scholarly journals MODERN ASPECTS OF FREE RADICAL PATHOLOGY (LITERATURE REVIEW AND OWN RESEARCH)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
O.A. Borzykh ◽  
A.V. Lavrenko ◽  
L.G. Selikhova ◽  
N.I. Digtyar ◽  
N.D. Gerasimenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Functional Classes ◽  
Radical Processes

Today, there have been numerous studies that show the emergence and development of various pathologies accompanied by the activation of free radical reactions. It should be noted that the current clinical experience and results of experimental studies indicate the important role of oxidative stress in the formation and progression of cardiovascular pathology, and a series of reports are devoted to the study and comparison of the distinctive features of free radical lipid oxidation and proteins in patients with endothelial dysfunction and various functional classes of angina. Despite the considerable period that has elapsed since the Chernobyl disaster, the medical and biological problems of long-term effects of ionizing radiation are remaining relevant. However, it should be noted that according to some authors, the ideas of lipid peroxidation, mainly based on in vitro studies, do not meet the requirements for recognizing the existence of a metabolic process or metabolic pathway. In recent years, the Department of Internal Medicine # 3 with Phthisiology has conducted the number of multidirectional studies focused on various aspects of free radical pathology in experimental and clinical medicine on cardiology, nephrology, immunology, haematology, pulmonology, and gastroenterology. According to the results of the literature review and comprehensive analysis of the conducted research, we can point out that the study of the role of free radical processes in experimental and clinical medicine is still remaining quite relevant. The scientific search and practical value of these studies can lead to new insight in the context of an overall deterioration of the environment and exposure to negative environmental factors.

scholarly journals The Neuroinflammatory Role of Pericytes in Epilepsy

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Gaku Yamanaka ◽  
Fuyuko Takata ◽  
Yasufumi Kataoka ◽  
Kanako Kanou ◽  
Shinichiro Morichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
In Vivo Studies

Pericytes are a component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular unit, in which they play a crucial role in BBB integrity and are also implicated in neuroinflammation. The association between pericytes, BBB dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of epilepsy has been investigated, and links between epilepsy and pericytes have been identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the role of pericytes in epilepsy. Clinical evidence has shown an accumulation of pericytes with altered morphology in the cerebral vascular territories of patients with intractable epilepsy. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, cause morphological changes in human-derived pericytes, where IL-6 leads to cell damage. Experimental studies using epileptic animal models have shown that cerebrovascular pericytes undergo redistribution and remodeling, potentially contributing to BBB permeability. These series of pericyte-related modifications are promoted by proinflammatory cytokines, of which the most pronounced alterations are caused by IL-1β, a cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Furthermore, the pericyte-glial scarring process in leaky capillaries was detected in the hippocampus during seizure progression. In addition, pericytes respond more sensitively to proinflammatory cytokines than microglia and can also activate microglia. Thus, pericytes may function as sensors of the inflammatory response. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the potential of pericytes as a therapeutic target for seizure disorders.

scholarly journals The infinite possibilities of RNA therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn C Mollocana-Lara ◽  
Ming Ni ◽  
Spiros N Agathos ◽  
Fernando A Gonzales-Zubiate
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
New Era ◽  
Final Point ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
General Aspects

Abstract Although the study of ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics started decades ago, for many years, this field of research was overshadowed by the growing interest in DNA-based therapies. Nowadays, the role of several types of RNA in cell regulation processes and the development of various diseases have been elucidated, and research in RNA therapeutics is back with force. This short literature review aims to present general aspects of many of the molecules currently used in RNA therapeutics, including in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, we describe the state of the art of technologies applied for synthetic RNA manufacture and delivery. Likewise, we detail the RNA-based therapies approved by the FDA so far, as well as the ongoing clinical investigations. As a final point, we highlight the current and potential advantages of working on RNA-based therapeutics and how these could lead to a new era of accessible and personalized healthcare.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in the tumour microenvironment: big role for small players

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. R257-R267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patsy Soon ◽  
Hippokratis Kiaris
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Tumour Stroma ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding RNAs with an important regulatory role in various physiological processes as well as in several pathologies including cancers. It is noteworthy that recent evidence suggests that the regulatory role of miRNAs during carcinogenesis is not limited to the cancer cells but they are also implicated in the activation of tumour stroma and its transition into a cancer-associated state. Results from experimental studies involving cells culturedin vitroand mice bearing experimental tumours, corroborated by profiling of clinical cancers for miRNA expression, underline this role and identify miRNAs as a potent regulator of the crosstalk between cancer and stroma cells. Considering the fundamental role of the tumour microenvironment in determining both the clinical characteristics of the disease and the efficacy of anticancer therapy, miRNAs emerge as an attractive target bearing important prognostic and therapeutic significance during carcinogenesis. In this article, we will review the available results that underline the role of miRNAs in tumour stroma biology and emphasise their potential value as tools for the management of the disease.

scholarly journals Effects of Polyphenols in a Mediterranean Diet on Symptoms of Depression: A Systematic Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Bayes ◽  
Janet Schloss ◽  
David Sibbritt
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression

ABSTRACT Depression is a mood disorder which currently affects 350 million individuals worldwide. Recently, research has suggested a protective role of diet for depression. The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern has been highlighted in several systematic reviews as a promising candidate for reducing depressive symptoms. It has been speculated that this could be due to the high polyphenol content of foods commonly found in the diet. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the effects of polyphenols found in a Mediterranean diet on the symptoms of depression. A systematic literature review was conducted of original research which assessed the role of polyphenols on the symptoms of depression in humans. The following databases were searched: PROQUEST, SCOPUS (Elsevier), MEDLINE (EBSCO), CINAHL, and EMBase, up to 18 February, 2019. The inclusion criteria consisted of both observational and experimental research in adults aged 18–80 y that assessed depression scores in relation to polyphenol intake. A total of 37 studies out of 12,084 met the full inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 were experimental studies and 20 were observational studies. Several different polyphenols were assessed including those from tea, coffee, citrus, nuts, soy, grapes, legumes, and spices. Twenty-nine of the studies found a statistically significant effect of polyphenols for depression. This review has found both an association between polyphenol consumption and depression risk, as well as evidence suggesting polyphenols can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms. The review uncovered gaps in the literature regarding the role of polyphenols for depressive symptoms in both young adults and men. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019125747.

scholarly journals Potential Role of the Chemokine Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α in Human and Experimental Schistosomiasis

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano L. S. Souza ◽  
Ester Roffê ◽  
Vanessa Pinho ◽  
Danielle G. Souza ◽  
Adriana F. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT In human schistosomiasis, the concentrations of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α/CCL3) is greater in the plasma of patients with clinical hepatosplenic disease. The objective of the present study was to confirm the ability of CCL3 to detect severe disease in patients classified by ultrasonography (US) and to evaluate the potential role of CCL3 in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. CCL3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the plasma of S. mansoni-infected patients. CCL3-deficient mice were infected with 25 cercariae, and various inflammatory and infectious indices were evaluated. The concentration of CCL3 was higher in the plasma of S. mansoni-infected than noninfected patients. Moreover, CCL3 was greater in those with US-defined hepatosplenic than with the intestinal form of the disease. In CCL3-deficient mice, the size of the granuloma and the liver eosinophil peroxidase activity and collagen content were diminished compared to wild-type mice. In CCL3-deficient mice, the worm burden after 14 weeks of infection, but not after 9 weeks, was consistently smaller. The in vitro response of mesenteric lymph node cells to antigen stimulation was characterized by lower levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10. CCL3 is a marker of disease severity in infected humans, and experimental studies in mice suggest that CCL3 may be a causative factor in the development of severe schistosomiasis.

scholarly journals Role of Tumor Associated Fibroblasts in Human Liver Regeneration, Cirrhosis, and Cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Cesselli ◽  
Antonio Paolo Beltrami ◽  
Alessandra Poz ◽  
Stefania Marzinotto ◽  
Elisa Comisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Tumor Cell Lines ◽  
Liver Scan ◽  
First Time

Tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are considered a microenvironmental element critical for tumor growth and progression. Experimental studies suggest that their origin could be from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow. However, the role played by TAFs in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma development, and progression is largely unknown, andin vitrohuman models are missing. This paper for the first time demonstrates that (1) human neoplastic livers possess a population of multipotent adult stem cells (MASCs) with properties of TAFs; (2) a population of MASC-derived TAFs is already present in cirrhotic, not yet neoplastic, livers; (3) MASCs isolated from nonneoplastic and noncirrhotic liver scan acquire a TAF phenotype when grown in a medium conditioned by tumor cell lines, supporting the notion that TAF could originate from resident primitive cells (MASCs), possibly through a paracrine mechanism.

scholarly journals Scientific Basis for the Potential Use of Melatonin in Bone Diseases: Osteoporosis and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Sánchez-Barceló ◽  
M. D. Mediavilla ◽  
D. X. Tan ◽  
R. J. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Bone Degradation ◽  
Potential Use

The objective of this paper was to analyze the data supporting the possible role of melatonin on bone metabolism and its repercussion in the etiology and treatment of bone pathologies such as the osteoporosis and the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Melatonin may prevent bone degradation and promote bone formation through mechanisms involving both melatonin receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions. The three principal mechanisms of melatonin effects on bone function could be: (a) the promotion of the osteoblast differentiation and activity; (b) an increase in the osteoprotegerin expression by osteoblasts, thereby preventing the differentiation of osteoclasts; (c) scavenging of free radicals generated by osteoclast activity and responsible for bone resorption. A variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, although with some controversial results, point toward a possible role of melatonin deficits in the etiology of osteoporosis and AIS and open a new field related to the possible therapeutic use of melatonin in these bone diseases.

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