Comparisons of Proximal Vergence Measures

2020 ◽  
pp. 252-263
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Vergence Eye Movement

Background: Proximal vergence is defined as a vergence eye movement subtype driven by an “awareness of nearness”. The purpose of this experiment was to compare values of proximal vergence calculated with and without measures of accommodation to assess the clinical utility of each measurement method. Methods: Thirteen participants between the ages of 22 and 37 (mean = 28.5 ± 4.5 years) were enrolled. The distance and near heterophoria were measured using the Modified Thorington technique. The near heterophoria was measured under three randomized viewing conditions (no lenses, +1.00D lenses, +2.50D lenses). Refractive error was measured with an autorefractor. Proximal vergence was calculated as the difference in calculated (far-near) and gradient (+1.00) stimulus AC/A ratios (stimulus AC/A differencing method), the difference in calculated and gradient response AC/A ratios (response AC/A differencing method), and the change in vergence from distance to near with the +2.50D lenses (uncorrected +2.50D method). This latter value was also corrected for any active accommodation with +2.50D lenses (corrected +2.50D method). Results: The mean proximal vergence values (Δ) were 7.82 ± 5.98 (stimulus AC/A differencing method), 8.29 ± 3.30 (response AC/A differencing method), 6.23 ± 3.52 (uncorrected +2.50D method), and 5.13 ± 2.98 (corrected +2.50D method). The only comparison that showed both a significant correlation (p<0.05) and a non-significant difference from the paired t-test (p>0.05) was that between the stimulus AC/A differencing method and the uncorrected +2.50D method. Conclusions: When response accommodation was accounted for, differences occurred in the mean proximal values obtained with the various methods. The means of the methods most likely to be used clinically (stimulus AC/A differencing method and uncorrected +2.50D method) were similar, although some individuals demonstrated significant differences between these methods.

The Effect of Badminton in Myopia Progression Among Children in Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Banu Aji Dibyasakti ◽  
Suhardjo Suhardjo ◽  
Tri Wahyu Widayanti ◽  
Zaenal Muttaqien
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Table Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Objectives : to observe the effect of badminton in myopia progression among children in Yogyakarta. Methods : This is a cohort study involving 139 eyes from 77 children. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: badminton (n=73) and control (n=66) group. The refractive error was measured by using auto- refractometer with additional cycloplegic agent (1% cyclopentolate). Myopia progression between baseline and 6 month follow up in each group were compared by using Paired T-Test Analysis. The difference of myopia progression in both group were compared by using Independent Sample T-Test Analysis. The relative risk of myopia progression by playing badminton was analysed by using 2x2 table analysis. Results : The mean refractive error in the badminton group was -1.03 ± 0.62 D (baseline) and -1.07 ± 0.64 D (6 months), while in the control group was -1.11 ± 0.66 D (baseline) and -1.24 ± 0.69 D (6 months). There was significant difference in the mean refractive error between baseline and 6 months in each group (p<0.05). Myopia progression in badminton group was 0.04 ± 0.10D, while in control group 0.12 ± 0.22. There was significant difference in myopia progression between two groups (p<0.05). Badminton is also significant protective factor against myopia progression in children (RR: 0.329 (0.157-0.687); p<0.05), even though another factor such as near-work, outdoors activities, and hereditary factor could confound the progression. Conclusion : Children who are routinely playing badminton show less myopia progression. There is statistically significance but not clinically significant difference in myopia progression between two groups. Playing badminton is a protective factor towards myopia progression

Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3780-3784
Author(s):  
P.Vani ◽  
◽  
Sharan B Singh M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
T Test ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.

scholarly journals A comparison between orthodontic model analysis using conventional methods and iModelAnalysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Vita Previa Indirayana ◽  
Gita Gayatri ◽  
N. R. Yuliawati Zenab
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Dental Casts

Background: Model analysis constitutes an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnostic practice. Pavan has developed an application to simplify the mathematical calculations employed in orthodontic model analysis. Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain the differences in results and time periods of model analysis using conventional means and iModelAnalysis. Methods: The research represented a comparative analytic study. The populations comprised dental casts dating from 2014 in the Orthodontics Laboratory of Padjadjaran University. The samples comprised 31 dental casts which were subjected to a total sampling method consisting of two treatments; a conventional method calculation and one using iModelAnalysis. A normality test was conducted and processed using a paired t-test with α=0.05. Results: The means of arch length discrepancies were 1.64±2.63 mm and 1.37±3.07 mm for the conventional methods and 1.65±2.43mm and 1.42±3.04mm for iModelAnalysis. The results of a Bolton analysis for conventional methods were 78.05±2.69% and 91.93±1.29%, while those for iModelAnalysis were 77.91±2.70% and 91.96±2.13%. A Howes analysis of conventional methods produced a result of 45.56±2.83%, while for an iModelAnalysis one of 45.56±2.85%. Pont analysis for conventional methods was 39.35±0.04 mm and 49.17±2.55 mm, while for iModelAnalysis it was 39.35±0.07 mm and 49.19±2.57mm. The mean of the duration of analysis using conventional methods was 1703.81±56.46 seconds, while for iModelAnalysis it was 990.06±34.87 seconds. A normality test confirmed that the data was normally distributed (p>0.05). The results of a paired sample t-test with p>0.05 showed that there was no significant difference between the results of each analysis, while there was significant difference in the time period of analysis. Conclusion: There was no difference in the analysis results. However, there was difference in the time period of analysis between conventional methods and that of iModelAnalysis.

scholarly journals In Vitro Comparison of Marginal and Internal Fit of Zirconia Copings Fabricated by One CAD/CAM System with Two Different Scanners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Khamverdi1 ◽  
Elmira Najafrad ◽  
Maryam Farhadian
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Marginal Fit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Zirconia Crowns ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Internal Fit ◽  
Paired T Test

Objectives: Marginal and internal fit of restorations are two important clinical factors for assessing the quality and durability of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated monolithic zirconia restorations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of CAD/CAM zirconia crowns with two different scanners (i3D scanner and 3Shape D700). Materials and Methods: Twelve extracted sound human posterior teeth were prepared for full zirconia crowns. Two different extraoral scanners namely i3D scanner and 3Shape D700 were used to digitize type IV gypsum casts poured from impressions. The crowns were milled from presintered monolithic zirconia blocks by a 5-axis milling machine. The replica technique and MIP4 microscopic image analysis software were utilized to measure the marginal and internal fit by a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test. Results: The mean marginal gap was 203.62 μm with 3Shape D700 scanner and 241.07 μm with i3D scanner. The mean internal gap was 192.30 μm with 3Shape D700 scanner and 196.06 μm with i3D scanner. The results of paired t-test indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the two scanners in marginal fit (P=0.04); while, there was no statistically significant difference in internal fit (P=0.761). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that type of extraoral scanner affected the marginal fit of CAD/CAM fabricated crowns; however, it did not have a significant effect on their internal fit.

scholarly journals Explicit Affective Strategy Instruction to Develop Speaking Performance of Egyptian EFL University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah Mohammed Fahim El Sakka
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Strategy Instruction ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Speaking Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of explicit affective strategy instruction on the speaking performance of Freshmen English majors at Faculty of Education, Suez University, Egypt. The design of the study is a pre-post quasi experimental one. The instrument is a pre/post speaking performance test (designed by the researcher). Participants were eighty Freshmen English majors, randomly divided into two groups: a control group (N=40) and an experimental one (N=40). During the experiment, the experimental group was explicitly taught some affective strategies (lowering anxiety, encouraging yourself and monitoring emotions) while the control group was taught using the traditional method. All participants were tested using the pre/post speaking performance test before and after the intervention. The difference between the post test&rsquo;s mean scores of the control and experimental groups were calculated using Independent Samples t-test and the difference in the mean scores between the pre- and post tests of speaking performance was calculated for each group separately using Paired Samples t-test. A significant difference was found between the post test&rsquo;s mean scores of the control and the experimental groups in favor of the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pre and post test of the experimental group in favor of the post test. It was concluded that participants&rsquo; level of speaking performance significantly improved after receiving the explicit affective strategy instruction.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Efektivitas Penyuluhan Demam Berdarah Dengue dengan Metode Role Play dan Metode Permainan Simulasi terhadap Perilaku Ibu tentang DBD di Kecamatan Medan Deli

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Novita Hasiani Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
T Test ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia is a “re-emerging infectious disease”. DHF can be prevented by vector control. Human behavior is very influential on dengue vector control, namely the cleanliness of the house and activities. In 2017, DHF cases in Indonesia were 59,047 cases. In North Sumatra Province, there were 5,327 cases, in Medan City as many as 1216 cases, with Medan Deli District as the sub-district with the most cases, with 100 cases. Objective: This study aims to see the improvement of mother's behavior by using the roleplay method and simulation games. Methods: The research is a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group design. The target population is mothers who live in Medan Deli District. The selection of research subjects by purposive sampling, with the number of subjects in each group is 15 people. This study uses the method of role play and games as a comparison method, with a questionnaire as a measuring tool. Paired t-test to see the increase in the mean of each group, and unpaired t-test to see the difference in the mean value. Results: The results of the paired t-test data analysis found that these two methods showed significant results, with p values ​​of 0.000 and 0.001 with a mean increase in the role play method of 1.40 and the game method of 1.53. The unpaired t-test was found to have a significant difference between the average post-test scores between the role play method and the game method, the mean post-test score for the role-play method was found to be lower than the post-test score for the game method. Conclusions: Counseling using the role play method and games provides significant results in increasing maternal behavior about DHF. The game method shows a greater average increase than the role play method.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN PH SALIVA ANTARA BERKUMUR DAN TANPA BERKUMUR AIR PUTIH SETELAH MENGUNYAH MAKANAN BERKARBOHIDRAT SEDERHANA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah ◽  
Hidayati Hidayati ◽  
Afriwardi Afriwardi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Simple Carbohydrates ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Simple Carbohydrate

The Difference Of Salivary pH Between Rinsing and without Rinsing with Drinking Water After Chewing Simple Carbohydrate. Salivary pH is one of indicator in oral health. One factor that influences salivary pH is diet. Diet simple carbohydrates decrease salivary pH. Rinsing with drinking water suspected that can increase salivary pH. to know how the difference of salivary pH between rinsing and without rinsing with drinking water after chewing simple carbohydrates. Quasi experimental used with pre test and post test design on 40 students as samples. The measurement of salivary pH was done by digital pH meter “Pen Type pH tester”. The test which was used was paired T-test. The result Showed that Salivary pH the rinsing group after chewing was 6.96 ± 0.52 and 7.02 ±0,50 without rinsing. Salivary pH after rinsing minutes to 5 was 6.94 ± 0.52 and 6.79 ±0.52 without rinse. The pH of saliva rinsing the 20th minute was 7.12 ± 0.49 and 6.89 ± 0.50 without rinsing. The results of Paired t-test showed the significant difference from the salivary pH to 5th minute after rinsing and without rinsing with chewing simple carbohydrate foods with p <0.05 (p = 0.009) but, there was no significant difference of salivary pH in the 20th minute and 5 minutes after rinsing and without rinsing  with p> 0.05 (p = 0.140). rinsing by using drinking water can increase the salivary pH after chewing simple carbohydrate foods. Keywords: Rinsing drinking water, Simple Carbohydrates, Salivary pH

scholarly journals A novel method using 3D CBCT to assess anterior malar prominence among native Bangalore population- A descriptive study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Sanda Aamani ◽  
Hemanth M ◽  
Sharmada B K ◽  
Karthik J Kabbur ◽  
Goutham Kalladka
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
T Test ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

There is a lack of accurate three-dimensional studies to locate malar prominence for specified population, this study aims to locate the malar prominence using stable landmarks using CBCT. To derive a novel method to accurately locate the malar prominence and to assess and compare the malar prominence between males and females among Bangalore population using 3D CBCT study. All CBCT scans of study subjects belong to Bangalore population were collected from the pre-existing data available in Radiology imaging Solutions (CBCT centre), Bangalore during the period of September 10th to October 10th 2020. This is a descriptive study. A total of 42 subjects including 21 Males and 21 females were assessed using full skull CBCT scans which were converted to DICOM format and reconstructed into 3D images using NEMOCEPH 3D software. Landmarks used to locate the malar prominence were Fzs, Z, Zm and Ans. The intersection of these landmarks is considered to be as constructed maxillozygion(My). For the accuracy of the constructed Maxillozygion point (My), the distance between the actual Maxillozygion (Mzy) and constructed Maxillozygion (My) is measured and calculated between left and right halves of males and females. Three Orthogonal planes constructed were Midsagittal, Axial and Coronal Planes and the linear measurements with reference to all three reference planes in both the groups are measured. Student paired t- Test, Independent Student t Test, Mann Whitney Test. The mean distance from Mzy and my between right and left half of the face was compared using student paired t- Test. There is no significant difference (p=0.35).The mean values of the constructed anatomical landmark (maxillozygion) coordinated to three orthogonal planes between right and left sides of the face is compared using student paired T test and for both the genders (males and females) was compared using Independent Student t Test, and it is significantly higher in males as compared to females and it is statistically significant at (p=0.01). The location of malar prominence using CBCT by a novel method for Bangalore population is found which can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment planning for malar augmentation, camouflage treatment in subjects with midface deficiencies.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN PEMBERIAN BUFFERED PEHAKAIN DENGAN FRESHLY MIXED LIDOKAIN- EPINEFRIN PADA PERSEPSI NYERI KARENA INFILTRASI ANESTESI LOKAL

Biomedika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratih Pramuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Pain Score ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
T Test ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Local Anesthetic Infiltration ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Treatment Subject

Over the last decade, there has been a rise in the number of surgical procedures being perfomed under local anethesia. The infiltration of the local anesthetic is the most painful part of this procedures, and pain associations can develop into avoidance behaviors in future procedures. Several techniques were used to reduce the pain of local anesthetic infiltration. The objective of this study is comparing the effect of Buffered Pehacaine versus freshly mixed lidocaine-epinephrin in reducing the pain of local anesthetic infiltration. Six subject were recruited for this study. Each subject was received 2 kind of treatment. Subject rated pain using Visual Analog Score. Pain score were compared using paired t test. Sixty seven percent (67%) subjects reported that pain of infiltration was lower in Buffered pehacaine than freshly mixed lidocaine-epinephrine. The difference was not statistically significant. There are no significant difference between Buffered Pehacaine versus freshly mixed lidocaine-epinephrin in reducing the pain of local anesthetic infiltrationKeywords : local anesthetic infiltration, lidocaine, pehacaine

scholarly journals Perbedaan Tingkat Daya Tahan Kardiorespirasi Pada Peserta Ekstrakulikuler Bolavoli dan Bola Basket

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Jeff Agung Perdana ◽  
Yudo Harvianto
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Female Students ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Paired T Test

Cardiorespiratory endurance in sports is very important. Because cardiorespiration is closely related to human activities doing work and moving. This research is motivated by cardiorespiratory fitness which is closely related to human activities doing work and moving and exercising. This study aims to determine the differences in cardiorespiration endurance among students who take extracurricular volleyball and basketball. This study uses a comparative research design with the test method. The subjects of this study were 19 basketball basketball extracurricular students and 20 volleyball extracurricular students. Data collection techniques in this study used a measurement test. The instrument used in this study was a multistage fitness test. The analysis technique used is the t-test (Paired t-Test). The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between cardiorespiration endurance between students who took extracurricular volleyball and basketball with male students t count = 3.354 greater than t (0.05) (9) = 2.36 and female students that t arithmetic = 3.053 is greater than t (0.05) (8) = 2.31 at a significance level of 5%. The difference in cardiorespiration endurance between students who take extracurricular volleyball and basketball is male students by 13.31% and female students 18.64%.Keywords: Basketball, volleyball, cardiorespiration, Sport, Student AbstrakKetahanan kardiorespirasi dalam berolahraga sangatlah penting. Sebab kardiorespirasi erat kaitannya dengan kegiatan manusia melakukan pekerjaan dan bergerak. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebugaran kardiorespirasi yang erat kaitannya dengan kegiatan manusia melakukan pekerjaan dan bergerak serta berolahraga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaaan daya tahan kardiorespirasi antara  peserta didik yang mengikuti ekstrakutikuler bolavoli dan bolabasket. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kompratif dengan metode tes. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 19 siswa ekstrakurikuler bolabasket dan 20 siswa ekstrakurikuler bola voli.  Teknik pengambilan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tes pengukuran. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah multistage fitness test. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji-t ( Paired t-Test ). Hasil analisis statistika diperoleh hasil bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara daya tahan kardiorespirasi antara  peserta didik yang mengikuti ekstrakutikuler bolavoli dan bolabasket dengan siswa putra t hitung = 3,354 lebih besar dari t(0,05)(9)  = 2,36 dan siswa putri bahwa t hitung = 3,053 lebih besar dari t(0,05)(8)  = 2,31 pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Perbedaan daya tahan kardiorespirasi antara peserta didik yang mengikuti ekstrakutikuler bolavoli dan bolabasket adalah siswa putra sebesar 13,31% dan siswa putri 18,64%.Kata kunci: Bola basket, bola voli, kardiorespirasi, olahraga, siswa

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document