THE INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK ON THE FROST RESISTANCE OF SWEET CHERRIES DURING THE THAW

Studies on the frost resistance of sweet cherries were carried out in 2019–2020 in the FSBSI of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery in laboratory conditions by artificial freezing in the climate chamber TH-6 JEIO TECH-1000. Objects of research: Tyutchevka and Chermashnaya varieties grafted on 8 clonal rootstocks (Colt, Izmailovsky, AVCH-2, V-5-88, VC-13, Moskoviya, VSL-2, Stepnoy Rodnik). The aim of the research is to study the effect of clonal rootstocks on the frost resistance of cherry buds and tissues during the thaw and to identify the most frost-resistant scion-rootstock combinations for the 3rd component. It was found that after freezing at t = -20 °C during the thaw, the safety of flower buds in the Tyutchevka variety in both years of research was more than 80 %, and in the Chermashnaya variety — from 20 to 30 %, depending on the year. The limits of changes in the frost resistance of generative buds of varieties depending on the rootstock are shown: in the Tyutchevka variety — from 66.8 % (V-5-88) to 96.4 % (Izmailovsky), and in the Chermashnaya variety — from 7.7 % (V-5-88) to 65.5 % (AVCH-2). When using the AVCH-2 and Izmailovsky clonal rootstocks, the safety of flower buds increased by 30 % compared to the Colt rootstock. The most frost-resistant scion –rootstock combinations for each variety were identified: Tyutchevka/Izmailovsky and Tyutchevka/Stepnoy Rodnik, which preserved more than 90 % of the living rudiments; Chermashnaya/AVCH-2 (65.5 %) and Chermashnaya/Izmailovsky (40.1 %). Vegetative buds and tissues of annual branches were practically free of freezing in the studied varieties when grafted on the rootstocks of Stepnoy Rodnik and AVCH-2. In the Chermashnaya variety, damage of about 1 point of the phloem and vascular bundle under the buds was noted when grafting on rootstocks V-5-88 and Colt.

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Study of maximum frost resistance of cherry scion/stock combinations

POMICULTURE & SMALL FRUITS CULTURE IN RUSSIA ◽

10.31676/2073-4948-2020-60-62-67 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Z. E. Ozherelieva ◽

A. S. Lyakhova

Keyword(s):

Frost Resistance ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Winter Hardiness ◽

Vegetative Buds ◽

State Study ◽

Russian Research Institute ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Hardened State ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Selection Of

The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of stability of physiology of fruit plants at All-Russian research Institute of Breeding of Fruit Crops in 2017-2018. The object of research was the scion/stock combinations of Novella and Turgenevka cherries/82987, C-2-180, 74332, 74340, 74336, 74324 breeding of the Institute. In the study of winter hardiness of cherry, special attention was paid to the ability of varieties to withstand low temperatures in mid-winter. The aim of the research was to study the maximum frost new scion/stock combinations of cherries by artificial freezing and selection of the hardiest of them. The results of the research noted that in the recovery period of organic dormancy in late December, when the cherry plants acquire the maximum hardened state, study scion/stock combinations were characterized by high resistance to frost of bark and wood of annual branches. They noted frost resistance of vegetative buds with reversible damage. Significant differences in the freezing vegetative buds, bark and wood between scion/stock combinations of sweet cherries are shown. Novella and Turgenevka cherry varieties on clonal rootstocks 74332, 74336, characterized by the greatest potential frost resistance of vegetative buds and tissues of annual branches at lower t= -35°C (winter hardiness component II) at the end of December. It is shown that all cherry scion/stock combinations have a low potential frost resistance of generative buds. After exposure to t= -35°C, living rudiments of flower buds preserved only in cherry scion/stock combinations Novella/74332, Turgenevka/74340, 74336 (from 4.0 to 15.4 %). According to the results of artificial freezing scion/stock combination Novella/74332 and Turgenevka / 74332, 74336 were revealed, which were characterized by the maximum frost resistance of generative, vegetative buds, bark and wood.

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Winter frost resistance of Hayward and Matua kiwifruit cultivars

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/3788-hortsci ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 27-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Burak ◽

H. Samanci ◽

M. Büyükyilmaz

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Frost Resistance ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Horticultural Research ◽

Research Institute

This study was carried out in Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute at Yalova in 1996 and 1997 in order to determine the frost resistance ability of fruit buds of Hayward and Matua cultivars by artificial freezing tests during winter months. Twig samples for artificial freezing tests were taken one week after defoliation, and at three-week intervals throughout the winter. The buds were exposed to temperatures of –10°C, –13°C and –15°C for 2, 4 and 6 hours. Then they were planted in a greenhouse for survival tests. It was found that –13°C and –15°C were very harmful temperatures for both cultivars even for the duration of 2 hours at –150C. On the other hand, both cultivars could resist to –10°C for the duration of 6 hours. In general, Hayward is more sensitive to frost than Matua. Both cultivars showed higher resistance in February. As a result, Hayward and Matua cultivars could be grown safely in areas with as low temperatures as –10°C in winter months.

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Study of frost resistance of cherry variety Turgenevka during on different rootstocks winter thaws

VEGETABLE CROPS OF RUSSIA ◽

10.18619/2072-9146-2020-5-65-70 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Z. E. Ozherelieva

Keyword(s):

Frost Resistance ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Winter Period ◽

Flower Primordia ◽

Vegetative Buds ◽

Subsequent Decrease ◽

Priority Direction ◽

Root Stock ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Thaw Period

Relevance. The study of the resistance of garden cultures to unfavorable abiotic factors of the winter period is a priority direction of scientific studies, because the low winter hardiness can annul advantages the varieties on other signs. Concerning in the middle zone of Russia, studies on the resistance of cherry to frost during the thaw period remain relevant.Methods. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance at VNI-ISPKin2017-2018. The object of research was the Turgenevka cherry variety on new clonal root-stock of the Institute breeding were studied. Control - Turgenevka on the Rubin stock. For artificial freezing in early December the material was prepared for III and IV components of frost hardiness.Results. As a result of artificial freezing, the Turgenevka cherry variety was characterized by frost resistance of vegetative buds and tissues of annual shoots during a three-day winter thaw of + 2°C with a decrease in temperature of -25°C (III component of frost resistance). Inthiscase, thehighest frost resistance of the generative buds of the Turgenevka variety on rootstock 74340, 82987 is shown. After a three-day thaw of +2°C and repeated hardening with a subsequent decrease in temperature to -30°C in March (IV frost resistance component), the Turgenevka variety on the rootstock 74332, 74363, 82987 was characterized by frost resistance of vegetative buds, bark and wood of annualshoots. Moreover, in the studied scion-rootstock combinations, low frost resistance of the generative kidneys was revealed. Only in the studied variety on the rootstock 82987 was the largest percentage of living flower primordia revealed. The conducted studies revealed the Turgenevka variety in a rootstock of 82987 with the greatest potential for frost resistance during the winter thaws.

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Achievements in breeding and main directions for improving black currant adssortment in Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery

POMICULTURE & SMALL FRUITS CULTURE IN RUSSIA ◽

10.31676/2073-4948-2021-67-18-98 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 ◽

pp. 18-28

Author(s):

F. F. Sazonov

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Base Station ◽

Research Center ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Black Currant ◽

Genetic Origin ◽

State Register ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Breeding Research ◽

Horticultural Research

The article presents the main results of twenty years of research carried out at the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (Kokino Base Station) on the search and creation of various genetic origin genotypes and the possibility of their use in further breeding work on black currants. The created genetic sources of resistance to American powdery mildew, leaf spots (canker, septoria, cercosporosis), large-fruited, berries’ high vitamin С content, fruit strength, plant productivity are presented: 7-37-2 (Litvinovskaya × Dar Smolyaninovoy), 37-27-4/05 (Debryansk, free pollination), 63-35-1 (Lentyay × Debryansk), 68-03-1 (Charodey × Yadryonaya), 5-66-5 (Dobrynya, free pollination), 13-51-1 (Shalunya, free pollination), 33-27-1 (Strelets × Selechenskaya 2) etc. As a result of breeding research, 12 black currant varieties have been created, eight of which (Bryanskiy Agate, Debryansk, Mif, Vera, Gamayun, Strelets, Charodey, Barmaley) are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, approved for using.

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Temperature Effects on Dormancy Completion of Vegetative Buds in Apple

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.128.5.0636 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 128 (5) ◽

pp. 636-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Amos Naor ◽

Moshe Flaishman ◽

Raphael Stern ◽

Aharon Moshe ◽

Amnon Erez

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Dominance Effect ◽

Chilling Temperature ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Diurnal Cycles ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Vegetative Buds ◽

Lateral Buds ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Chilling Hours

The relative contribution of various temperatures to dormancy completion of lateral vegetative apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] buds was studied quantitatively on whole container-grown trees. Trees were exposed continuously to 10 different temperatures and also to daily alternating temperatures in a 24-hour cycle. In addition, fully chilled vertically and horizontally positioned shoots were compared under forcing conditions. No budbreak occurred in shoots chilled above 12.5 °C. There was a steep increase in budbreak as the chilling temperature fell from 12.5 to 7.5 °C. There was little difference in the level of budbreak on shoots chilled between 7.5 and 0 °C. The relative contribution of temperature to chilling accumulation in apple found in our study differs from what has been proposed for stone fruit and for apple in previous studies, especially at temperatures <6 °C. The length of exposure to forcing conditions required to initiate budbreak diminished as the chilling temperature was reduced. No additional bud-break was apparent on shoots chilled longer than 2100 chilling hours. The chilling requirement found here for lateral vegetative buds is much higher than that needed for terminal vegetative and flower buds. Trees that were exposed to daily alternating temperatures had lower levels of budbreak when the high temperature in the diurnal cycle was greater than 14 °C. Practically no budbreak was apparent on trees that were exposed to diurnal cycles with a high temperature of 20 °C for 8 hours. Budbreak on horizontally positioned trees was more than twice that on the vertically positioned trees, emphasizing the magnitude of the apical dominance effect and its strong masking of the chilling effect on lateral buds in vertically grown apple trees. Based on the data collected here we propose a new response curve for vegetative budbreak in `Golden Delicious·apple, within a temperature range between 0 to 15 °C.

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NEW VARIETY OF RASPBERRY ARISHA

POMICULTURE & SMALL FRUITS CULTURE IN RUSSIA ◽

10.31676/2073-4948-2021-66-7-12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

E. V. Aminova ◽

O. E. Merezhko ◽

M. A. Tihonova

Keyword(s):

Steppe Zone ◽

Southern Urals ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Research Center ◽

The Southern Urals ◽

Potential Yield ◽

New Variety ◽

State Register ◽

Dark Green ◽

Horticultural Research

Raspberries (R. idaeus L.) remain an actual and popular crop. The creation of new varieties with a high level of a complex of economically valuable traits is the most important task in the breeding of raspberries for the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Over the past decade, 22 varieties of red raspberries have been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this work was to study the red raspberry primocane variety Arisha by a complex of economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. This variety (breeding number 2-20) is one of the results of breeding work of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery. The new variety is obtained from free pollination. The research was conducted in 2016-2020 on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery. The variety is of medium maturity, the height of the bush is average, the habit is semi-erect, thorns are greenish-brown concentrated throughout the shoot. The leaves are dark green, wrinkled, and the teeth on the edges of the leaves are medium-sharp. In the irrigated conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals, the average yield of the Arisha variety over the years of research was 3.0 kg per bush, and the average fruit weight was 4.9 g. The berries are large, conical in shape, sweet and sour in taste (4.6 points), with aroma. This promising raspberry variety is characterized by medium drought resistance and heat resistance, and is slightly affected by anthracnose. The potential yield of the variety is realized before freezing by 100 %.

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Cold hardiness of peach flowers at different phenological stages

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/146/2016-hortsci ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 119-124

Author(s):

László Szalay ◽

Imre Gergő Gyökös ◽

Zsuzsanna Békefi

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Freeze Tolerance ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Climate Chamber ◽

Cold Damage ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Delayed Development ◽

Phenological Phases ◽

Generative Organs

At the colder peach production regions it is important to know the cold hardiness of peach cultivars at different phenological stages of flowering. In our experiment, artificial freezing tests were conducted in a climate chamber in five selected years between the period of 2007 and 2016 to determine the freeze tolerance of generative organs of three peach cultivars (‘Venus’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Piroska’) at different phenological stages of bloom. Based on the results of the laboratory freezing tests LT50 values were calculated. Our results showed that LT50 values of examined peach cultivars in swelled bud stage averaged over five years were between –6.8 and –11.2°C according to cultivar, and as phenological phases progressed, cold hardiness of generative organs decreased. At the end of bloom LT50 values varied between –1.7 and –4.1°C. Cultivar ‘Piroska’ had the highest freeze tolerance and cultivar ‘Venus’ showed the lowest in each year studied. This study shows that trees with delayed development are more prone to cold damage to flowers.

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RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTANCE TESTS FOR FROST HARDINESS OF APPLE VARIETIES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps60-093 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 630-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

J. Wilner

Keyword(s):

Frost Resistance ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Frost Hardiness ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Electrolytic Conductance ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Total Conductance ◽

Average Survival ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Frost Injuries

A laboratory method for testing frost hardiness of apple trees is described. Results demonstrated that diffused electrolytes from pre-hardened twigs provided a reliable means of testing their hardiness. There was a definite association between increased diffusion of electrolytes from hardened tissues and increased injury of twigs. This association was found useful in establishing both the relative degrees of hardiness of three named varieties of apples, Antonovka, McIntosh and Northern Spy, and the absolute values for the ultimate frost resistance of their tissues. Thus, although the total conductance of electrolytes of the three varieties was about the same before the artificial freezing treatments, ranging from 900 to 1000 micromhos, the average survival and the conductance of diffused electrolytes were as follows: hardy Antonovka 71 per cent and 296 micromhos; less hardy McIntosh 53 per cent and 445 micromhos; and least hardy Northern Spy 23 per cent and 611 micromhos. Results also established quantitative values for the ultimate frost hardiness of apple trees, namely: no appreciable injury when the conductance from hardened tissues of twigs was within 200 to 250 micromhos or less. Conductance of electrolytes above 350 to 450 micromhos generally signified total killing; whereas intermediary readings indicated partial injury to twigs.The method used also permitted a study of the effects of several factors considered of vital importance in: (a) developing frost resistance of overwintering plants such as seasonal maturity, cold hardening and dehardening of tissues, and (b) causing excessive frost injuries such as increasing intensities and rates of freezing temperatures. The validity of the used laboratory methods is discussed.

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Cold hardiness of peach flowers at different phenological stages

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/46/2016-hortsci ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 119-124

Author(s):

Szalay László ◽

Gyökös Imre Gergő ◽

Békefi Zsuzsanna

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Freeze Tolerance ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Climate Chamber ◽

Cold Damage ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

Delayed Development ◽

Phenological Phases ◽

Generative Organs

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COLDHARDINESS OF SWEET CHERRIES AS DETERMINED BY ARTIFICIAL FREEZING TESTS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps65-085 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 429-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Lapins

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Primary Leaf ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Cold Damage ◽

Artificial Freezing ◽

One Year ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

The U.S

One-year-old shoots of 100 selected cherries representing the species Prunus avium (94 selections), P. fontanesiana, P. gondouini, and P. mahaleb were frozen at −35 °C, then forced in a growth chamber for 3 weeks, and visually examined for cold damage and recovery.The response of the better-known cultivars and species corresponded to their known hardiness. The hardiest seven cultivars or species included all six representatives of the species other than P. avium and one sweet cherry, the U.S. Department of Agriculture introduction Glenn Dale No. 6. The recorded differences in hardiness between sweet cherry cultivars were larger than expected. Certain numbered seedling selections were relatively hardy and may constitute a valuable source of breeding material.Bark, cambium, wood, supplemental buds, and primary leaf buds were examined for cold damage and recovery. Damage to primary leaf buds proved the most useful criterion for determining hardiness of cherry cultivars.

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