scholarly journals Uncommon Atypical Presentations of COVID-19: Important and Should Not be Under Recognized!

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sim Sai ◽  
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Atypical Presentations

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new viral disease that has become a global public health concern in 2020. This disease is caused by a novel coronavirus firstly detected in the People’s Republic of China. This viral infection can cause febrile illness and respiratory problems. There are other uncommon clinical presentations of COVID-19 such as afebrile illness, diarrhea, non-coughing and confusion. These atypical presentations can result in difficulty in diagnosing the disease. In this short review, the authors specifically discuss the important uncommon atypical presentations of COVID-19.

SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Mohamed J. Saadh ◽  
Bashar Haj Rashid M ◽  
Roa’a Matar ◽  
Sajeda Riyad Aldibs ◽  
Hala Sbaih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.

scholarly journals Microbiota in Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrhea: Comparison in Recurrent and Non-Recurrent Infections

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Gazzola ◽  
Simona Panelli ◽  
Marta Corbella ◽  
Cristina Merla ◽  
Francesco Comandatore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, especially in hospitalized elderly patients, representing a global public health concern. Clinical presentations vary from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis that may progress to toxic megacolon or intestinal perforation. Antibiotic therapy is recognized as a risk factor and exacerbates dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, whose role in CDI is increasingly acknowledged. A clinically challenging complication is the development of recurrent disease (rCDI). In this study, using amplicon metagenomics, we compared the fecal microbiota of CDI and rCDI patients (sampled at initial and recurrent episode) and of non-infected controls. We also investigated whether CDI severity relates to specific microbiota compositions. rCDI patients showed a significantly decreased bacterial diversity as compared to controls (p < 0.01). The taxonomic composition presented significant shifts: both CDI and rCDI patients displayed significantly increased frequencies of Firmicutes, Peptostreptococcaceae, Clostridium XI, Clostridium XVIII, and Enterococcaceae. Porphyromonadaceae and, within it, Parabacteroides displayed opposite behaviors in CDI and rCDI, appearing discriminant between the two. Finally, the second episode of rCDI was characterized by significant shifts of unclassified Clostridiales, Escherichia/Shigella and Veillonella. No peculiar taxa composition correlated with the severity of infection, likely reflecting the role of host-related factors in determining severity.

scholarly journals The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Hozhabri ◽  
Francesca Piceci Sparascio ◽  
Hamidreza Sohrabi ◽  
Leila Mousavifar ◽  
René Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal Betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In December 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, which includes human SARS-CoV, MERS and two other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than the two previous coronavirus epidemics, but it is faster spreading and the large number of infected people with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness, showed SARS-CoV-2 to be highly contagious. Based on the current published evidence, herein we summarize the origin, genetics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, preventions, diagnosis and up to date treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infections in comparison with those caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Moreover, the possible impact of weather conditions on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is also discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to reconsider the two previous pandemics and provide a reference for future studies as well as therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Dengue Infection: Frequently Asked Questions by People in the Province of Aklan, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-15
Author(s):  
Makarius Tel Aviv C. Dela Cru ◽  
Benie T. Constantino IH
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Serological Detection ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Denv Serotypes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Plasma Leakage

Dengue virus is the most common mosquito borne viral disease in humans, and poses a major challenge to global public health services. Infection can be caused by any of the 4 DENV serotypes, transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Presenting features may vary from a mild self-limiting febrile illness to life-threatening symptoms of bleeding, organ impairment, and plasma leakage leading to shock. Early diagnosis and monitoring are critical to reduce mortality, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Laboratory tests, such as the serological detection of either antigen or antibodies are useful in the diagnosis. Currently, although a vaccine for DENV is available, it remains a challenge to develop an effective vaccine against 4 discrete serotypes and antiviral drugs effective in reducing morbidity or improving disease outcome.

scholarly journals The Covid-19 Pandemic and its Effect on the Elderly: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maimoona Nadri ◽  
Ujala Zubair
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In 2019, the world experienced a global public health concern when the novel coronavirus originated from China and affected around fifty-seven thousand people around the world by March 2020. The quick rise in the number of cases and the death toll overwhelmed the scientific and medical community. While all the focus was driven towards finding the epidemiology, the treatment and the management, the mental health aspect of the quarantine was being overlooked. The purpose of this review is to create awareness about the long-term consequences of quarantine, with the focus on the elderly community in Pakistan. 

scholarly journals Myths versus Truths regarding the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapil Amgain ◽  
Sujana Neupane ◽  
Laxmi Panthi ◽  
Pooja Thapaliya
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by the COVID-19 Virus. This virus belongs to the family of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and classified as SARS-CoV-2, a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is causing an ongoing global pandemic. The outbreak of this novel Coronavirus (nCoV-19) is causing great fear in public due to its rapid spread over 200 countries worldwide and created a global Public Health Emergency. The virus is an intracellular obligatory parasite that can even infect bacteria called Bacteriophage. Unlike Bacteria, Virus is not a living microorganism and can’t multiply in the outer environment. If we draw a line in between the living and non-living, it lies in the border3. However, the peculiar characteristic of the virus is that it can be living after entering the body of the living organism, causing harmful effects. Since it behaves like dust or dirt outside of our body, it is better to wash them out and prevent it to enter our bodies. In this way, the best way of prevention of this novel COVID-19 viral disease is to wash it out from our hand, rather than killing it by using a disinfectant, hand sanitizer, alcohol-based rub, etc. Key Message: Don’t Get the Virus, Don’t Give the Virus. Since COVID-19 Virus can enter the body from the reservoir mainly through respiratory droplets during coughing, keeping social distance and proper hand-washing are the best way to preventive measure. To prevent the rapid spreading of COVID-19, please strictly follow the following five precautionary and preventive measures yourself and ask others too. HANDS – wash them often with soap and water ELBOW – cough into it FACE – don’t touch it SPACE – keep social distance (> 3feets) FEEL SICK? - Stay home (with proper nursing care)

scholarly journals Zika Virus: A Global Threat

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Jannatul Fardows ◽  
Nasreen Farhana ◽  
Abu Bakar Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

Zika virus is a enveloped, non-segmented, ichoshedral single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. It belongs to the Flaviviridae and was first isolated in 1947 from a monkey in the Zika forest, Uganda, then in mosquitoes (Aedes africanus) in the same forest in 1948 and in a human in Nigeria in 1952. Before 2007, viral circulation and a few outbreaks were documented in tropical Africa and in some areas in Southeast Asia. In 2015, Zika viral disease outbreaks were reported in Brazil of South America for the first time and it is now considered as an emerging infectious disease. This ongoing outbreak of Zika virus that began in Brazil has spread too much of South and Central America (except Canada and Chile) and the Caribbean. According to the CDC, Brazilian health authorities reported more than 404 cases of microcephaly between October 2015 and January 2016. Seventeen of those cases have a confirmed link to the Zika virus. Its natural reservoir is yet to be unknown. Transmission mainly by mosquito Aedes aegypti but it can be transmitted from human to human by blood transfusion, saliva, urine and sexual contact. Most dangerous transmission is mother to fetus through placenta. Its actual pathogenesis is not clear but the pathogenesis of the virus is hypothesized to start with an infection of dendritic cells near the site of inoculation, followed by a spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream Other than congenital malformation (microcephaly) disease symptoms are usually mild and short-lasting self-limiting febrile illness of 4-7 days duration without severe complications. No commercial diagnostic method against Zika virus are available. The virus constitutes an important public health threat in America and also worldwide as no effective treatment or vaccine is available till now. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the microcephaly condition, linked to the mosquito-borne virus, a global public health emergency.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 2: Jul 2016, P 29-35

scholarly journals Emergence of COVID-19 Infection: What Is Known and What Is to Be Expected – Narrative Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nourah S. AlTakarli
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Review ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Case ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Background: The discovery of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan city (China) has raised a global public health concern, as the city consists of around 11 million people and is considered a major transport and logistics hub. This deadly virus caused the world to be in high alert as the death toll and the number of confirmed cases is continuously rising since the first case was reported. The Chinese government warned that the transmission ability of the virus is increasing, and international efforts are needed to overcome this outbreak. The purpose of this review is to focus on the published articles about the new virus, which will give an insight into the current state of research and data available, as well as recommending future studies. Methods: For this narrative review, more than 20 relevant scientific articles and reports were considered from various databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) using keywords such as Coronavirus Outbreak, COVID-19, Emerging Epidemics, Emerging Infections, and Novel Coronavirus. Results: The results from this review show that the situation is rapidly evolving, as human-to-human transmission is occurring, and the number of new cases and mortalities is increasing by the day and on a global level. There is still ambiguity about mutation risks and how the virus spreads as the source was not yet identified. Major gaps in knowledge about the origin of the virus, epidemiology and transmission impose a great challenge, which emphasizes the need for further studies in the future.

scholarly journals Secreted Trimeric Chikungunya Virus Spikes from Insect Cells: Production, Purification, and Glycosylation Status

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Tessy A. H. Hick ◽  
Corinne Geertsema ◽  
Maurice G. L. Henquet ◽  
Dirk E. Martens ◽  
Stefan W. Metz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Suspension Cells

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a rapidly emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes a severe febrile illness with long-lasting arthralgia in humans. As there is no vaccine to protect humans and limit CHIKV epidemics, the virus continues to be a global public health concern. The CHIKV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are important immunogens; therefore, the aim of this study is to produce trimeric CHIKV spikes in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. The CHIKV E1 and E2 ectodomains were covalently coupled by a flexible linker that replaces the 6K transmembrane protein. The C-terminal E1 transmembrane was replaced by a Strep-tag II for the purification of secreted spikes from the culture fluid. After production in Sf9 suspension cells (product yields of 5.8–7.6 mg/L), the CHIKV spikes were purified by Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography, which successfully cleared the co-produced baculoviruses. Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate cross-linking demonstrated that the spikes are secreted as trimers. PNGase F treatment showed that the spikes are glycosylated. LC–MS/MS-based glycoproteomic analysis confirmed the glycosylation and revealed that the majority are of the mannose- or hybrid-type N-glycans and <2% have complex-type N-glycans. The LC –MS/MS analysis also revealed three O-glycosylation sites in E1. In conclusion, the trimeric, glycosylated CHIKV spikes have been successfully produced in insect cells and are now available for vaccination studies.

scholarly journals The Myriad of Clinical Presentations of COVID-19: a Short Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-316
Author(s):  
Richa Nepal
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Atypical Presentations ◽  
Respiratory Complaints ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus disease- 2019 is yet to be defeated. It is primarily a viral respiratory illness, with a myriad of clinical presentations being reported, since it was first identified towards the end of 2019 in China. Apart from the classical symptoms of fever, cough, and dyspnea, atypical presentations in COVID-19 patients, have puzzled healthcare workers worldwide. Patients with isolated non- respiratory complaints like diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin rash, and confusion, have tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. The symptoms of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction have recently been added to the list for screening suspected cases after their prevalence was found to be high among COVID-19 patients. This article elaborates on the system-wise manifestations of COVID-19 and discusses the clinical implications of these aberrant presentations to healthcare workers.

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