scholarly journals Advances and outlook of horticultural bioengineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
A. A. Guzeeva ◽  
I. A. Kapitova ◽  
S. V. Dolgov ◽  
Yu. V. Burmenko
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Common System ◽  
Genome Modification ◽  
Berry Crops

A Branch of modern biotechnology for creating unique relevant genotypes is bioengineering that harnesses a spectrum of plant genome modification technologies. The study aimed to analyse the current state of the art in genome modification of fruit and berry crops for more significant (vs. premium pure breeding varieties) deviations of norm in the traits and properties of biotic and abiotic resistance, productivity, fruit quality, etc. First horticultural crop transformation studies aimed at developing protocols based on selectable enzyme marker genes of phosphorylationmediated aminoglycoside antibiotics detoxification. Neomycin phosphotransferase nptII constitutes the most common system of transgenic fruit and berry crop selection. In pome crops, the transgenic selection priorities were resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Wint.) Cke), rust (Gymnosporangium juniper-virginianae Schwein.) and bacterial blight (Erwinia amylovora Burrill, Winslow et al.), higher fruit quality, including bright colouring, and reduced enzymatic browning. In stone crops, it was tolerance to plum pox (PPV), papaya ringspot (PRSV) and Prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) viruses. In berry crops — resistance to Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill fungus, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.), root rot (Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J.Schrot.) and powdery mildew (Oidium tuckeri Berkeley), as well as higher fruit quality. In citruses — resistance to bacterial canker (Xanthomonas citri sub sp.), citrus ulcer (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri), greening disease (Huanglongbing (HLB)) and fungi (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai). In tropical crops — resistance to papaya ringspot (PRSV) and banana streak (eBSV) viruses. Unique FT-phenotype transgenic fruit lines are leveraged in the new FasTrack breeding strategy. Nine fruit and berry transgenic crop lines have now been registered worldwide. Transgenic Arctic apples (Golden, Granny, Fuji), plums (Honey Sweet) and papaya (Rainbow, SunUp, Laie Gold) are industry-approved in fresh and processed form. The transgenic list regulated in the Russian Federation does not include fruit or berry crops.

scholarly journals Effect of late summer treatments by strobilurines on storage diseases of apples

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Minář
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Biological Efficacy ◽  
Weight Decrease

Biological efficacy of strobilurines (trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl) was evaluated to compare the effect of late treatments of apples against post-harvest diseases with the effect of widely used reference products (captan, tolylfluanid, dithianone, dodine). One treatment 3–4 weeks before the harvest was applied (1000 l/ha water). Tested and reference products were used in doses authorised in the Czech Republic against the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Strobilurines effectiveness overcame all the products compared and showed an effect on reduction of weight decrease during the storage. In total 8 field tests were performed in 2000–2004 were efficacy, effect on fruit quality and weight decrease during storage was assessed.

scholarly journals Bee Visitation and Fruit Quality in Berries Under Protected Cropping Vary Along the Length of Polytunnels

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1337-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Hall ◽  
Jeremy Jones ◽  
Maurizio Rocchetti ◽  
Derek Wright ◽  
Romina Rader
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Pollinator Abundance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Bee Foraging

Abstract Wild and managed bees provide effective crop pollination services worldwide. Protected cropping conditions are thought to alter the ambient environmental conditions in which pollinators forage for flowers, yet few studies have compared conditions at the edges and center of growing tunnels. We measured environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, white light, and UV light) and surveyed activity of the managed honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; wild stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria Smith; and wild sweat bee, Homalictus urbanus Smith, along the length of 32 multiple open-ended polyethylene growing tunnels. These were spaced across 12 blocks at two commercial berry farms, in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales and Walkamin, North Queensland, Australia. Berry yield, fresh weight, and other quality metrics were recorded at discrete increments along the length of the tunnels. We found a higher abundance and greater number of flower visits by stingless bees and honey bees at the end of tunnels, and less frequent visits to flowers toward the middle of tunnels. The center of tunnels experienced higher temperatures and reduced wind speed. In raspberry, fruit shape was improved with greater pollinator abundance and was susceptible to higher temperatures. In blueberry, per plant yield and mean berry weight were positively associated with pollinator abundance and were lower at the center of tunnels than at the edge. Fruit quality (crumbliness) in raspberries was improved with a greater number of visits by sweat bees, who were not as susceptible to climatic conditions within tunnels. Understanding bee foraging behavior and changes to yield under protected cropping conditions is critical to inform the appropriate design of polytunnels, aid pollinator management within them, and increase economic gains in commercial berry crops.

scholarly journals Origanum dictamnusOil Vapour Suppresses the Development of Grey Mould in Eggplant FruitIn Vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriana Stavropoulou ◽  
Kostas Loulakakis ◽  
Naresh Magan ◽  
Nikos Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Conidial Production ◽  
Lesion Growth

Grey mould rot (Botrytis cinerea) developmentin vitroor in eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) fruit was evaluated after treatment with dittany (Origanum dictamnusL.) oil (DIT) and storage at 12°C and 95% relative humidity during or following exposure to the volatiles. DIT volatiles used in different concentration (0-50-100-250 μL/L) and times of exposure (up to 120 h) examined the effects on pathogen development as well as fruit quality parameters.In vitro,fungal colony growth was inhibited with the application of DIT oil (during or after exposure) and/or time of application. Continuous exposure to oils reduced conidial germination and production with fungistatic effects observed in 250 μL/L.In vivo,fungal lesion growth and conidial production reduced in DIT-treated fruits. Interesting, in fruits preexposed to volatiles before fungal inoculation, DIT application induced fruit resistance against the pathogen, by reduced lesion growth and conidial production. Conidial viability reduced in >100 μL/L DIT oil. Fruits exposed to essential oil did not affect fruit quality related attributes in general, while skin lightness (Lvalue) increased in 50 and 100 μL/L DIT oil. The results of the current study indicated that dittany volatiles may be considered as an alternative food preservative, eliminating disease spread in the storage/transit atmospheres.

scholarly journals A potential clue for the application of prime editing in tomato, a dicot plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Van Vu ◽  
Jihae Kim ◽  
Swati Das ◽  
Jae-Yean Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Genome Modification ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Targeted Deep Sequencing ◽  
Synthetic Sequence

Precision genome editing is highly desired for crop improvement. The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas technology offers great potential applications in precision plant genome engineering. A prime editing (PE) approach combining a reverse transcriptase (RT) with a Cas9 nickase and a priming extended guide RNA has shown a high frequency for precise genome modification in mammalian cells and several plant species. However, the applications of the PE approach in dicot plants are still limited and inefficient. We designed and tested prime editors for precision editing of a synthetic sequence in a transient assay and for desirable alleles of 10 loci in tomato by stable transformation. However, our data obtained by targeted deep sequencing also revealed inefficient PE activity in both the tobacco and tomato systems. Further assessment of the activities of the PE components uncovered potential reasons for the inefficiency of the PE complexes. These data could also help explain the recent successes of some prime editors in plants using improved expression systems. Our work provides an important clue for the application of the PE approach in crop improvement.

scholarly journals Using Morphogenic Genes to Improve Recovery and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Gordon-Kamm ◽  
Nagesh Sardesai ◽  
Maren Arling ◽  
Keith Lowe ◽  
George Hoerster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Inducible Promoters ◽  
Genome Modification ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Ectopic Overexpression ◽  
Transgenic Cells ◽  
Culture Strategies

Efficient transformation of numerous important crops remains a challenge, due predominantly to our inability to stimulate growth of transgenic cells capable of producing plants. For years, this difficulty has been partially addressed by tissue culture strategies that improve regeneration either through somatic embryogenesis or meristem formation. Identification of genes involved in these developmental processes, designated here as morphogenic genes, provides useful tools in transformation research. In species from eudicots and cereals to gymnosperms, ectopic overexpression of genes involved in either embryo or meristem development has been used to stimulate growth of transgenic plants. However, many of these genes produce pleiotropic deleterious phenotypes. To mitigate this, research has been focusing on ways to take advantage of growth-stimulating morphogenic genes while later restricting or eliminating their expression in the plant. Methods of controlling ectopic overexpression include the use of transient expression, inducible promoters, tissue-specific promoters, and excision of the morphogenic genes. These methods of controlling morphogenic gene expression have been demonstrated in a variety of important crops. Here, we provide a review that highlights how ectopic overexpression of genes involved in morphogenesis has been used to improve transformation efficiencies, which is facilitating transformation of numerous recalcitrant crops. The use of morphogenic genes may help to alleviate one of the bottlenecks currently slowing progress in plant genome modification.

Biosafety and risk assessment framework for selectable marker genes in transgenic crop plants: a case of the science not supporting the politics

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koreen Ramessar ◽  
Ariadna Peremarti ◽  
Sonia Gómez-Galera ◽  
Shaista Naqvi ◽  
Marian Moralejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Selectable Marker ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Selectable Marker Genes

scholarly journals Porfiry Afanasyevich Dibrova: at the origins of scientific pomiculture in the Urals

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
T. N. Slepneva ◽  
A. V. Shlyavas
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Standard Set

Porfiry Afanasyevich Dibrova was one of the first scientists and breeders standing at the origins of scientific pomiculture in the Urals. He was the author of 23 cultivars of apple, six of pear, one of sour cherry, and one of black currant. In the 1940s, he was the leader of collecting missions exploring the local assortment of fruit and berry crops in 50 districts of Sverdlovsk and Molotov (Perm) Provinces, and the Udmurt Republic. P.A. Dibrova was one of the authors of the first standard set of fruit and berry cultivars for the abovementioned areas. He studied regularities in the inheritance of valuable agronomic and biological traits of fruit crops and identified promising sources for apple and pear breeding. He launched the main plant breeding trends in the Middle Urals, now followed by contemporary breeders: the development of highly winter-hardy cultivars of apple and pear with fruiting precocity, stable yields, excellent fruit quality, and improved biochemical composition in fruits.

scholarly journals Pathway Analysis to Determine Factors Contributing to Overall Quality Scores in Four Berry Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Helen Cockerton ◽  
Maddi Blanco Unzueta ◽  
Abigail W. Johnson ◽  
Andrea Vadillo Dieguez ◽  
Felicidad Fernández Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Fruit Quality Traits ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Uk

AbstractFruit quality attributes are influenced by environmental, agronomic and genetic factors; both cultivars and growing conditions can vary substantially between UK production and imported fruit. This study aimed to record and dissect the most relevant fruit quality traits for berries imported into the UK in the winter months. Blackberry, blueberry, raspberry and strawberry fruit were imported from 11 countries into a Kent-based packhouse (UK) or purchased from major retailers between December 2018 and March 2019. Multiple fruit quality components were assessed for relative contribution towards a high “overall assessment” fruit quality score. It was found that strawberry and blackberry overall scores were affected by sweetness perception, whereas blueberry and raspberry organoleptics are more complex, with overall scores influenced by flavor perception. Multiple raspberry and strawberry fruit quality traits were found to be associated with genotypic differences, indicating a promising potential for genetic improvement through breeding. By contrast, the study findings suggest that there is less potential for genetic improvement in blueberry, and that the environment may have a large effect on blueberry fruit quality traits.

scholarly journals Postharvest handling induces changes in fruit DNA methylation status and is associated with alterations in fruit quality in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Zhou ◽  
Bixuan Chen ◽  
Karin Albornoz ◽  
Diane M Beckles
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Early Harvest

AbstractPostharvest handling of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), specifically low-temperature storage and early harvest are used to extend shelf life, but often reduce fruit quality. Recent work suggests that DNA methylation dynamics influences fruit ripening through the demethylase SlDML2 gene. However, the influence of postharvest handling on DNA methylation in relation to fruit quality is unclear. This work aimed to clarify these issues by analyzing DNA methylation using methyl-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP), semi-quantitative transcriptional analysis of marker genes for fruit quality (RIN; RIPENING INHIBITOR) and DNA methylation (SlDML2; Solanum lycopersicum L. DNA demethylase 2), and, fruit biochemical quality biomarkers. Multivariate analysis of these data supported the view that DNA methylation of fruit was influenced more by postharvest handling than ripening stage, however, fruit quality was influenced mainly by ripening. Fruit chilled postharvest were distinct in their DNA methylation state and quality characteristics, which implied that these three phenomena i.e., chilling, methylation, and quality are highly connected. In addition, different postharvest handling methods modulated SlDML2 transcript levels but had little effect on the level of RIN transcripts in fruit that reached the Turning stage after early harvest, and cold storage. These data collectively helped to advance our interpretation of tomato fruit ripening. In conclusion, our findings revealed that postharvest-induced variation in fruit quality is in relation to DNA methylation. Long-term this work will help better connect physiological changes in tomato fruit to events happening at the molecular level.

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