Changes of Eggshell Characteristics during Embryo Development in Western Capercaillie (Tetrao Urogallus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rosenberger ◽  
Denis Charles Deeming ◽  
Ewa Łukaszewicz ◽  
Artur Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Tetrao Urogallus ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Eggshell Thinning

The influence of a developing bird embryo on eggshell thinning is well known, however this phenomenon has been described mainly for poultry, and in wild birds is poorly understood. This study focussed on Capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus), in which the effect of a developing embryo on the change of eggshell thickness has not been described. However, problems relating to a large number of dead embryos and eggs cracking during incubation are observed in captive breeding centres giving us the opportunity to test how the developing embryo affects the eggshell and thereby its properties, including eggshell strength and thickness. In total, 196 unhatched eggs, including 146 infertile and 50 eggs with embryos which died at various stages of development, were analysed in relation to eggshell shape, thickness and strength. Moreover, 102 posthatched eggshells were also examined. Although the strength of eggshell was affected by egg shape and shell thickness, contrary to expectations, the stage of embryonic development had no significant influence on eggshell strength. As has been demonstrated in other species, etching of eggshells by the developing embryo reduces shell thickness in Capercaillie but it has minimal effect on the strength of the eggshell. Egg viability is not compromised during the later stages of development by contact incubation with the female. The eggshell of infertile eggs or eggs containing early-dead embryos were 10% thicker than posthatched eggshells and eggs with late-dead embryos, confirming that eggshell thinning in Capercaillie is typical for precocial species.

Variation in Peregrine Falcon Eggs

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Burnham ◽  
James H. Enderson ◽  
Thomas J. Boardman
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Peregrine Falcon ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Peregrine Falcons

Abstract Eggs collected from captive and wild Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) were used to examine variation in eggshell thickness, length, breadth, and initial weight to resolve questions about eggshell data from wild falcons. For captive falcons, shell thickness of first clutches did not change over the years a falcon laid or with embryonic development. Eggshells in third clutches, but not second clutches, were significantly thinner than those from first clutches. Greatest variation in shell thickness existed between eggs within a clutch and did not differ significantly between wild and captive eggs. Entire clutches of wild falcons should be represented in future studies to maximize the chance of obtaining a representative sample in regard to shell thickness. Egg size (L, B, and fresh weight) decreased over the years a captive falcon laid. A significant decrease in size (B and fresh weight) also occurred in second and third clutches laid the same year. Ratcliffe's Index generally appeared to be a reliable indicator of shell thickness in captive-laid eggs.

scholarly journals Raptors are still affected by environmental pollutants: Greenlandic Peregrines will not have normal eggshell thickness until 2034

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud Falk ◽  
Søren Møller ◽  
Frank F. Rigét ◽  
Peter B. Sørensen ◽  
Katrin Vorkamp
Keyword(s):  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Eggshell Thinning ◽  
The World ◽  
Breeding Failure

Abstract The DDT-induced effects, eggshell thinning and breeding failure in Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations were reverted with restrictions on the use of the compound from the 1970s, and in most studied populations, the eggshell thickness is back to normal. In Greenland, a previous study of eggshell thinning in Peregrines found that shells had not yet reached pre-DDT levels. In this study, we extend the time series and reinterpret shell thinning data for 196 clutches covering a 45-year time span (1972–2017). There was a significant (P<0.001) increase in the eggshell thickness of 0.23% per year. This corresponds to a change in eggshell thinning from 14.5% to 5.4% in 2017 compared to the pre-DDT mean. With the current rate of change, pre-DDT shell thickness is predicted to be reached around the year 2034. However, a few clutches are still below the critical limit. The relatively slower recovery of the shell thickness in the Greenland population is likely indicative of the slower phasing out of DDT in the Greenlandic Peregrines’ wintering grounds in Latin America. The shell thinning in the Greenlandic population probably never crossed the 17% threshold associated with population declines, contrary to the populations in many other parts of the world.

Mitosis in Drosophila

1989 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Cell Cycles

Drosophila is an attractive organism in which to study both the rapid rounds of mitosis typical of embryonic development in many species, and the longer cell cycles of diploid tissues later in development. Mutations in genes essential for mitosis in Drosophila may result in lethality in late embryonic, larval or pupal stages of development. In addition, mutations in many genes required for the nuclear divisions of early embryogenesis have been found in screens for female sterility. The mitotic mutations have phenotypes indicative of lesions at a variety of mitotic stages. A combined molecular and genetic analysis of these genes has the potential to unravel the complex set of protein-protein interactions that occur in this dynamic process.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PROBIOTIK DAN EKSTRAK DAUN KATUK (Sauropus androgynous) TERHADAP TEBAL KERABANG DAN HAUGH UNIT (HU) PUYUH PETELUR (Effect Of Probiotic and Sauropus androgynous Leaf Extract on Eggshell Thickness and Haugh Unit (HU) in Laying Quail)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novia Rahayu ◽  
Dwi Wijayanti ◽  
Nurul Frasiska
Keyword(s):  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Haugh Unit

Abstrak Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynous) dalam ransum terhadap tebal kerabang dan haugh unit (HU). Enam puluh ekor puyuh petelur fase produksi dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan : 1) T0 : ransum tanpa perlakuan, 2) T1 : ransum dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun katuk 3.5g/kg ransum, 3) T2 : ransum dengan perlakuan probiotik (Bacillus sp. dan Saccharomycess sp.), 4) T3 : ransum dengan perlakuan ekstrak daun katuk 3.5g/kg ransum + probiotik (Bacillus sp. dan Saccharomycess sp.). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tebal kerabang (P>0.05) dan haugh unit (HU) (P>0.05). Telur hasil penelitian dari semua perlakuan menunjukkan kondisi telur yang sesuai dengan standar kualitas tebal kerabang dan haugh unit (HU). ¬Kata Kunci : Ekstrak daun katuk, haugh unit, probiotik, puyuh, tebal kerabang Abstract The study aims to determine the effect of giving sauropus androgynous leaf extract in the ration on egg quality. Sixty quails laying in the production phase were divided into 4 treatment groups: 1) T0: rations without treatment, 2) T1 : rations with katuk leaf extract treatment 3.5g / kg ration, 3) T2 : rations with probiotic treatment (Bacillus sp. And Saccharomycess sp.), 4) T3 : ration with katuk leaf extract treatment 3.5g / kg ration + probiotics (Bacillus sp. and Saccharomycess sp.). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect on egg shell thickness (P>0.05) and haugh unit (HU) (P>0.05). Eggs from all treatments showed the condition of eggs in accordance with the quality standards of the thickness of the shells and haugh units (HU). Keywords: Eggshell thickness, haugh unit, probiotics, quail, sauropus androgynous leaf extract

Role of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in pig parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development

Zygote ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
Manjula Brahmajosyula ◽  
Masashi Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Peptidylarginine Deiminase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Developmental Arrest ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Arginine Modification

SummaryArginine modification to citrulline (citrullination) is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and one of the isomers PAD4 is shown to be involved in the gene regulation. In our previous paper we studied the localization and expression of PAD4 and the target of PAD4 in mammalian gametes and preimplantation embryos. In this study the role of PAD4 was examined in the pig diploid parthenogenetic preimplantation embryonic development. Knockdown of PAD4 by RNAi resulted in delayed development. Inhibition of PAD4 by a potent PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine from the time of activation for 24 h resulted in developmental arrest at the first cleavage. Inhibition at the later stages of development resulted in delayed or arrested development. A shorter exposure to Cl-amidine for 6 h at any stage of growth resulted in slow development. Thus, this study suggests that PAD4 activity is essential for the normal development of the embryos.

scholarly journals Spawning habits and embryonic development of the lampeye killifish Aplocheilichthys spilauchen in ex situ fresh-and-brackish water environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Okyere ◽  
Juliet Afrah Obeng ◽  
Samuel Ayitey ◽  
Jouke Rients Van der Zee ◽  
Herman Meeus
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Spawning Substrate ◽  
Significant Step

Abstract Aside from ornamental uses of killifishes, there is growing interest in using killies for a multiplicity of purposes including baitfish and mosquito biocontrol. This experiment explored the spawning habits and embryonic development of the banded lampeye, Aplocheilichthys spilauchen in ex situ freshwater (0.04 ‰) and brackish water (5.01 ‰) to ascertaining the captive breeding prospects for mosquito control in areas where they occur. Significantly higher number of eggs were laid in the brackish water than the freshwater (ꭓ2 = 1613.0, P < 0.05), and black mop was the most preferred spawning substrate, followed by green, blue and white mops. Microscopic monitoring of embryos revealed that cleavage occurred within the first 30 minutes after fertilisation, organogenesis commenced in averagely the 25th hour, and hatching in approximately 230 hours. Although certain embryonic developmental stages occurred faster in the freshwater than brackish water and freshwater eggs were relatively bigger than brackish water eggs, these differences were overall not significant and had no effects on the development and hatching. The observed outcome that A. spilauchen can be optimally propagated with black mops in brackish water offers a significant step in its use for the mosquito biocontrol programme, as well as other potential uses not yet explored.

Influence of diandric and digynic triploid genotypes on early mouse embryogenesis

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
M.H. Kaufman ◽  
K.K. Lee ◽  
S. Speirs
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extraembryonic Membranes ◽  
Early Mouse ◽  
Hydatidiform Moles

Standard micromanipulatory techniques were used to produce tripronucleate diandric and digynic triploid mouse conceptuses. When these were transferred to suitable recipients, most implanted. A wide range of embryonic stages from the primitive streak to the 15- to 25-somite stage were isolated in both triploid series in otherwise identical recipients. In the diandric triploid series, all of the embryos recovered appeared to be morphologically normal, but considerably smaller than fertilized embryos analysed at similar stages of development. This contrasts with the digynic triploid conceptuses which, though also ranging from the primitive-streak stage to about the 10- to 15-somite stage at the time of their isolation, generally showed poorer embryonic development than the diandric triploids, and were invariably morphologically abnormal. Unlike the situation observed in man, where the placentas of diandric triploid conceptuses commonly display widespread trophoblastic hyperplasia and form the characteristic ‘partial’ or ‘incomplete’ type of hydatidiform moles, the extraembryonic membranes of the diandric triploid mouse conceptuses (as well as the digynic triploids) did not appear to be grossly abnormal).

Structural analysis of embryogenesis of Leiarius marmoratus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

Zygote ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-757
Author(s):  
Isângela Rodrigues Oliveira-Almeida ◽  
Hellen Buzollo ◽  
Raphael da Silva Costa ◽  
Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira ◽  
Fábio Porto-Foresti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Time Zero

SummaryEmbryological studies in fish species are useful to the understanding of their biology and systematics. The available biological data in Leiarius marmoratus are scarce and additional information about its reproductive biology is needed, mainly because this species has been commercially exploited and used in production of hybrid lineages. In order to evaluate the temporal–morphological embryonic modifications in L. marmoratus, samples of nearly 200 embryos were collected at random at different stages of development, starting from fecundation (time zero). Embryos were fixed in modified Karnovsk's solution and 2.5% glutaraldehyde, processed and analysed under optic and electron microscopy. The incubation period of L. marmoratus was equal to 14.42 h at a mean temperature of 28.3 ± 0.07°C. The following stages of embryonic development were established: zygote, cleavage, gastrula, organogenesis and hatching. These stages were divided into phases, as follows: cleavage – phases of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 cells and morula; gastrula – phases of 25, 50, 75 and 90% of epiboly and blastopore closure; and organogenesis – neurula, segmentation and pre-larval phases. The embryogenesis of L. marmoratus was typical of neotropical teleosteans, with peculiarities in species development.

scholarly journals Quiescence in Aedes aegypti: Interpopulation Differences Contribute to Population Dynamics and Vectorial Capacity

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Oliva ◽  
Roseli La Corte ◽  
Marcelo Santana ◽  
Cleide Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Male Predominance

The strategy of Aedes aegypti to prolong embryonic viability by quiescence has severe implications for geographic expansion and maintenance of mosquito populations in areas under control measures. We evaluated the effects of quiescence on biological parameters directly or indirectly associated with population dynamics and vectorial capacity in populations of this mosquito species from two Brazilian municipalities characterized as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika transmission areas. Egg viability, initial hatching time, post-embryonic development time, adult emergence rate, sexual proportion, adult size, fecundity, and fertility were analyzed using eggs stored for 10, 40, 70, 100, 130, and 160 d. Quiescence time reduced overall egg viability and post-embryonic development time in both municipalities but was more costly in Aracaju (100 d, 8 d) than in Recife (130 d, 7.5 d). Emergence rates increased in Recife when the eggs were older, but not in Aracaju. Significant deviations in sexual proportion, with male predominance, were observed in both populations. Initial hatch, fecundity, fertility, and adult size did not significantly influence egg quiescence time. These results indicate intrinsic and differential characteristics for each A. aegypti population, suggesting a differential cost of quiescence for population dynamics parameters that can indirectly affect vectorial capacity and control measures.

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