Effects of a Duodenal Glucose Infusion on the Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations of Glucose and Insulin in Dairy Cows

AbstractThe rôle of protein in food intake regulation is complex in ruminants. Previous research has shown that a deficiency in degradable nitrogen (N) could affect microbial activity and decrease intake. On the other hand, an increase in metabolizable protein content of the diet seems to stimulate food intake in lactating dairy cows. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether metabolizable protein supply plays a direct rôle in the stimulation of food intake. Treatments comprised two infusions of soya protein isolate (800 g/day) either into the rumen (RP) or into the duodenum (DP), which were compared with two iso-energy infusions of glucose (880 g/day) either into the rumen (RG) or into the duodenum (DG). Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows producing 36·5 kg/day of milk were assigned to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design with periods of 4 weeks. Duodenal infusions of protein (DP) significantly increased (P < 0·05) dry-matter intake (DMI) ( +1·9 kg/day), rate of intake ( + 8·2 g DMI per min), milk yield ( + 4 kg/day), protein content ( + 2·3 g/kg) and protein yield ( +191 g/day) compared with the glucose infusion in the duodenum (DG). No significant effect was observed with ruminal infusion of protein (RP) compared with the glucose infusion in the rumen (RG). The protein infusions had no effect (P > 0·05) on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fibre or acid-detergent fibre and also no or only small effects on ruminal fermentation variables. Plasma concentrations of most of the essential amino acids increased significantly with the duodenal infusion of protein, whereas ruminal infusion of protein had no significant effect. It is concluded that direct supply of metabolizable protein stimulates intake independently of ruminal digestion effects.

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Effect of abomasal glucose infusion on plasma concentrations of gut peptides in periparturient dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2010-3258 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 93 (12) ◽

pp. 5729-5736 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. Larsen ◽

A.E. Relling ◽

C.K. Reynolds ◽

N.B. Kristensen

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Glucose Infusion ◽

Gut Peptides

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Adipokines as biomarkers of postpartum subclinical endometritis in dairy cows

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-20-0183 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 160 (3) ◽

pp. 417-430

Author(s):

Gonçalo Pereira ◽

Ricardo Bexiga ◽

João Chagas e Silva ◽

Elisabete Silva ◽

Christelle Ramé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Gene Transcription ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Uterine Fluid ◽

Subclinical Endometritis ◽

The Relationship ◽

Cellular Pellet

Adipokines emerged as regulators of metabolism and inflammation in several scenarios. This study evaluated the relationship between adipokines (adiponectin, chemerin and visfatin) and cytological (subclinical) endometritis, by comparing healthy (without), transient (recovered by 45 days postpartum (DPP)) and persistent (until 45 DPP) endometritis cows (n = 49). Cows with persistent endometritis had higher adiponectin concentrations in plasma (at 21 DPP, P < 0.05 and at 45 DPP, P < 0.01) and in uterine fluid (at 45 DPP, P < 0.001), and higher chemerin concentrations in plasma (P < 0.05) and uterine fluid (P < 0.01) at 45 DPP than healthy cows. Cows with persistent endometritis had higher gene transcription in the cellular pellet of uterine fluid and protein expression in the endometrium of these adipokines and their receptors than healthy cows. Adiponectin plasma concentrations allowed to discriminate healthy from persistent endometritis cows, in 87% (21 DPP) and 98% (45 DPP) of cases, and adiponectin and chemerin uterine fluid concentrations at 45 DPP allowed for this discrimination in 100% of cases. Cows with concentrations above the cutoff were a minimum of 3.5 (plasma 21 DPP), 20.4 (plasma 45 DPP), and 33.3 (uterine fluid 45 DPP) times more at risk of evidencing persistent endometritis at 45 DPP than cows with concentrations below the cutoff. Overall, results indicate a relationship between adipokine signalling and the inflammatory status of the postpartum uterus of dairy cows, evidencing that adipokines represent suitable biomarkers of subclinical endometritis, able to predict the risk of persistence of inflammation.

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PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.698 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 397-398

Author(s):

Xiaoxia Dai ◽

Kenneth Kalscheur ◽

Pekka Huhtanen ◽

Antonio Faciola

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Positive Relationships ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

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The relationship of rheological behavior of the vaginal fluid at the time of insemination to the pregnancy rate in dairy cows

Theriogenology ◽

10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00307-5 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 865-871 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F. López-Gatius ◽

J. Labèrnia ◽

P. Santolaria ◽

J. Rutllant ◽

M. López-Béjar

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Rheological Behavior ◽

Vaginal Fluid ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Effects of metoclopramide on duodenal motility and flow events, glucose absorption, and incretin hormone release in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00476.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 299 (6) ◽

pp. G1326-G1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul Kuo ◽

Max Bellon ◽

Judith Wishart ◽

André J. Smout ◽

Richard H. Holloway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Glucose Infusion ◽

Pressure Waves ◽

Incretin Hormone ◽

Duodenal Motility ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Gip Release

The contribution of small intestinal motor activity to nutrient absorption is poorly defined. A reduction in duodenal flow events after hyoscine butylbromide, despite no change in pressure waves, was associated with reduced secretion of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and a delay in glucose absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metoclopramide on duodenal motility and flow events, incretin hormone secretion, and glucose absorption. Eight healthy volunteers (7 males and 1 female; age 29.8 ± 4.6 yr; body mass index 24.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2) were studied two times in randomized order. A combined manometry and impedance catheter was used to measure pressure waves and flow events in the same region of the duodenum simultaneously. Metoclopramide (10 mg) or control was administered intravenously as a bolus, followed by an intraduodenal glucose infusion for 60 min (3 kcal/min) incorporating the14C-labeled glucose analog 3- O-methylglucose (3-OMG). We found that metoclopramide was associated with more duodenal pressure waves and propagated pressure sequences than control ( P < 0.05 for both) during intraduodenal glucose infusion. However, the number of duodenal flow events, blood glucose concentration, and plasma 3-[14C]OMG activity did not differ between the two study days. Metoclopramide was associated with increased plasma concentrations of GLP-1 ( P < 0.05) and GIP ( P = 0.07) but lower plasma insulin concentrations ( P < 0.05). We concluded that metoclopramide was associated with increased frequency of duodenal pressure waves but no change in duodenal flow events and glucose absorption. Furthermore, GLP-1 and GIP release increased with metoclopramide, but insulin release paradoxically decreased.

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Seroprevalensi Brucellosis dan Tingkat Gangguan Reproduksi Pada Sapi Perah di Kota Batu

Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan ◽

10.25047/jipt.v4i1.2258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-19

Author(s):

Ani Setianingrum ◽

Mira Fatmawati ◽

Aulia Firmawati ◽

Dahliatul Qosimah ◽

Fidi Nur Aini E P Dameanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Reproductive Disorders ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Repeated Mating ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Rose

This study aimed to measure the incidence rate of brucellosis in dairy cattle at Batu City based onserological tests (seroprevalence) and to determine the relationship between the incidence ofbrucellosis and reproductive disorders. Cross-sectional epidemiological research was conducted todetermine the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy cows. Serum samples were obtained from 130dairy cows over 6 months of age, reproductive disorders data using a questionnaire on 21 farmers.Serological testing used the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and continued with the Complement FixationTest (CFT). The data analysis used Pearson's Chi-Square correlation statistical test. Theseroprevalence of brucellosis at Batu City was 0.7%. The prevalence of reproductive disorders indairy cows was 29.2% consisted of 8.5% abortion and 20.8% repeated mating. There was acorrelation between brucellosis and the incidence of abortion (2 = 10.90; P<0.05) and a correlation between the incidence of abortion and the age more than 3 years (2 = 5.35; P<0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that the prevalence of brucellosis at Batu city was low (<2%).The results of this study could be used as the basis for implementing a vaccination program anderadicating brucellosis at East Java

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Chromogenic anti-Xa test: the ratio between heparin activity units and concentration of apixaban and rivaroxaban

Atherothrombosis Journal ◽

10.21518/2307-1109-2020-2-96-104 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 96-104

Author(s):

E. V. Titaeva ◽

A. B. Dobrovolsky

Keyword(s):

Oral Anticoagulants ◽

Direct Oral Anticoagulants ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Factor Xa ◽

Activity Test ◽

Formation Dynamics ◽

Test Version ◽

Heparin Activity ◽

The Relationship ◽

Thrombin Formation

Introduction. The direct oral anticoagulants (DOC) therapy does not require alaboratory control; however, it may be required to determine the anticoagulationlevel to choose a treatment strategy if alarge bleeding is developing or emergency surgery is needed.The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the relationship between the residual factor Xa (FXa) activity, anti-Xa activity units oflow molecular weight heparins (LMWH), and the apixaban and rivaroxaban plasma concentrations in a chromogenic anti-Xa assay.Material and methods. Concentrated DOC solutions were prepared by extracting apixaban and rivaroxaban from crushed tablets using methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively. The resulting solutions were added to the donor plasma pool until final inhibitor concentrations are achieved in the range from 10 to 100 ng/ml plasma. Anti-Xa activity was determined using an STA-compact analyser and the Liquid anti-Xa reagent kit, an analysis protocol, and calibrators designed to control the LMWH therapy. The effect on the thrombin formation dynamics was investigated using the thrombin generation test (TGT) and the PPR reagent as a trigger (final concentrations of tissue factor are 5 pM, and those of phospholipids are 4 μM). TGT curves were analysed using the Thrombinoscope program.Results. It was shown that in the anti-Xa activity test version designed to control the LMWH therapy, there is a high correlation (R2 > 0.98) between thelogarithm of the residual factor Xa activity and the content of apixaban and rivaroxaban in the range from 10 to 80 ng/ml. Rivaroxaban shows about 1.5 times more anti-Xa activity than apixaban at equal concentrations. It was also shown that apixaban and rivaroxaban at doses equal both in concentration and in anti-Xa activity differ in their effect on the thrombin formation dynamics and thrombin inactivation in the TGT.Conclusion. In the LMWH anti-Xa activity test version, the measured range of apixaban and rivaroxaban includes 30 ng/ml and 50 ng/ ml concentrations taken as “cut-off points” to determine the treatment tactics in emergency cases. However, thelack of certified DOC calibratorslimits the use of this test in clinical practice.

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Outcomes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: symptoms, function and clozapine plasma concentrations

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/20451253211037179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 204512532110371

Author(s):

Amir Krivoy ◽

Eromona Whiskey ◽

Henrietta Webb-Wilson ◽

Dan Joyce ◽

Derek K. Tracy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Outcome ◽

Clinical Symptom ◽

Clinical Improvement ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Peak Plasma ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Symptom Improvement ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Treatment Refractory ◽

The Relationship

Background: Clozapine is the only medication licenced for treating patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. However, there are no evidence-based guidelines as to the optimal plasma level of clozapine to aim for, and their association with clinical and functional outcome. Objective: We assessed the relationship between clinical and functional outcome measures and blood concentrations of clozapine among patients with treatment-refractory psychosis. Methods: Data were reviewed in 82 patients with treatment-refractory psychosis admitted to a specialised tertiary-level service and treated with clozapine. Analysis focussed on the relationship between clozapine and norclozapine plasma concentrations and the patient’s clinical symptoms and functional status. Results: Clinical symptom improvement was positively correlated with norclozapine plasma concentrations and inversely correlated with clozapine to norclozapine plasma concentrations ratio. Clozapine concentrations showed a bimodal association with clinical improvement (peaks around 350 and 660 ng/ml). Clinical symptom improvement correlated with functional outcomes, although there was no significant correlation between the latter and clozapine or norclozapine plasma concentrations. Conclusion: Clozapine treatment was associated with optimal clinical improvement at two different peak plasma concentrations around 350 and 650 ng/ml. Clinical improvement was associated with functional outcome; however, functionality was not directly associated with clozapine concentrations. A subset of patients may require higher clozapine plasma concentrations to achieve clinical improvement.

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Intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniimodulated rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029911000707 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 16-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Qendrim Zebeli ◽

Sarah J Terrill ◽

Alberto Mazzolari ◽

Suzanna M Dunn ◽

Wen Z Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Fermentation Profile

This study evaluated the effects of intraruminal administration ofMegasphaera elsdeniion ruminal fermentation patterns, the profile of plasma metabolites, and milk yield and composition of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eight primiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were arranged in a paired 2×2 crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) intraruminal inoculation of 35 ml suspension per day ofM. elsdeniiATCC 25940 (MEGA), containing 108cfu/ml of bacteria, dissolved in 35 ml of saline (0·15m), or 2) carrier alone (35 ml saline; CTR). Both postprandial and preprandial rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and plasma metabolite measurements were analysed. Postprandial VFA patterns were affected the most, with butyrate (P<0·01) and valerate (P<0·01) proportions increasing, and acetate (P<0·01), isobutyrate (P=0·05) and isovalerate (P<0·01) decreasing in MEGA cows. Preprandial data measured at various days showed that MEGA dosage tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P=0·09) and lower the acetate to propionate ratio (P=0·07) in the rumen fluid. There was no effect of treatment on rumen pH and on the concentration of lactate in the rumen as well as on selected preprandial plasma metabolites. Postprandial plasma concentrations of cholesterol tended to increase (P=0·07) in MEGA cows compared with CTR. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma were lower in MEGA cows after the morning feeding (P<0·01). Sampling hour also affected plasma NEFA in this study. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were not affected by the treatment (P>0·05); however, after the morning feeding BHBA concentration was increased in both groups of cows. Dry matter intake and milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, results indicate thatM. elsdeniihas the potential to modulate the rumen fermentation profile in mid-lactation Holstein cows, but these effects were only slightly reflected in changes in plasma metabolites and milk composition.

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