scholarly journals The influence of entrepreneurship in youth unemployment in transition and MENA countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Rejhan Sulejman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of

Even though young people do not have enough work experience and skills, there is no doubt that they are an important source of the economic growth. However, the integration of young individuals to the labor market faces difficulties because of the missing experience, so one of the tools used to integrate them easily in the market has been entrepreneurship. In the last decade the concept ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘entrepreneur’ have become very popular especially among youth. Studies show that young people are becoming interested in start-up businesses because they think about what they can do for themselves instead of what the government can do for them. The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship of entrepreneurship with youth unemployment in transition and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries for the period 2008 – 2016. An econometric analysis of panel data for the 33 countries is executed in Stata 12, to identify whether entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to decrease youth unemployment. There is no universal method to measure entrepreneurship, so data collected from different countries can bring incorrect results. In order to avoid incorrectness and misleading results we use TEA (total-early stage entrepreneurial activity) for entrepreneurship, from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, which uses the same methodology for data collection in every country. This study proves the theories from the literature review stating that young people have ambitions and are interested in starting their own business.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO SMEs SUCCESS AMONG YOUTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 01-21
Author(s):  
Nor Azira Ayob ◽  
Intan Suria Hamzah ◽  
Anis Izzati Romly ◽  
Nur Idayuni Mohd Asri ◽  
Mohd Amar Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Job Mismatch

Youth unemployment is one of the major global challenges for decades to come. While bound up with the overall employment situation, this challenge has its own dimensions and therefore requires specific responses. Unemployment or job difficulties have always been problems, especially for youth as they need to face it once they graduate. The government invents a lot of activities to cope with the unemployment issue in the country by cultivating entrepreneurship in society with a focus on students and youth to transform them to be an entrepreneur. So that this could lessen the problem at an early stage. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors that contribute to the success of youth in entrepreneurship including business plan, business support program, and risk-taking, and how each of these influences’ youth entrepreneurship. The significance of this study is especially for youths include those who may leave their education and started their first jobs. Youth could expose the factors that lead to the effectiveness of the program. Even the youth may come from different fields, this could help them find the job if the current job mismatch with their field or being unemployed. A total of 200 youth respondents were collected from the youths who have become entrepreneurs and youth entrepreneurship has never been to obtain relevant data. The data collected, analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics. using Non-Probability Sampling and the sample size by Roscoe. Results from this study revealed that all the listed factors contribute to the successfulness of youth to become entrepreneurs and the most contributing factor to the success of youth in entrepreneurship is Business Support Program.

Part-Time Employment and Aesthetic Labor Among Middle-Class Youth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasemin Besen-Cassino
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Aesthetic Labor ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Labor Requirements

This chapter addresses work experience from the perspective of the young people themselves so as to capture varied lived experiences of youth employment and unemployment. Research to date has provided an incomplete picture of youth unemployment, failing to focus on part-time work. For youth, part-time jobs are becoming scarce and more difficult to locate. With the economic recession, not only are employers in the retail and service sector less likely to hire but young people find themselves in competition with unemployed older workers and immigrant workers, rendering these jobs more competitive than ever before. Moreover, with the rise in youth unemployment and with recently intensifying aesthetic labor requirements, young people do not have the same extent of opportunities for interacting with diverse groups of workers from a range of backgrounds, including those who have been socially and economically disadvantaged.

Youth Entrepreneurship in Indian Scenario

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeta Baporikar
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Scenario

Governments and local communities across the world have recognized that key to building prosperity and stimulate regional growth is fostering entrepreneurship among their people especially youth. Youth entrepreneurship has become a topic of interest for research scholars and also a subject of major concern for the Government. While youth entrepreneurship is an under-explored field, the main factor for its growing attention is the increased number of unemployed young people. Furthermore entrepreneurship is seen as a channel for the talents of many highly educated young people to explore their potential and cash their business acumen. By 2015, World Bank estimates that there will be about 3 billion youths less than 25 years old and a big portion of that will be in India. Many young people cannot find employment. This has become particularly acute since the education explosion in early 2000's and onset of the financial crisis in 2008. These outcomes are both inefficient and inequitable. Evidence shows that the unemployed are unhappier, more likely to experience a range of health issues, and face difficulties in integrating back into the labour market place (Bell & Blanchflower, 2009). For young people, the effects of unemployment may be particularly scarring. Evidence suggests that a spell of youth unemployment increases the likelihood of poorer wages and unemployment in later life (Blanchflower & Oswald, 1998). Such outcomes also have pronounced social costs. It represents a loss of potential output and leads to increased costs to the taxpayer apart from causing social disruptions. One potential way of integrating young people into the global economy is to increase youth entrepreneurship1. The objective of this research paper is simple - to understand youth entrepreneurship and its role with focus on Indian scenario.

An Evaluation of Business Start-Up Support for Young People

2003 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Meager ◽  
Peter Bates ◽  
Marc Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Matched Comparison ◽  
The Impact

The article describes some evaluation findings from a longitudinal study of young people receiving business start-up assistance, through the Prince's Trust (with financial support from the Government). Unusually for evaluations of self-employment schemes, it focuses not solely on issues of deadweight and business survival, but also looks at the impact of programme participation on the subsequent labour market outcomes of participants. It uses a matched comparison group methodology to model programme impact, and finds no statistical evidence that supported entry to self-employment has an impact on participants' subsequent ‘employability’. After controlling for other factors, those who leave the programme are no more likely than those in the comparison group to be in employment, and if in employment their earnings are no higher than those in the comparison group.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Preferences in Oman: A Gender-based differentiation analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Firdouse Khan ◽  
◽  
Adil Bakheet ◽  
Iman Al Maktoumi ◽  
Noura Al Jahwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Business Experience ◽  
Successful Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Government

Purpose: The research objective was to critically analyze the factors responsible for the gender differences in Oman Entrepreneurship and to critically analyze the prevailing gender differences amongst the motivating factors and the survival factors in running the businesses in Oman. Design/methodology/approach: The research data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire and the data was obtained personally. 381 samples were collected from the population who were reported to be successful entrepreneurs. The selection was obtained from the entrepreneurs’ list provided by the Government Scheme Agencies in Oman like SANAD/RIYADA and the analysis was done using SPSS. Findings: The study revealed that both genders considered ‘To obtain a social status’, ‘To use innovative ideas’, ‘To become own boss’, and ‘Success of other entrepreneurs’ as the motivating factors. Further, males have also considered experiences and professional contacts whereas females have considered working independently and excelling with their self-confidence. The study also revealed that both genders insisted on Start-up capital, Self-confidence, Working capital, and Previous business experience, and Religious consciousness factors as the essential factors to run the businesses. Further, male entrepreneurs considered Training as one of the factors required to run the business whereas the female entrepreneurs considered the Right choice of location as a required factor. Research limitations/implications: It is recommended to address the gender differences of entrepreneurship in policies to support private-sector development in Oman and to design effective Entrepreneurship education programs for the future. It is required to follow up on the performance of the female-owned entrepreneurial start-ups so that their goals and objectives can be successfully fulfilled during their life cycle. It is also suggested that the training should be considered essential when designing strategies and policies stimulating entrepreneurial activity for both male and female entrepreneurs. Social implications: Through gender differences, the trends in marketing can be identified which will help to raise awareness for how to improve global marketing standards. Facilitating timely finance in the form of start-up capital, working capital is a must as the entrepreneurs in Oman consider financial assistance as a must to run the business. Previous business experience or educating them to gain experience in the line of their business interest will enable the entrepreneurs to become successful entrepreneurs. Originality/Value: There is no study on gender differences that have been carried out in Oman within entrepreneurial activities. This paper examines the gender difference prevailing amidst entrepreneurship in Oman. This research included only the successful entrepreneurs who were advanced under the Governmental Schemes through RIYADA/SANAD, Oman.

scholarly journals COVID-19 economic response measures and entrepreneurial activities: a study of micro-enterprises in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-156
Author(s):  
Obi Chinazor Franca
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Micro Enterprises

Nigeria witnessed an economic downturn in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and in 2016 as a result of the global oil price crash. The Nigerian economy was resuscitating from the economic recession before the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic and its curtail measures. Most private and government firms laid-off their workers, while others had their staff salaries. The sustaining business operations in this era may be extremely difficult due to lack of funds for self-employment, start-up ventures, innovations or new market opportunities. With the help of the Central Bank the government rowed out some monetary and fiscal measures referred to in the study as Economic Responses Measures (ERM). The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 ERM and the Entrepreneurial Activity (EA) of micro business. It has been stated that COVID-19 ERM provide innovations, self-employment, start-up and new market creation activities of micro-enterprises in Nigeria. An exploratory survey was done on 294 randomly selected samples from micro-enterprises (retail, ICT, manufacturing and artisans) across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The result proves empirically that COVID-19 ERM does not have a significantly positive relationship with the EA of micro-businesses in Nigeria. The implication of this finding therefore suggests that many micro-businesses may not have accessed these ERM or do not embark in EA. There is highlighted the importance of government support to micro-businesses and also provided new dimensions for the measures of micro-business EA.

scholarly journals Objectives of Sustainable Development and Youth Employment in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Cristian Castillo ◽  
Julimar Da Silva ◽  
Sandro Monsueto
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to raise quality employment, gender equity in access to employment and increase coverage in education. However, in Colombia, high unemployment rates and the informality of young people are risks of achieving these goals. The purpose of this research is to estimate the determinants of youth unemployment and its relationship with SDGs Objective 8, and linking it to the objectives of quality education and gender equity. Using the microdata of the Colombian household survey, DANE, this relationship is estimated with a methodology of age, period, and cohort, through a Probit/Logit Multinomial model. As a novel result for the Colombian case, it is shown that, although new generations of young people are more educated, education per se is not enough to guarantee them a quality insertion into the labor market, penalizing, above all, young women. Lack of work experience and segmentation of the labor market would help explain this outcome. Employment policies, therefore, to achieve the SDGs must not only invest in education, but also expand dual education programs, considering gender.

scholarly journals Constraints of youth entrepreneurs in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed M. S. Ahmed ◽  
Yimer Ayalew Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
African Region ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Government

AbstractThe youth entrepreneurship has been regarded as a tool for employment creation in Ethiopia. However, the country faces the challenge of high youth unemployment rates. Even the country is considered as one of the lowest rates of youth entrepreneurial activity and business operating in the sub-Saharan African region. The aim of this research is to investigate the major potential constraints of youth entrepreneurs in the small and micro-enterprises. In order to fulfill the objectives of the study, this research employed a descriptive research design with a quantitative research approach. The target population of the study was 5000 youth entrepreneurs between aged 18 and 29 years at the time of the research. Out of the target population, the researchers selected 370 as a sample size by using a proportional stratified sampling technique. The valid responses for analysis were 350 respondents. The survey questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The study used descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The results of the study indicate that unfavorable government policy, limited access to finance, limited access to market, limited access to information and infrastructure, limited access to business assistance and support, limited access to entrepreneurship training and education, lack of social support, unfavorable administrative, and weak institutional linkage were the major potential constraints of youth entrepreneurs in the study area. The study draws implications for policymakers, the Ministry of Youth Development, Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and the government to adopt multi-faceted, multi-targeted, and multitier approaches in order to facilitate and encourage youth entrepreneurship.

Active labour market policies for young people and youth unemployment

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Sonke Speckesser ◽  
Francisco Jose Gonzalez Carreras ◽  
Laura Kirchner Sala
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Member States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates on the impact of active labour market policy (ALMP) on youth unemployment in Europe based on a macroeconomic panel data set of youth unemployment, ALMP and education policy variables and further country-specific characteristics on labour market institutions and the broader demographic and macroeconomic environment for all EU-Member States. Design/methodology/approach The authors follow the design of an aggregate impact analysis, which aims to explain the impact of policy on macroeconomic variables like youth employment and unemployment (see Bellmann and Jackman, 1996). This follows the assumption that programmes, which are effective in terms of improving individual employment opportunities, are going to make a difference on the equilibrium of youth unemployment. Findings The findings show that both wage subsidies and job creation are reducing aggregate youth unemployment, which is in contrast to some of the surveys of microeconomic studies indicating that job creation schemes are not effective. This finding points towards the importance to assist young people making valuable work experience, which is a benefit from job creation, even if this experience is made outside regular employment and/or the commercial sector. Research limitations/implications In terms of the variables to model public policy intervention in the youth labour market, only few indicators exist, which are consistently available for all EU-Member States, despite much more interest and research aiming to provide an exhaustive picture of the youth labour market in Europe. The only consistently available measures are spending on ALMP as a percentage of gross domestic product (in the different programmes) and participation stocks and entries by type of intervention. Practical implications The different effects found for the 15–19 year olds, who seem to benefit from wage subsidies, compared to the effect of job creations benefitting the 20–24 year olds, might relate to the different barriers for both groups to find employment. Job creation programmes seem to offer this group an alternative mechanism to gain valuable work experience outside the commercial sector, which could help form a narrative of positive labour market experience. In this way, job creation should be looked more positively at when further developing ALMP provision, especially for young people relatively more distant to engagement in regular employment. Social implications Improving the situation of many millions of young Europeans failing to find gainful employment, and more generally suffering from deprivation and social exclusion, has been identified as a clear priority for policy both at the national level of EU-Member States and for EU-wide initiatives. With this study, the authors attempt to contribute to the debate about the effectiveness of policies which combat youth unemployment by estimating the quantitative relationship of ALMP and other institutional features and youth unemployment. Originality/value To research the relationship between youth unemployment and ALMP, the authors created a macroeconomic database with repeated observations for all EU-Member States for a time series (1998–2012). The authors include variables on country demographics and the state of the economy as well as variables describing the labour market regimes from Eurostat, i.e. the flexibility of the labour market (part-time work and fixed-term employment as a percentage of total employment) and the wage setting system (level and coordination of bargaining and government intervention in wage bargaining).

scholarly journals INFANCY WITHIN ADVERTISING PLATFORM: YOUNG CHILDREN EXPERIENCES ON A VIDEO-SHARING WEBSITE.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Aggio
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Video Sharing ◽  
Surplus Labour ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Platform Economy

This paper investigates how young children experience digital advertising platforms. Specifically, it focuses on young children's participation in the YouTube app as part of an advertising mechanism that captures and profits from their views and attention. An innovative trans-disciplinary bridge between digital labour studies, biopolitics theory and qualitative research on children online has been developed to achieve this aim. The fact that children are going online progressively earlier raises critical questions around what they are experiencing in the virtual world. Data has become a way to profit and digital technology has become the infrastructure for capitalism permanence. This process of making a profit on user’s information leads to issues around trust and the confluence of surveillance and profit. It also raises questions around the persistence of Marxist concepts such as surplus labour, surplus value, and labour exploitation within the platform economy. Furthermore, in this environment one cannot disregard the relationship of power and the government of life; biopolitics should not be dissociable from capitalism. Thus, considering the early stage of young children’s cognitive development and their consequent vulnerability is urgent to understand how young children contribute to the political economy of the digital platform. The extent to which parents/caregivers and teachers are knowledgeable about the models of data mining, statistical profiling and corporate profit-generation that occur within this digital environment is also being investigated.

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