, provide only a limited understanding of the characteristics of scripture. It should be noted that, before modern times, most lay people, not only in Buddhist cultures but also in Christian and other traditions, neither had the chance to recite scriptures nor to listen to their recitations regularly. Several clear examples demonstrate contemporary Korean Buddhists’ acceptance of the iconic status of sutras and their attempt to appropriate the power and status of those sacred texts. In contemporary Korea, lay Buddhists try to claim the power of scriptures in their daily lives by repeating and possessing them. Twenty-first century lay believers who cannot read or recite in a traditional style have found new methods of repetition, such as internet programs for copying sacred texts and for playing recordings of their recitations. In addition, many Korean Buddhists consider the act of having sutras in one’s possession to be an effective way of accessing the sacred status and power of these texts. Hence, various ways of possessing them have been developed in a wide range of products, from fancy gilded sutras to sneakers embroidered with mantras.

Neurological consultations and diagnoses in a large, dedicated COVID-19 university hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 494-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalberto STUDART-NETO ◽  
Bruno Fukelmann GUEDES ◽  
Raphael de Luca e TUMA ◽  
Antonio Edvan CAMELO FILHO ◽  
Gabriel Taricani KUBOTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Neurological Exam ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
De Medicina

ABSTRACT Background: More than one-third of COVID-19 patients present neurological symptoms ranging from anosmia to stroke and encephalopathy. Furthermore, pre-existing neurological conditions may require special treatment and may be associated with worse outcomes. Notwithstanding, the role of neurologists in COVID-19 is probably underrecognized. Objective: The aim of this study was to report the reasons for requesting neurological consultations by internists and intensivists in a COVID-19-dedicated hospital. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, a 900-bed COVID-19 dedicated center (including 300 intensive care unit beds). COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by SARS-CoV-2-RT-PCR in nasal swabs. All inpatient neurology consultations between March 23rd and May 23rd, 2020 were analyzed. Neurologists performed the neurological exam, assessed all available data to diagnose the neurological condition, and requested additional tests deemed necessary. Difficult diagnoses were established in consensus meetings. After diagnosis, neurologists were involved in the treatment. Results: Neurological consultations were requested for 89 out of 1,208 (7.4%) inpatient COVID admissions during that period. Main neurological diagnoses included: encephalopathy (44.4%), stroke (16.7%), previous neurological diseases (9.0%), seizures (9.0%), neuromuscular disorders (5.6%), other acute brain lesions (3.4%), and other mild nonspecific symptoms (11.2%). Conclusions: Most neurological consultations in a COVID-19-dedicated hospital were requested for severe conditions that could have an impact on the outcome. First-line doctors should be able to recognize neurological symptoms; neurologists are important members of the medical team in COVID-19 hospital care.

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