scholarly journals An Experimental Study of the Addition of Air Mass Flow Rate Using a 30% Emulsion-Fueled Diesel Engine at High Load

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosid Rosid ◽  
Bambang Sudarmanta ◽  
Lukman Atmaja ◽  
Salih Özer
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Performance And Emissions

The purpose of this study was to examine the addition of air mass flow rate into the combustion chamber using E30 emulsion fuel (Water 70% + Dex 30% + 2% surfactant tween 80 + span 80 ) on a Diamond DI 800 stationary diesel engine with an engine rotation of 1500 rpm. Characteristics evaluated using Combustion Analyze, and emissions measured with a Gas Analyzer. The results showed the addition of air mass flow rate affected engine performance and emissions with the engine power observed to have decreased by 0.016% while SFC and thermal efficiency increased by 2,077% and 33,053% respectively compared to diesel fuel. Moreover, the BMEP and exhaust temperature also decreased with the most optimum in BMEP found to be 0.02% and exhaust temperature at 285°C while diesel has 358°C. The analysis of the combustion process for E30 emulsion fuel with variations in the air mass flow rate added showed the peak cylinder pressure at high loads was at 0.018 kg/s at a pressure of 5.86 bar. Meanwhile, the optimum heat release rate at high loads was obtained at a variation of 0.013 kg/s. This, therefore, means adding air mass flow rate to the E30 emulsion fuel has the ability to improve performance and reduce engine emissions.

scholarly journals Engine Performance of a Gardener Compression Ignition Engine using Rapeseed Methyl Esther

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamisu A Dandajeh ◽  
Talib O Ahmadu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Air Mass

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of engine speed on the combustion characteristics of a Gardener compression ignition engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esther (RME). The engine has a maximum power of 14.4 kW and maximum speed of 1500 rpm. The experiment was carried out at speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm under loads of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 18 kg. Variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle degrees and cylinder volume have been examined. It was found that RME demonstrated short ignition delay primarily due to its high cetane number and leaner fuel properties (equivalence ratio (φ) = 0.22 at 4kg). An increase in thermal efficiency but decrease in volumetric efficiency was recorded due to increased brake loads. Variations in fuel mass flow rate, air mass flow rate, exhaust gas temperatures and equivalence ratio with respect to brake mean effective pressure at engine speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm were also demonstrated in this paper. Higher engine speed of 1250 rpm resulted in higher fuel and air mass flow rates, exhaust temperature, brake power and equivalent ratio but lower volumetric efficiency. Keywords— combustion characteristics, engine performance, engine speed, rapeseed methyl Esther

Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics for Compact Cold Plates

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yuan Liu ◽  
Ying-Huei Hung
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Average Nusselt Number ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Air Mass

Both experimental and theoretical investigations on the heat transfer and flow friction characteristics of compact cold plates have been performed. From the results, the local and average temperature rises on the cold plate surface increase with increasing chip heat flux or decreasing air mass flow rate. Besides, the effect of chip heat flux on the thermal resistance of cold plate is insignificant; while the thermal resistance of cold plate decreases with increasing air mass flow rate. Three empirical correlations of thermal resistance in terms of air mass flow rate with a power of −0.228 are presented. As for average Nusselt number, the effect of chip heat flux on the average Nusselt number is insignificant; while the average Nusselt number of the cold plate increases with increasing Reynolds number. An empirical relationship between Nu¯cp and Re can be correlated. In the flow frictional aspect, the overall pressure drop of the cold plate increases with increasing air mass flow rate; while it is insignificantly affected by chip heat flux. An empirical correlation of the overall pressure drop in terms of air mass flow rate with a power of 1.265 is presented. Finally, both heat transfer performance factor “j” and pumping power factor “f” decrease with increasing Reynolds number in a power of 0.805; while they are independent of chip heat flux. The Colburn analogy can be adequately employed in the study.

Development of a Method to Evaluate CNG-Injection Valves

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian von Grabe ◽  
David van Bebber ◽  
Hubertus Murrenhoff
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Injection Process

The development of combustion engines with direct injection requires a comprehensive knowledge of the in cylinder combustion process as well as the used high pressure injection system. One main characteristic of injection systems is their mass flow over time behavior. For prevalent diesel and gasoline injection valves (injectors) fully developed simulation models as well as test benches are available to analyze the injection process. Besides the established engines a trend towards compressed natural gas (CNG) engines in passenger cars is recognized. Due to the small injection duration of a few milliseconds, the flow rate measurement is particularly challenging and requires highly dynamic measuring. The existing test benches are designed and optimized for liquid fuels and are only partly suitable for the evaluation of gaseous fuels such as CNG. A typical test method is to inject fuel into a long tube in which a pressure wave propagates. Based on the pressure signal the mass flow of the injected fuel is approximated. For gaseous fuels the correlation of mass flow and pressure propagation is only known for specific test cases and therefore the method is not directly applicable to gaseous fuels. This paper presents a newly designed measurement device to evaluate the mass flow rate as well as the injector needle displacement during an injection process of gaseous fuels. The test bench is designed to operate in a fully equipped injection system including gas lines, common rail and injection valves, to also investigate the interaction of the individual system components. The design is based on a closed test chamber in which the pressure rises during the injection. To overcome the influence of propagating pressure waves inside the chamber on the measurement, different chamber designs are evaluated. An optimized design, separating the chamber into two volumes which are connected by a damping sleeve, is presented. The injection itself is carried out in a first volume and the measurement is conducted in a second damped volume. Based on the measured pressure the mass flow rate through the injection valve is approximated, utilizing the equations of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Off-Design Performances of an Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery from Gas Turbines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Carcasci ◽  
Lapo Cheli ◽  
Pietro Lubello ◽  
Lorenzo Winchler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Mass

This paper presents an off-design analysis of a gas turbine Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) combined cycle. Combustion turbine performances are significantly affected by fluctuations in ambient conditions, leading to relevant variations in the exhaust gases’ mass flow rate and temperature. The effects of the variation of ambient air temperature have been considered in the simulation of the topper cycle and of the condenser in the bottomer one. Analyses have been performed for different working fluids (toluene, benzene and cyclopentane) and control systems have been introduced on critical parameters, such as oil temperature and air mass flow rate at the condenser fan. Results have highlighted similar power outputs for cycles based on benzene and toluene, while differences as high as 34% have been found for cyclopentane. The power output trend with ambient temperature has been found to be influenced by slope discontinuities in gas turbine exhaust mass flow rate and temperature and by the upper limit imposed on the air mass flow rate at the condenser as well, suggesting the importance of a correct sizing of the component in the design phase. Overall, benzene-based cycle power output has been found to vary between 4518 kW and 3346 kW in the ambient air temperature range considered.

scholarly journals Experimental determination of a mass loss of biomass pellets at different temperatures of the combustion chamber combusted in a stream of inert material

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kaczyńska ◽  
Konrad Kaczyński ◽  
Piotr Pełka
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Mass Rate ◽  
Different Temperatures

In the herein paper, research on the mass loss of biomass pellets is presented. The research was carried out on a specially constructed test stand. In the research three types of pellet fuels were used, which were made of oak sawdust, sunflower husk and straw. The research was carried out at three different temperatures of the combustion chamber: 850°C, 750°C and 650°C. The research was carried out without inert material and mass rate flow Gs=2,5kg/m2s and Gs=5kg/m2s. Quartz sand was the inert material. It was expected that an increase in the temperature prevailing in the combustion chamber would accelerate the process of mass loss of the biomass pellet combustion. However, the results of the experiment indicated that this is not the case in every analyzed case. The mass flow rate of inert material intensifies the combustion process and accelerates the biomass pellets made of oak sawdust mass loss, but increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber accelerates the process of biomass pellets mass loss more than the mass flow rate of inert material. Based on the experimental tests carried out, it was found that biomass can be combusted in circulating fluidized bed boilers, albeit due to the diversified chemical composition of the biomass (alkali content), the boiler should be operated in such a way as to prevent the softening and melting temperature of the ash being exceeded.

Experimental Study of Spray Flame Characteristics in Hot-Diluted Oxidant Through Advanced Image Processing Technique

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Kefa Cen
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Spray Flame ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

This paper presents a study of ethanol jet spray flame characteristics in a hot-diluted oxidant with different co-flow oxygen concentrations and fuel/air mass flow rate ratios (MF/MA ratios) through advance image processing technique. An air-blast atomizer was located in a McKenna burner which was utilized to provide stable combustion surroundings and variable combustion atmosphere for ethanol jet spray. The co-flow oxygen concentrations were set to 5%, 10%, 15% and 21% (by volume) by adjusting the mass flow rates of CH4, O2 and N2. The MF/MA ratios were set to 0.245, 0.490, 0.735, and 0.980 by adjusting the fuel mass flow rate and the carrier air mass flow rate. A high-speed RGB CCD camera was employed to capture spray flame images continuously. Spray flame edge is detected using an auto-adaptive edge-detection algorithm which could detect the spray flame edge continuously and clearly. A flame zone is defined as the region surrounded by the detected flame edge to obtain flame parameters. Spray flame characteristics are described using the measured flame parameters, involving flame area, length, brightness, nonuniformity and temperature which are derived from the spray flame images. Spray flame area, length, brightness and nonuniformity are extracted through image processing technique directly. Moreover, two-dimensional (2D) temperature profiling of spray flame is obtained by coupling image processing technique with two-color pyrometry based on Planck’s radiation law. The effects of co-flow oxygen concentration and MF/MA ratio on spray flame characteristics are investigated in this work. The spray flame parameters are observed to be sensitive to both co-flow oxygen concentration and MF/MA ratio. The results show that the fuel mass flow rate (MF) has opposite effects on spray flame characteristics compared with the carrier air mass flow rate (MA) in hot-diluted oxidant. Spray flame area and length are shown to decrease for higher co-flow oxygen concentrations, while spray flame brightness, uniformity and temperature are observed to increase for higher co-flow oxygen concentrations, owing to the enhancement of the combustion rate. A higher MF/MA ratio leads to higher spray flame area, length, brightness, uniformity and temperature, due to the increase of the droplet residence time or droplet concentration in hot-diluted oxidant. In the same MF/MA ratio, spray flame area and length are found to be smaller at a higher fuel flow rate (or carrier air flow rate). However, spray flame brightness, uniformity and temperature are demonstrated to be enhanced at a higher fuel flow rate (or carrier air flow rate). (CSPE)

Air mass balance for mass flow rate calculation in pneumatic conveying

2010 ◽  
Vol 202 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Arakaki ◽  
Ali Ghaderi ◽  
Arild Sæther ◽  
Chandana Ratnayake ◽  
Gisle G. Enstad
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pneumatic Conveying ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Rate Calculation

Predicted performance of a two-phase underwater ramjet with a Laval nozzle

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-948
Author(s):  
Jiarui Zhang ◽  
Zhixun Xia ◽  
Liya Huang ◽  
Likun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Laval Nozzle ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Bubbly Flow ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Orifice Diameter ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Convergent Nozzle

To predict engine performance and further instruct the integral engine design, a more reasonable and accurate numerical model of the two-phase underwater ramjet was introduced in this article by considering the bubble formation process. Two-fluid model was used to examine the bubbly flow in the nozzle and its mathematical model was solved by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Subsequently, the influences of vessel velocity, gas mass flow rate, navigational depth, and orifice diameter of the bubble injector on the performance of the engine were discussed. Results show that, compared with convergent nozzle, Laval nozzle is proved to improve the thrust of the engine, especially at relatively high velocity and gas mass flow rate. With the other conditions fixed, there is an optimum vessel velocity for the ramjet, in which maximum thrust is generated. And a smaller orifice diameter always promotes the engine performance, while this promotion is negligible when the orifice diameter is smaller than 1 mm. Besides, increasing backpressure will cause serious performance drop, which means that the the two-phase underwater ramjet is only efficient for shallow depths.

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