Human death or brain death? Christian view. Part I. Death criterion problem

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-121
Author(s):  
Дамиан Воронов
Keyword(s):  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Christian View ◽  
Biomedical Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Human Death ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

Первая часть статьи рассматривает с христианской точки зрения вопрос о том, как определить момент смерти человека, некоторые вопросы работы головного мозга, диагностические критерии полной остановки биологических и физиологических процессов жизнедеятельности организма как финального опыта человека перед вступлением в вечность. Также в статье дается богословско-философское осмысление таким состояниям, как «определенно жив» и «точно мертв», ибо определение момента смерти человека в силу достижений современной медицины стало более трудным, чем прежде. Автор рассматривает историю вопроса и в заключение формулирует христианское отношение к перспективам духовно-нравственного и социального влияния биомедицинских технологий на жизнь человека XXI века, которые переходят границы допустимых манипуляций с жизнью и смертью. Определение критериев смерти является важной вехой в процессе решения трудной философской проблемы сознания. From the Christian point of view, the first part of the article considers the question of how to determine the time of a person’s death and some issues of the brain’s work and diagnostic criteria for completely stopping the biological and physiological processes of the organism’s life as the final experience of a person before entering eternity. The article also provides a theological and philosophical understanding of such states as “definitely alive” and “certainly dead”, because determining the moment of death of a person due to the achievements of modern medicine has become more difficult than before. The A. examines the history of the issue and, in conclusion, formulates a Christian evaluation of the prospects of the spiritual, moral and social influence of biomedical technologies regarding the life of a 21st century person, which transcends the permissible manipulations with life and death. Determining the criteria for death is an important milestone in the process of solving the difficult philosophical problem of consciousness.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF FOREIGN PHILSOPHICAL RUSSIAN STUDIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-119
Author(s):  
GRIGORY L. GALUSTYANTS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
World History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spiritual Identity ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

This article is devoted to the presentation of the views of foreign philosophers on the problem of spiritual identity and national identity of Russia. The factors that influenced the formation of the worldview of thinkers, historical conditions, as well as identified theoretical, conceptual sources of authors, representatives of foreign philosophy are characterized. The concepts of spiritual identity and national identity of Russia in the works of foreign philosophers are analyzed.The works of the most famous contemporary foreign authors, who primarily develop socio-philosophical and philosophical-political aspects of the Russian national identity, are examined: Z. Brzezinski, R. Pipes, J. P. Scanlan, A. Toynbee, F. Fukuyama, S. Huntington.An analysis of the concepts of Western philosophical Russian studies shows that the key tendency of modern foreign doctrines about Russia is a fundamental refusal to reveal the moment of universality of the idea of Russia. The very need for philosophy, i.e. in the logic and dialectics of the history of Russia is considered not from the standpoint of the reasonable necessity of the concept, but from the point of view of the abstract rational randomness of the empirical phenomena of the historical existence of Russian society and state. The author comes to the conclusion that all the special concepts of the idea of Russia contain a dialectical contradiction and can remove it only in its own logical selfdenial. The latter should become the beginning of a reasonable and integral paradigm of the philosophical understanding of Russia in world history.

Human death or brain death? Christian view. Part II. Death criterion problem

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Дамиан Воронов
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Health System ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Christian View ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Human Death

Вторая часть статьи посвящена анализу фундаментальной этико-мировоззренческой проблемы медицинской этики, находящей своё отражение в отношении врача к вопросам жизни и смерти, актуализируя проблемы трансплантологии. Основным положением ключевых международных документов в связи с применением научно-технических достижений в сфере биологии и медицины является защита достоинства и индивидуальной целостности человека, гарантируемое всем без исключения соблюдение неприкосновенности личности и прочих прав и основных свобод. Рассматриваемая проблема напрямую затрагивает права, свободы и достоинство человека. Право человека на жизнь, воспринимаемое высшей ценностью и охватывающее все этапы земного бытия, как правило, не оспаривается обществом и не вызывает сомнений. Тотальная технологизация порождает новые вопросы о праве человека свободно распоряжаться не только своей жизнью, но и смертью. Помимо этической оценки права человека на жизнь, автор даёт христианскую оценку такой заключительной фазе человеческого бытия как умирание, в связи с чем остро выступает проблема установления границ жизни и смерти, поскольку именно на ней делаются гуманистические акценты современной прагматичной системы здравоохранения. The second part of the article is devoted to analyzing the fundamental ethical and ideological problems of medical ethics, which are reflected in a physician’s attitude to the issues of life and death, thereby actualizing the problems of transplantology. The main provision of key international documents concerning the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of biology and medicine are: the protection of the dignity and individual integrity of the person, guaranteed to all, without exception; the respect for the integrity of the person and other rights and fundamental freedoms. The problem in question directly affects the rights, freedoms and dignity of the person. The human right to life, perceived as the highest value and encompassing all stages of earthly existence, as a rule, is not disputed by society and is not in doubt. Total technologization raises new questions about the human right to freely dispose of not only his life, but also death. In addition to the ethical assessment of the human right to life, the author gives a Christian assessment of such a final phase of human existence as dying, in connection with which the problem of establishing the boundaries of life and death is catalyzed due to the fact that this problem in particular is the particular focus of humanistic scrutiny of the modern pragmatic health system.

Liberal Toryism in the Twentieth Century

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 177-201
Author(s):  
Michael Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Deep Structure ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
The Moment

DUST has scarcely had time to settle on Lady Thatcher; yet already a thick sediment of historical significance attaches to the fifteen years of her ascendancy. The period between 1975 and 1990 looks likely to prove as significant for the political ideologies of the twenty-first century as that between, say, 1885 and 1906 currently looks for our own. In the twilight world of John Major (who appears part-antidote, part-surrogate), Conservative ideology is becoming informed by reviews from both sides as they reflect on not only what went wrong but what it was that seemingly went so right, from a party point of view, for so long. We have just had placed before us, for example, John Campbell's admirable biography of Sir Edward Heath, on theone hand, and Alan Clark's transfixing diaries very much on the other. Such documents supplement amass of theorising and comment by political scientists and journalists, most of which dwells on the twin themes of discontinuity and dichotomy. The history of the Tory party is seen to enter a period of catastrophe by the end of the Heath government out of which there emerges a distinct party ideology which people call ‘Thatcherism’: a ‘New Conservatism’ radically distinct from the compromise and accommodation that marked politics after 1951. But that process was contested within the party—hence a dichotomy between two persuasions: the hawks and the doves, the dries and the wets, the Tories and the Conservatives, the true blues and the Liberals. Language of this kind has a particular interest to historians. They want to raise issues about its chronological deep-structure: how ‘new’ was this ‘New Conservatism’?. They recognise the need to situate the dichotomies of the moment in a wider context of Conservative experience: how singular is a doctrine of dichotomy within Conservative party doctrine? Above all they bring into question bald postulates about the nature of current Conservatism which do not compare experience across time

scholarly journals Misery to Mirth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Newton
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
Early Modern Medicine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Printed Materials

The history of early modern medicine often makes for depressing reading. It implies that people fell ill, took ineffective remedies, and died. This book seeks to rebalance and brighten our overall picture of early modern health by focusing on the neglected subject of recovery from illness in England, c.1580–1720. Drawing on an array of archival and printed materials, Misery to Mirth shows that recovery did exist conceptually at this time, and that it was a widely reported phenomenon. The book takes three main perspectives: the first is physiological or medical, asking what doctors and laypeople meant by recovery, and how they thought it occurred. This includes a discussion of convalescent care, a special branch of medicine designed to restore strength to the patient’s fragile body after illness. Secondly, the book adopts the viewpoint of patients themselves: it investigates how they reacted to the escape from death, the abatement of pain and suffering, and the return to normal life and work. At the heart of getting better was contrast—from ‘paine to ease, sadnesse to mirth, prison to liberty, and death to life’. The third perspective concerns the patient’s loved ones; it shows that family and friends usually shared the feelings of patients, undergoing a dramatic transformation from anguish to elation. This mirroring of experiences, known as ‘fellow-feeling’, reveals the depth of love between many individuals. Through these discussions, the book opens a window onto some of the most profound, as well as the more prosaic, aspects of early modern existence, from attitudes to life and death, to details of what convalescents ate for supper and wore in bed.

scholarly journals Applied knowledge in the humanities (based on the manuscript of N.I.Kareev “General methodology of the humanities”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Evgeniya A. Dolgova ◽  
◽  
Alexey V. Malinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Applied Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The purpose of the article is to introduce a fragment of an unpublished monograph by sociologist and historian Nikolay I.Kareev titled “General methodology of the humanities” (1922). The book was published only in fragments and needs further updating in terms of its significance for the history of Russian sociology. In the publication of archival documents and accompanying annotations, a fragment of the final seventh chapter “Normative and Applied Knowledge in the Humanities” is analyzed. In this text, the scholar turned to the complex theoretical issues of defining the role, function and correlation of fundamental and applied sciences. The text analyzes N.I.Kareev’s classification — the division of scientific knowledge into theoretical, normative and applied. By carefully examining applied knowledge, he revealed it in two aspects — vulgar and pragmatic utilitarianism. Regarding the first, he concluded that the absolutization of the utilitarian point of view is dangerous for science itself, since it makes the development of science dependent on particular goals, including party interests, and subordinates science to the changing circumstances of the moment. On the other hand, theoretical knowledge can also have value as the most reliable basis for any practical discipline. The importance of applied knowledge is due to the fact that true (factual) knowledge about society can only be obtained by inductive means, i. e., in order to cognize social reality, applied sciences must precede theoretical ones. The meaning of applied knowledge is that it, unlike theoretical knowledge, is aimed at transforming nature or society.

scholarly journals El Cançoner trobadoresc de Sant Joan de les Abadesses: estat de la qüestió, història arxivística i context de producció

Mot so razo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Joan Ferrer Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
National Library ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Village

<p>Abstract: In 1917, Josep Masdeu, the monastery archivist of Sant Joan de les Abadesses, identified four songs written down in some blank spaces of a paper-based notarial book of the village. In 1935, Higini Anglès, a musicologist of recognized prestige, made them public and since then, they comprise the songbook of Sant Joan de les Abadesses, the unique troubadour catalogue in Catalonia including both the text of the songs and their equivalent musical notation to be performed. From that moment on, the manuscript has been studied in many occasions from a linguistic and musical point of view. The manuscript, currently preserved at the National Library of Catalonia, includes some other text passages of legal topics which we analyse in depth because they delimit the exact chronological period of the song writings. Our study, therefore, has been focused on three main purposes. In the first place, we revise the contributions made so far regarding the description of the document. Next, we build up the archivistic history of the manuscript, from the moment it was discovered until it was deposited in the library mentioned above. Finally, we frame the overall context of the songbook production based on the extraliterary and extramusical texts.</p><p><br />Keywords: Troubadour songs, Medieval manuscripts, Medieval songbook, Sant Joan de les Abadesses Archive, Court books, Notarial -<br />History.</p>

scholarly journals Economic Development and Dependence Theory: The Approach of the Un Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Osmar Antonio Bonzanini ◽  
Tamara Silvana Menuzzi Diverio ◽  
Luiz Zuliani da Silva ◽  
Estevo Mateus Olesiak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of this article is to present the vision of ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and its contribution to the reflections on economic development. Materials and methods: This is an exploratory and descriptive study. The first part of the paper contemplates the emergence and evolution of ECLAC thinking during its more than sixty-five years of existence. The second deals with dependency theory, ending with the current thinking proposed by ECLAC. Results: It results in a brief analysis of the moment of the globalization of the economy as an exclusionary process in the history of capitalism, emphasizing the importance of the ECLAC thinking, reinvigorated nowadays. Conclusions: It is considered that the dependency theory has been the great contribution of ECLAC thinking, with the change of focus from a viewpoint only from the prism of the central countries, to an optic from the point of view of the peripheral countries.

scholarly journals The Apophatic Dimension of Color in B. Zaitsev's Stories “Mist” and “White Light”: Its Ontological and Cultural Aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-170
Author(s):  
M.A. Dudareva
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

This article is timed to coincide with the 140th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer B. Zaitsev and it is devoted to the apophatic dimension of Russian artistic culture, namely, the phenomenon of color in the stories “Mist” and “White Light”, which are included in the collection “White Light” (1922). The works are analyzed from a cultural-philosophical point of view. The research object in its widest sense is the apophatic dimension of verbal culture, manifested through a thanatological discourse and liminal states of the heroes, expressed by the author through a special color. Death is a priori apophatic, but this does not mean that its meaning cannot be approached. The focus is on the colors “white” and “black”, which are used by Zaitsev in a dominant and symbolic sense: white correlates with Light, and black – with Darkness. Both colors are considered from cultural-philosophical positions not only as achromatic, but also as apophatic: black enters into a paradigmatic relationship with white, spiritualizing it – to use the terms of the anthroposophical teaching, known to the writer. The ontogermeneutical reconstruction of the ethos of life and death in these stories allows us to approach the apophatic horizon of Russian verbal culture. This study gives the reader a holistic cultural and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of color in the stories of B. Zaitsev. The main images, their nature and functions in the work are discussed. The results obtained may be of interest both to cultural scientists for the subsequent social and philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of color, and to philologists studying the poetics of B. Zaitsev.

scholarly journals 422 Atrioventricular blocks in children: clinical aspects and special features in a cohort of Italian patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_G) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ridolfi ◽  
Gabriele Bronzetti ◽  
Andrea Donti ◽  
Marcello Lanari ◽  
Gaetano Domenico Gargiulo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Aims The natural history of atrioventricular blocks (AVBs) in children is not completely clarified, with particular regard for isolated, acquired, and non-immune disorders. Moreover, there is still concern on when—and not on if—a pacemaker (PM) implantation is indicated. In this retrospective study, we investigated diagnostic and therapeutic approach to AVBs in children and we described complications occurred in PM recipients. Methods and results We analysed 73 patients with a diagnosis of AVB who were submitted to a regular follow-up between 2015 and 2020 at the Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Unit of an Italian referral centre. Forty-four patients (60%) were diagnosed with a complete AVB and after a mean follow-up of 8.2 ± 6.8 years, 35 patients (79.5%) had received a permanent PM. AVB was asymptomatic in 52 children (71.2%) and a congenital heart disease was present in 13 cases (17.8%). Anti-SSA/B autoantibodies were detected in eight patients (11%) with complete block and their prognostic role was substantially redefined. The mean interval between diagnosis and implantation and the complication rate in PM recipients were similar to data available on literature, regardless of the age at diagnosis. Conclusions From a diagnostic point of view, we identified several differences between partial and complete AVBs. As regards the timing of pacing therapy, the moment of implantation should be accurately chosen but should not depend only on the age at diagnosis or the presence of maternal autoantibodies, since the incidence of device-related complications was independent from those features.

Freedom and Religious Worldview

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Sergeev ◽  
Aleksandr E. Rybas
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Philosophy And Religion ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The article, written in the form of a dialogue/discussion, examines the problem of freedom in the context of its interpretation in religious and philosophical thought. The starting point for considering freedom is the thesis that the concept of freedom, as it is presented in the metaphysical and spiritual traditions, hinders both the philosophical understanding of freedom and its implementation in practice since the status of the concept requires the identification of freedom with the knowledge of freedom. However, the knowledge, as it always implies being universal, excludes the possibility of a different understanding of freedom, which leads to the confusion of freedom and necessity. While criticizing this thesis, Mikhail Sergeev insists that the adoption of a particular system of beliefs, including religious faith, does not necessarily make other people understand freedom the same way, which leads to the elimination of freedom in real life and to the substitution of freedom by necessity on theoretical level: as the history of philosophy and religion shows, there have always been many different concepts of freedom, even within the same school or tradition. From the point of view of Aleksandr Rybas, the variety of interpretations of freedom is such only formally since each of these interpretations is aimed at formulating the only one, “true” concept of freedom, resulting from the chosen point of view and therefore making it necessary to characterize alternative views as false: the very idea of “true” freedom is rooted in the specifics of metaphysical thinking, which should be seen the reason for the rejection of freedom. As a result of the discussion, however, some common views on freedom were developed. In particular, freedom was defined as the inherent ability of man to consciously initiate his own changes and determine the parameters of his own existence. Moreover, it was argued that there could not be the only valid or universal form of human life.

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