scholarly journals Influence of temperature and time of exposure to temperature on the yield of the obtaining process of ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 411-421
Author(s):  
Daniela de Araújo Sampaio ◽  
Viviane Barrozo Da Silva ◽  
Antonio Ricciotti ◽  
Petrus Luiz de Luna Pequeno ◽  
Ciro José Egoavil Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Higher Temperature

The present study aimed to obtain alcoholic and hydroalcoholic (70% v/v) extract of Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (red jambo fruit tree) leaves and investigated the influence of temperature and time of exposure to temperature on the extraction yield. It was applied a 2x2 factorial design, considering temperature and time of exposure as independent variables with two levels each: 30 or 60 °C for temperature and 60 or 120 minutes for time. For both ethanolic and hydroethanolic extraction, higher process yields were observed at higher temperature and time (24.26% and 19.00%, respectively), however, no significant difference was noticed when increasing the time of exposure to temperature. 

scholarly journals DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZATION OF NAPROXEN SODIUM DEFORMABLE VESICULAR SYSTEMS THROUGH FACTORIAL DESIGN: BOX BEHENKEN MODEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
NAVEEN GUPTA ◽  
SHAILESH JAIN
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Naproxen Sodium ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Vesicle Size ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Span 80 ◽  
Dermal Delivery

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to develop and statistically optimize deformable vesicles such as transfersomes and transethosomes of Naproxen sodium by employing 33factorial designs through software Design expert version 12 (Box–Behnken design) for dermal delivery. Methods: The levels of the drug, phosphatidylcholine, and span 80 (independent variables) were varied to study the influence on vesicle size and % entrapment efficiency (dependent variables) of transfersomes and for transethosomes, the levels of phosphatidylcholine, ethanol, and span 80 were selected as independent variables Second-order quadratic polynomial equation, 2D and 3D contour plots represented the relationship between variables and desired response. The optimization process was carried out using desirability plots and point prediction techniques. Results: Results of the present study demonstrated that optimized transfersomes and transethosomes showed vesicle sizes of 114.91 nm and 102.91 nm respectively, while entrapment efficiency of 80.11 % and 86.97%, respectively. Both formulations showed high zeta potential values indicating the stability of the optimized formulation. ANOVA statistical results showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the independent variable plays a crucial role in optimizing a formulation that can be used for further research studies. Present preliminary study data provided strong evidence that the optimized deformable vesicular formulations through box Behnken factorial design can be a potentially useful drug carrier for naproxen sodium dermal delivery with minimum vesicle size and efficient entrapment efficiency.

scholarly journals Vesicular Emulgel Based System for Transdermal Delivery of Insulin: Factorial Design and in Vivo Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer M. Shehata ◽  
Anroop B. Nair ◽  
Bandar E. Al-Dhubiab ◽  
Jigar Shah ◽  
Shery Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
In Vitro Permeation ◽  
Insulin Solution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dependent Variables

Transdermal delivery of insulin is a great challenge due to its poor permeability through the skin. The aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the prospective of insulin loaded niosome emulgel as a noninvasive delivery system for its transdermal therapy. A 23 full-factorial design was used to optimize the insulin niosome emulgel by assessing the effect of independent variables (concentration of paraffin oil, Tween 80 and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) on dependent variables (in vitro release, viscosity and in vitro permeation). The physical characteristics of the prepared formulations were carried out by determining viscosity, particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, drug release and kinetics. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using rat skin membrane. Hypoglycemic activity of prepared formulations was assessed in diabetic-induced rats. It was observed that the independent variables influenced the dependent variables. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in viscosity was noticed between the prepared gels, which in turn influenced the insulin release. The order of permeation is: insulin niosome emulgel > insulin niosome gel > insulin emulgel > insulin gel > insulin niosomes > insulin solution. The enhancement in transdermal flux in insulin niosome emulgel was 10-fold higher than the control (insulin solution). In vivo data significantly demonstrated reduction (p < 0.05) of plasma glucose level (at six hours) by insulin niosome emulgel than other formulations tested. The results suggest that the developed insulin niosome emulgel could be an efficient carrier for the transdermal delivery of insulin.

A Computerized Stroop Experiment that Demonstrates the Interaction in a 2 × 3 Factorial Design

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Vernoy
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Independent Variables

This article describes a computerized Stroop-type experiment that demonstrates the effects of an interaction in a factorial design. The independent variables in this experiment are (a) the presentation of a congruent color word with a color bar or the presentation of a conflicting color word with a color bar and (b) the spatial placement of the color word above, on, or below the color bar. The dependent variable is the reaction time for the subject to say the color of the bar. Data for six semesters of an experimental psychology lab course indicate a significant difference between the conflicting and congruent conditions and a consistent significant interaction between the two independent variables. The computer program that runs this experiment is described, and explanations for the interaction are discussed.

Application of 32 Full Factorial Design and Desirability Function for Optimizing The Manufacturing Process for Directly Compressible Multi-Functional Co-Processed Excipient

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-539
Author(s):  
Jalpa Patel ◽  
Dhaval Mori
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Full Factorial Design ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
32 Full Factorial Design ◽  
Response Variables

Background: Developing a new excipient and obtaining its market approval is an expensive, time-consuming and complex process. Compared to that, the co-processing of already approved excipients has emerged as a more attractive option for bringing better characteristic excipients to the market. The application of the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for developing co-processed excipient can make the entire process cost-effective and rapid. Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the applicability of the DoE approach, especially 32 full factorial design, to develop a multi-functional co-processed excipient for the direct compression of model drug - cefixime trihydrate using spray drying technique. Methods: The preliminary studies proved the significant effect of atomization pressure (X1) and polymer ratio (microcrystalline cellulose: mannitol - X2) on critical product characteristics, so they were selected as independent variables. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, tensile strength and Kuno’s constant were selected as response variables. Result: The statistical analysis proved a significant effect of both independent variables on all response variables with a significant p-value < 0.05. The desirability function available in Design Expert 11® software was used to prepare and select the optimized batch. The prepared co-processed excipient had better compressibility than individual excipients and their physical mixture and was able to accommodate more than 40 percent drug without compromising the flow property and compressibility. Conclusion: The present investigation successfully proved the applicability of 32 full factorial design as an effective tool for optimizing the spray drying process to prepare a multi-functional co-processed excipient.

Conformity as a Function of Semantic Wording and Direction of Peers' Opinions

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Jastrebske
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Negative Context ◽  
Undergraduate Men ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Undergraduate men who held neutral positions on a variety of issues were exposed to peer-group opinions whose semantic wording was varied to present either a positive or negative context. Two replications of the procedure using statements of different contents were conducted (each sample n = 40); a 2 × 2 factorial design was used for both replications where the independent variables were direction of semantic wording (positive or negative) and direction of influence from peer ratings (for agreement or disagreement). Support was found for an interaction of the two independent variables wherein conformity increased as a function of congruity between direction of peer opinions and semantic context of stimulus-wording.

scholarly journals Study the Religiosity and Stress among Graduate Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mr. Awin A. Akolkar
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study is conducted to measure religiosity and stress of graduate students belonging to gender living in Marathwada. The investigators employed one independent variables, gender can influence the religiosity and stress of students. The study was carried out on the sample of graduate students. To measure the religiosity and stress the researcher used the standardized scale of Bhusan and Bisht Battery of stress. The sample consisted of 100 students, out of which, 50 were males and 50 females. The findings of the study revealed that there is significant difference in the religiosity and stress of undergraduate students. Correlation between religiosity and stress is not significant found.

scholarly journals Assessing the Heamatology of Uda Rams Fed Graded Levels of Processed Cassava (Manihot esculentus L.) Peels

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
M. M. Mika’ilu ◽  
A. A. Kwaido ◽  
S. A. Maigandi ◽  
I. M. Ribah ◽  
K. M. Aljameel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
State University ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Hematological Values

The experiment was carried out at Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero using thirty two (32) yearlings Uda Rams in two feeding trials ran concurrently. Sixteen (16) rams were used in each experiment with four treatments replicated four times in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4). The animal represents the replicates while the processing method (drying and ensiling) and the level of inclusion represents the treatments respectively. The level of inclusion are 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peels (DCP) and ensiled cassava peels (ECP) respectively. Data were collected in each trial on hematological characteristics. Data generated was subjected to analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate the means. Hematological values of rams fed DCP were within the normal range while those fed ECP were below the normal range. The results shows significant difference (P<0.05) between dried and ensiled method of processing in terms of haemoglobin, MCH, WBC and MCV. Rams fed dried cassava peels had lower haemoglobin and PCV compared to normal range. It was concluded that there was no significant difference between rams fed dried cassava peels and those fed ensiled cassava peels at 30% level of inclusion.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN MODEL KURSUS WIRAUSAHA DESA PEMBIBITAN KARET UNGGUL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI BERWIRAUSAHA WARGA BELAJAR

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Badawi Badawi ◽  
Sutaryat Trisnamansyah
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Curriculum ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Questions

This research is grounded on the fact that a lot of civillians are unemployed as they do not have enough knowledge and skills to work. On the other side, the increasing number of conversions from horticulture plants to rubber plants has caused the people’s demand for top rubber seeds to increase too.This research therefore wanted to find out the type of KWD Model to increase the entrepreneurship competency of the learning participants. Based on this objective, this research developed correlational and differential research questions. The correlational investigation was needed to examine the contribution of the independent variables toward the dependent variable (the increase of the entrepreneurship competency) of the learning participants. Meanwhile the differential investigation was needed to examine the effectiveness of the model.The result of the research indicates there is a positive and significant contribution of the learning participant’s interest, achievement motivation, the learning participant’s participation, technical resourceperson’s competence, the training curriculum, the infrastructure and facilities, the intstructional process, and the executing institution toward the increase of the entrepreneurship competency of of the learning participants both individually or all together. The test of model effectiveness proves a positive and significant difference between the designed model and the existing model. 

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